1839 military fellowship to study medicine at the Friedrich-Wilhelms Institut (the "Pépinière") in Berlin under Johannes Müller, Johann L. Schönlein, and K. A. Rudolphi; 1843 medical degree from the University of Berlin with a doctoral dissertation on the corneal manifestations of rheumatic disease; "company surgeon" (or medical house officer) at Charité Hospital in Berlin; 1846 licensure examination passed; pathological anatomy teaching; 1847 Habilitationsschrift and appointment as an instructor under the deanship of Johannes Müller at the University of Berlin; prosector at Charité Hospital in succession to Froriep; founder and editor of the medical journal Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie, und für die klinische Medizin with Benno Reinhardt; 1848 participation in the uprisings of 1848 in Berlin, political activities, member of the Berlin Democratic Congress and editor of the weekly Die medizinische Reform; 1849 suspension from his academic position as prosector at Charité Hospital; 1849 chair of pathological anatomy at Würzburg; publication of the Handbuch der speziellen Pathologie und Therapie initiated; editor of the medical yearbook Jahresbericht; 1856 return to Berlin as professor of pathological anatomy and director of the newly created Pathological Institute; for almost two decades in charge of a clinical section at Charité Hospital; from 1870 archaeological research (1879 travel with Schliemann to Hissarlik and 1888 participation in an archaeological dig in Egypt); instrumental in founding the Berlin Ethnological Museum in 1886 and the Museum of German Folklore in 1888; key role in the budgetary matters of the Reichstag throughout the 1880's and chairman of the finance committee until his death.
Degrees
M.D. University of Berlin, 1843
VL Library
Über die Reform der pathologischen und therapeutischen Anschauungen durch die mikroskopischen Untersuchungen, in: Virchows A. 1(1847): 207-255; Die naturwissenschaftliche Methode und die Standpunkte in der Therapie, in: ebda 2(1849): 3-37; Cellular-Pathologie, in: ebda 8(1855): 3-39; Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physio-logische und pathologische Gewebelehre, Berlin 1858; Goethe als Naturforscher und in besonderer Beziehung auf Schiller, Berlin 1861; Der Kampf der Zellen und der Bakterien, in: A. patholog. Anat. 101(1885): 1-13.