Studies of psychology at the University of Göttingen; 1868 Dr.phil. under Rudolf Lotze; 1870-73 at the University of Göttingen; 1873-79 at the University of Würzburg; 1879-84 at the University of Prague; 1884-89 at the University of Halle; 1889-94 at the University of Munich and 1894-1921 at the University of Berlin, where he heads the Psychological Institute; 1898 foundation of the journal Beiträge zur Akustik und Musikwissenschaft; activities in many psychological projects and foundation of a society for children's psychology.