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{"created":"2022-01-31T12:59:12.651300+00:00","id":"lit39747","links":{},"metadata":{"contributors":[{"name":"Benedict, Francis Gano","role":"author"}],"fulltext":[{"file":"a0003.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"^Harvard University\nCibrary of\nGhe CDedical School\nand\nGhe School of \u201cPublic ^Health","page":0},{"file":"a0006.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"REPORT OF A VISIT TO FOREIGN LABORATORIES\nLARCH TO AUGUST, 1923.\nby\nFrancis G. Benedict.\nNutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.\nBoston, Massachusetts.\n1923","page":0},{"file":"a0008contents.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ITINERARY AND INDEX.\nCity\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPage\nParis\tConservatoire des Arts et Metiers\tLe Goff\t10\n\t(Apparatus of Lavoisier, R\u00e9gnault,\t\t\n\tand Reiset)\t\t\n\tLaboratory of Animal Physiology, Sorbonne\tLapicque\t12\n\tUniversity of Paris\tRichet\t13\n\t(Faculty of Medicine)\tCardot\t13\n\t\tLab be' /\t13\n\t\tStevenin\t13\n\tMuseum National d'Histoire Naturelle\tTissot\t17\n\tMarey Institute\tBull\t18\n\t\tNogues\t18\n\tConservatoire National des Arts et Metiers\tAmar\t19\n\tUniversity of Paris\tChailley-Bert\t20\n\t(Laboratory of Professor Langlois)\t\t\n\tSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d'Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire\tAlquier\t27\n\t\tLef\u00e8vre\t33\n\t\tSzulc\t34\n\tBooks\t\t33\n\tAlcohol\t\t36\n\tBread\t\t37\nStrasburg\tUniversity of Strasburg (Faculty of iiedicine)\t\t\n\t(Physiological Laboratory)\tSchaeffer\t39\n\t\tWeiss\t40\n\t\tAmbard\t40\n\t\tBlum\t40\n\tLaboratory of Physiological Chemistry\tNicloux\t40\n\t\tFontes\t40\nBasel\tUniversity of Basel\t\t\n\t(Medical Clinic)\tStaehelin\t43\n\t(Poliklinik)\tGigon\t43\n\t(Physiological Institute)\tRohrer\t44\n\t\tJaquet\t45","page":0},{"file":"a0009.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPage\nGeneva\tUniversity of Geneva\t\t\n\t(Faculty of Medicine]\tStern\t45\n\tLeague of Nations Library\t\t\nBerne\tUniversity of Berne\tAsher\t46\n\t(Physiological Institute)\tAbelin\t46\n\t(Medical Faculty)\tDe Quervain\t54\n\t(Pharmaceutical Institute)\tTschirch\t55\n\tThe address at Berne\tSahli\t56\n\t\tWegelin\t56\nDavos-Platz\tForschungs-Institut\tLoewy\t57\n\tTuberculosis Sanitariums\tBurkhardt\t58\n\tPrivate Laboratory\tDorno\t59\nVienna\tUniversity of Vienna\tDurig\t63\n\t(Physiological Laboratory)\tWastl\t63\n\t\tMeyer\t64\n\t\tFalta\t64\n\tKinderklinik\tPirquet\t69\n\t\tSchick\t69\n\t\tNoble\t69\n\t\tWagner\t69\n\t\tHelmreich\t69\nMunich\tUniversity of Munich\tM\u00fcller\t73\n\t(Medical Clinic)\tThannhauser\t73\nHeidelberg\tUniversity of Heidelberg\t\t\n\t(Physiological Institute)\tKossel\t74\n\t(First Medical Clinic)\tKrehl\t77\n\t\tGessner\t77\n\t\tHansen\t77\n\t(Pharmacological Institute)\tGottlieb\t77\n\t\tFrank\t77\nAddress before the Naturhistorischmedizinischer Verein at Heidelberg\n78","page":0},{"file":"a0010.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPage\nFrankfurt\tPrivate Sanitarium\tVon Koorden\t78\nam Main\t\t\t\nHalle\tUniversity of Halle\tAbderhalden\t79\n\t(Physiological Institute)\t\t\nLeipzig\tUniversity of Leipzig\t\t\n\t(Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry)\tThomas\t86\n\t(Department of Physiology)\tGarten\t87\nBerlin\tUniversity of Berlin (Physiol. Institute)\tRubner\t91\n\tKaiser-Wilhelms Institut f\u00fcr Arbeits-\tSteudel\t91\n\tphysiologie\t\t\n\tLandwirtschaftliche Hochschule\tScheunert\t94\n\t(Tierphysiologisches Institut)\tKlein\t94\n\t\tSteuber\t94\n\tFirst Medical Clinic\tHis\t100\n\tCalculating Machine\t\t\nRostock\tUniversity of Rostock\t\t\n\t(Medizinische Universit\u00e4ts-Poliklinik)\tGrafe\t102\nLund\tKarolinska University\t\t\n\t(Department of Medicine and Physiological Chemistry)\tYvidmark\t110\n\t(Laboratory of Physiology)\tThunberg\t112\n\t\tHill\t112\n\t\tSandstrSm\t112\n\t(Medical Clinic)\tPetr \u00abfri\t115\n\tGeneral impression secured at Lund\t\t118\nHelsingfors\tUniversity of Helsingfors\tR. Tigerstedt\t119\n\t(Department of Physiology)\tC. Tigerstedt\t119\n\t(Department of Agricultural Chemistry)\tVon Wendt\t127\nStockholm\tTechnical High School\tSonden\t129\n\tKarolinska Institute\tJohansson\t129\n\t(Physiological Laboratory)\tGerste\t132\n\t\tLiljestrand\t132\n\t\tStenstr\u00f6m\tlt?2\n\t\tCollett\t132\n\tNobel Chemical Institute\tS. Arrhenius\t133\n\t\t0. Arrhenius\t133","page":0},{"file":"a0011.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPage\nCopenhagen\tPrivate Laboratory\tHagedorn\t136\n\tLaboratory for the Physiology of Gymnastics\tLindhard\t137\n\tZootechnical Laboratory\tA. Krogh\t138\n\t\tM. Krogh\t138\n\tCarlsberg Laboratory\tSorensen\t141\n\t\tB\u00fclman\t143\n\tAgricultural Experiment Station\tAndersen\t143\n\t\tM0llgaard\t143\nKiel\tUniversity of Kiel\t\t\n\t(Physiological Laboratory)\tPutter\t151\nHamburg\tUniversity of Hamburg\t\t\n\t(Physiological Institute)\tKestner\t153\nGroningen\tUniversity of Groningen\t\t\n\t(Physiological Laboratory)\tHamburger\t158\n\t(Psychological Clinic)\tWiersma\t160\nUtrecht\tUniversity of Utrecht\tEijkmann\t161\n\t(Hygienic Institute)\tKontikoff\t161\n\t(Agricultural College)\tSjollema\t161\n\t(Physiological Institute)\tZwaardemaker\t162\nAmsterdam\tUniversity of Amsterdam\t\t\n\t(Hygienic Institute)\tVan Leersum\t166\n\tFree University of Amsterdam\tBuytendijk\t170\nLeiden\tUniversity of Leiden\t\t\n\t(Physiological Laboratory)\tEinthoven\t182\n\t(Cryogenic Laboratory)\tOnnes\t182\n\t\tCrommelin\t182\nLouvain\tUniversity of Louvain\t\t183\n\t(Physiological Laboratory)\tNoyons\t\n\t(Psychological Laboratory)\tMechott\t189\n\t\tMalengreau\t189\n\t\tNerincx\t189\n\t\tCarnoy\t189\n\t\tLadeuze\t189\nBrussels\tSolvay Institute\tSlosse\t190\n\t\tHeger\t190","page":0},{"file":"a0012.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\nLondon\nOxford\nCambridge\nAberdeen\nGlasgow\nEdinburgh\nInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPage\nGuy\u2019s Hospital Medical School\t\t\n(Physiological Laboratory)\tPembrey\t191\nLaboratory of the Medical Research Council\tL. Hill\t198\n\tDale\t198\n\tSchuster\t198\nUniversity of Oxford\t\t\n(Physiological Laboratory)\tSherrington\t201\nThe British Physiological Society\tDouglas\t201\nDepartment of Biochemistry, Addenbrooke Hospital\tWolf\t203\nCambridge School of Agriculture\tCapstick\t205\n\tDeighton\t205\n\tMorgan\t205\n\tWood\t212\nRowett Institute for Animal Research\tOrr\t214\nUniversity of Glasgow\t\t\n(Physiological Laboratory)\tCatheart\t215\nHospital for Sick Children\tFleming\t223\n\tFindlay\t223\nInternational Congress of Physiology\t\t227\n\t\t239\nConclusion","page":0},{"file":"p0006introduction.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"INTRODUCTION.\nThe resumption of European tours of inspection and conferences with European specialists on the part of the Director of the Nutrition Laboratory followed a preliminary tour in 1920 of Professor Walter R. Miles, who was then connected with this Institution. It appeared from Professor Miles*3 survey that the time was about ripe for the resumption of such tours on my part. Owing to the difficulties of travel, the difficulty with passports, and the uncertainty as to which countries could or could not be entered, it was wholly impossible to prepare in advance, as is commonly the case, a carefully outlined itinerary, preceded by letters announcing the date of arrival and making appointments with each individual scientist. Indeed, it was possible to plan the trip only for the first few weeks in advance, and then make subsequent arrangements as expediency dictated. Owing to the disturbed conditions resulting from the war and its aftermath, little could be expected in the line of new developments of material resources, but since for practically ten years the Director had not been in direct contact with European scientists, it seemed certain that much could be advantageously accomplished by such a tour and enough to justify thoroughly the absence of time from the Laboratory\u2019s activities and the expense involved in the travel. With Paris as the first objective, followed successively by Switzerland,\nAustria, Germany, Scandinavia, Holland, Belgium, England, and Scotland, most of the large laboratories were visited and many new institutions, heretofore not visited, were included.\nThe main oojects of the tour were, first, to resume contacts with the European scientists, second, to note new equipment of all kinds, third, to secure evidence with regard to any new chemical or biological methods of technique, fourth, to discuss problems of nutrition from","page":0},{"file":"p0007.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"tooth the economic and the abstract scientific standpoint, and, finally, opportunity wa3 taken to carry to European institutions information with regard to the general activities of the Carnegie Institution as a whole and with regard to the scientific activities of the Nutrition Laboratory (in the form of statements of unpublished work). Incidentally much information was obtained with regard to the local political situations, and the factors which are at present working for or against the advancement of scientific research. The culminating feature was the attendance at the Eleventh International Physiological Congress at Edinburgh, where many of the people visited on the tour were again seen in general conclave.","page":7},{"file":"p0008.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS. FRANCE.\nOwing to the very progressive Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d'Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire, it appeared highly desirable to get in touch with this Society to see exactly what they were doing and to see how much had bean accomplished in the projection of their long talked of and frequently described respiration calorimeter* Contact was immediately secured with Monsieur Alquier and later, for relatively short times, with Professor Lef\u00e8vre.\nGreneral condition of scientific research in Paris* On former journeys I have been repeatedly disappointed in the very (what I call) unscientific nature of the research work carried out in French, specifically Parisian, research institutions. On my first trip I hoped, from the reports given me by Professor Tissot of the accuracy of his gas analysis apparatus, that this was of sterling merit, and consequently arrangements were immediately made for Dr. Carpenter to spend considerable time with Tissot and thoroughly investigate the apparatus. Unfortunately his investigation showed that the claims of Tissot were thoroughly unfounded. The respiration calorimeter of Mademoiselle Pompilian and Dr. Letulle, although examined in a partly unmounted condition, proved to be practically of no scientific value to us in the Nutrition Laboratory.\nIt has meanwhile been dismantled and parts of it have been given to the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9' Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire, but it is for all intents and purposes scientifically non-existent. The one bright spot in scientific research circles, which counteracted this rather unsatisfactory situation in France, was the admirable work carried out at the Marey Institute by Monsieur Bull. Here the highest degree of accuracy was noted on every hand. Consequently in this 1923 trip it was only with considerable misgivings that I looked forward to my visit at the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9' Scientifique","page":8},{"file":"p0009.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"d'Rygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire and to the other laboratories and hospitals.\nMuch has been published in recent years in French journals with regard to metabolism measurements, (stimulated in large part by the preliminary researches of Amar] made with the Tissot apparatus and mask and the Laulanie gas analysis apparatus, and I found that several French laboratories were actually using this equipment, i.e., the Tissot gas mask, the Verdin or Boulitte dry gas meter, and the Laulani^ gas analysis apparatus.\nOf the recent researches that I was particularly anxious to get in touch with were those of Nob\u00e9court and Janet on children and of Ste'venin and Labb\u00e9 on adults, but I could find no case where the apparatus was actually in use in hospitals. Nobe'court and Janet's apparatus had been moved, going, I believe, to a new laboratory. Tho thesis by Janet on the metabolism of children, describing the work with this equipment, was very difficult to get. All the booksellers reported it as out of print, but very fortunately Dr. Janet brought a copy to a lecture I gave in Paris and presented it to me personally.\nOf the other laboratories in Paris actively engaged in research, I laid special emphasis upon looking up the work of Lef\u00e8vre, the work of Amar, and Richet*s historical apparatus, as well as the work in the laboratory of Langlois, these all being along the line of metabolism.\nIn addition Lapicque was visited (a laboratory where much work is being done with the Berthelot bomb) and the Marey Institute.","page":9},{"file":"p0010.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"10\nDr. J. M. Le Soff.\nOne of the most interesting men that I met in Paris, a man who made my stay there very pleasant and who helped me enormously in securing various appointments, etc., was Dr. J. M. Le Goff, who was formerly the physician and former student of Armand Gautier. He had previously visited America and was much interested in the Nutrition Laboratory and its work. Dr. Le Goff has on several occasions presented the Laboratory with books, notably some old copies of the Annales de Chimie et de Physique, giving the work of R\u00e9gnault and Reiset* Shortly after our arrival in Paris, he presented himself at the hotel and did everything to facilitate our scientific mission. Among the most interesting things that he did for me was to take me to the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers to see the original equipment of Lavoisier.\nApparatus of Lavoisier. Lavoisier's descendants are living some distance out of Paris and have in their possession much of his apparatus, but the largest pieces are deposited in the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. It is hoped that they will ultimately deposit all the things there. Dr. Le Goff states that much of the original apparatus, of the respiration type at least, is probably not in existence, because Lavoisier undoubtedly used cement, wax, etc., and hence things were easily destroyed by time. One is much impressed by the magnificence of the entire equipment of Lavoisier. His apparatus was most elegant in every way, constructed as fine as a watch, with ornamentation, and shows that it was the work and construction of an idealist and a man of very great wealth.\nApparatus of R\u00e9gnault and Reiset. While at the Conservatoire I tried to look up some of the apparatus of R\u00e9gnault and Reiset. I found much of R\u00e9gnault\u2019s apparatus for determining vapor tension but little of the apparatus of Reiset, and no respiration apparatus. Dr. Le Goff\nreported that Reiset took his apparatus out to a farm to work with sheep.","page":10},{"file":"p0011.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"He thought it was somewhere in existence but did not know where, and thought it ought to be collected for historical purposes.\nDr. Le Doff has a very good command of the metabolism literature and has rendered a great service to the Nutrition Laboratory by making its work known throughout France in many contributions. He has worked much on urinary sugar and claims to have actually crystallized it. As a former worker with Gautier, he has his ideals of exact work. It is certainly refreshing to find a man of his mentality among Parisian scientists. With Dr. Le Goff I visited several other laboratories, notably one where the Berthelot bomb calorimeter -was being worked with a great deal. As a matter of fact, the original Berthelot bomb is in the possession of this laboratory, but it had been destroyed by accident during the war in 30me tests and although the platinum was still there,\nit had not been repaired","page":11},{"file":"p0012.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Sorbonne.\nProfessor Lapicque.\nA visit was made to the laboratory of Professor Lapicque, who is the successor of Professor Dastre at the Sorbonne. Professor Lapicque is one of the most stimulating men that I met. Ho has all the Frenchman\u2019s brilliance and facility of speech, with many ideas. He is just at present occupied in developing the use of sea weed as a food for chickens. The sea weed had been thoroughly washed to free it from salt. In talking with him, I found he was quite sceptical with regard to the term \"basal metabolism\". He claims that with ruminants such a thing does not exist, as ruminants are always in the process of digestion. He has prepared a curve showing the normal metabolism or food demands of animals of various sizes and shapes when in full digestion. I was much interested to find that he is working upon bran. Everybody in France seems to be working on feeding experiments with bran. In discussing the question of specific dynamic act ion,he claimed that the expression i3 exac tly what Rubner meant. Just what he did mean I could not find out.\nMadame Lapicque assists him very much in the laboratory. We had the pleasure of meeting her and Professor Lapicque again at their house, along with Professor Sherrington. There was much discussion with regard to the fact that the (lermans had been invited to the Congress in \u2019Edinburgh, an invitation which the French and Belgians resented very much indeed. The injustice shown in these international arguments can best be brought out by the following illustration. It was argued that Professor Schafer was a derman, bora in dormany, and sympathized with the dermans, and hence had extended an invitation to the dermans. As a matter of fact, he was not a derman, was born in London, during the war did not sympathize with the dermans, and lost two sons in the war.","page":12},{"file":"p0013.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"In Professor Lapicque\u2019s laboratory I saw several copies of the \"oxygenographe\" of Predericq for use with small animals. Professor\n1 3\nLapicque told me he made that a part of his regular laboratory exercises for students. It is singular that in none of my former tours have I over seen one of these instruments. I can imagine that it would have very great pedagogic value.\nUniversity of Paris (Faculty of Medicine).\nProfessor Richet, Dr. Cardot, Professor Labbe'. and Dr. Stevenin.\nProfessor Richet\u2019s laboratory is very old, seemingly very illy equipped, and had little of interest for us except from the historic standpoint. Monsieur Alquier very kindly took me to a sitting of the French Academy, where I met Dr. Roux of the Pasteur Institute and Richet, having only a few words with him. Richet is very much interested in spiritism, has written a book and, indeed, gave a long address at \"Edinburgh on this subject. I talked rather freely with Monsieur Bull, who is intimately associated with Richet at the Marey Institute, with regard to his book and his attitude on spiritism. Bull says Richet is very uncritical, but still remains the \"grand homme\" of Parisian scientific work. Richet points out in his book and elsewhere that strict control of spirit phenomena is very disadvantageous, for the greater the control the less the spirits are inclined to communicate.\nIn Richet\u2019s laboratory it was so dark that it was with difficulty that I was able to photograph his original calorimeter, the so-called Richet \"oeuf\". (See figures 1 and 2.) This calorimeter, one of the earliest calorimeters of Richet, is a small, egg-shaped affair, made of coiled copper tubing through which water is passed, and of a size suitable for a rabbit or small animal. It is quite obvious that no gaseous metabolism determinations could be made with this apparatus, but apparently\nheat measurements were made and were the basis of Richet\u2019s work about 1885.","page":13},{"file":"p0014.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"V\n1\n1 4\nFigure 1. The original Richet \"oeuf\".\nThis calorimeter is a small, egg-shaped affair, made of coiled copper tubing, through which water is passed. It will hold a rabbit or a small animal.","page":14},{"file":"p0015.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 2 shows the calorimeter with the cover raised. This \"oeuf\" is of very great historic interest. Another form of calorimeter which was used for measuring the metabolism of small animals and, I believe, babies is shown in figure 3, with the cover closed. This calorimeter, instead of being constructed of coiled pipe, is made of double-walled, sheet-metal copper, through which water can be circulated. Bach section, top and bottom, is independent for water circulation. One can see the thickness of the walls in figure 4, which shows the cover turned back and likewise a small window for observation. These calorimeters have not been used for many years and are of interest solely from an historic standpoint. They are dilapidated and it is quite impossible to do anything with them at present.\nI was quite interested in locating under a laboratory bench the three large gas meters originally used in the method of Hanriot and Richet. They were all very much dilapidated, so much so that they could not possibly be moved. The dial hands were off, but these three gas meters must have had dials at least 35 to 40 centimeters in diameter.\nThey were huge and must have cost a fortune.\nProfessor Richet is the most important man, perhaps, in Parisian science. He is an orator and has a wonderful flow of language, but 3till is very uncritical. In spiritualism he is easily deceived. He says that the stricter the control, the less will spirits work against the antagonism. One evening while we were at Le Goff\u2019s house, Professor Richet gave a radio talk on food from some broadcasting station, and advocated eating uncooked foods to save the vitamines. V/e heard him talk on Dr. Lo Goff's receiving set.\nOne of Professor Richet's associates. Dr. Henry Gardot, was very helpful. Ho is working in Richet's laboratory on toxicological problems, but nothing of special interest to the Nutrition Laboratory. He was very friendly and, through his being a member of the faculty, was able","page":15},{"file":"p0016.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"16\nThis calorimeter is made of double-walled, sheet-metal copper, through which water can be circulated. Bach section, top and bottom, is independent for water circulation.\nFigure 4. Another view of the Richet calorimeter for small\nanimals and babies.\nThis view shows the cover turned back, giving an idea of the thickness of the walls of the chamber, and showing the small window for observation in the top section.","page":16},{"file":"p0017.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"to get me a very much desired hook out of the library of the Faculty of Medicine, a procedure very difficult for an outsider.\nLabbe' and 3tevenin have also studied gaseous metabolism in hospital work. One of them,Professor Marcel Labbe, came to my lecture at the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d'Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire and said he would send reprints to Boston. Their technique has been described in the Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire. They are using the Tissot mask with valves and the Laulani\u00e9 apparatus. The whole work is considered to be rather crude. There are few, if any, normals. I could not see the apparatus, as it was in process of moving.\nMuse'ura National d\u2019Histoire naturelle.\nDr. J. Tissot.\nI was unable to find Tis30t at the laboratory. The conoierge refused me admission but took my card, and I never heard anything from Tissot. Everybody in Paris says that Tissot is '\u2019impossible'*. One rather pathetic sight was Hirn's old troadwheel. lying out on the junk pile in the yard outside of the laboratory. It seems as if this had too much historic interest to throw away in this way. Tissot had become the director of the laboratory there, and it was reported that he had made\nconsiderable money in the war as a result of his gas mask. Ten years ago he was very active in attempting to further the use of some of his mine rescue apparatus, but I heard nothing as to how he had succeeded with this development. He apparently was very unpopular with every one that I\ntalked with in Paris","page":17},{"file":"p0018.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Marey Institute\n1 8\nMona leur Lucien Bull and Dr. Noguea.\nMonsieur Bull is still at the Marey Institute, but is doing relatively little in physiologyv They are working a good deal with the motion picture apparatus, in determining the vibration of rails for some engineering projects. Monsieur 3ull showed me, however, at his house an extraordinary series of photographs (mentioned in Professor Miles\u2019s earlier report) which he took in Boston when on the commission for the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d\u2019Hygiene Alimentaire. He also told me the astounding fact that after his return to Hurop\u00f6 he was never called upon for a report or for photographs. He notified the authorities of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire that he was prepared to submit a report of his trip to the Nutrition Laboratory and photographs and would aid them in every way in the construction of a calorimeter, but thus far he has never been called upon to do either. In fact, he has never discussed his American trip with a single person.\nUltra-rapid motion photography. For many years I have had the feeling that the use of ultra-rapid motion photography might be helpful in studying the physiology of muscular work. I believe it has been referred to once or twice in some of our text. I had an excellent opportunity, through the kindness of Dr. Hogues (who has specialized in ultra-rapid motion photography for many years), to see a number of his films and look over the situation. He has succeeded in getting as many as 320 exjjosures per second, but although I saw many films of all types, from flying birds to children skipping ropes and men doing exercises, I came to the conclusion that the probabilities are that this method of projection has little, if any, use for us. To get an individual j\u00fccture of any stage of a muscular motion and throw it on the screen with any sliarpness or clarity calls for a fairly high powered lamp, which would","page":18},{"file":"p0019.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"develop sufficient heat to injure a film, and while the movements are extraordinarily entertaining and, indeed, to a certain extent interesting, we are not justified in going to the expense of securing an \\iltra-rapid motion picture camera at this period. Monsieur Hogues makes his own cameras, as he is a mechanic of the first order. Ho was making six while we were there. It occurred to me that possibly it might be advantageous to devise some method of taking a few very rapid exj>osures with a camera, perhaps 6 or 7 exposures on a glass strip. Shese exposures would correspond to only a fraction of a second, and could be released at high speed instead of getting a long continuous strip* By this means one could take the exposures on glass and these could be projected with a high powered lamp and held as lantern slides for some time, i.e,, without danger of burning as in the case of a film. Obviously the optical system must be very, very perfect in order to get sharp definition. Dr. Hogues builds his own apparatus, and it must be extraordinarily exact mechanically, for otherv/iso it cannot stand the high speed of taking so many exposures per second.\nConservatoire National des Arts et Metiers.\nDr. Jules Amar.\nA3 a' result of the large amount of work done by Anar and his numerous books, I had looked forward to seeing him and talking over his many methods. But I found to my astonishment that he had practically disappeared from the face of the earth. Ho one knew exactly where he was. Shere was a general impression that he had gone to Brazil. He had a position at the Conserv\u00e2t!- re National des Arts et Metiers, but lost this. Share were some disagreeable circumstances, the details of which I do not know. Shore was very little confidence in him. In fact, I heard nothing good about him. Some of his old apparatus is at the Conservatoire now. She apparatus with many tambours for studying motions during filing and for planing with a special plan\u00e9 was there, but the assistants there said that he was \u201dno good\u201d. He was too much on mathematics and too little","page":19},{"file":"p0020.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"on common sense. The tambours did not stay constant. In other words, the tension on the springs was not constant and the rubber tubing had a varying resiliency. Bvorybody was very hostile to him. None of his apparatus was in use. I got a general impression that the people did not care about having it photographed, so I did not try to photograph it.\nAt the time I was there, Professor Langlois was very ill, and since that tine has died. He had charge of one laboratory at the Conservatoire and of another at the University of Paris, next door to Richet. It seems too bad to have this rather remarkable man, Amar (who certainly must have some very strong points), so completely discredited by everybody in Paris. Reference to an earlier report will show that Professor Weiss, Director of the Marey Institute, under whom Amar did his first work, was quite sceptical of his capacity. It would seem, therefore, as if much cf his rather extraordinary activity and writing must be discounted.\nUniversity of Paris (Laboratory of Professor Langlois).\nDr. Chailley-Bert.\nOne of the brightest men that I met in Paris wa3 Dr. Chailley-Bert, who was in charge of Langlois' laboratory hear Richet. He has been studying intensively muscular work, especially with the treadmill. This treadmill was a wholly extraordinary piece of machinery. It cost seven thousand francs at the valuation of the franc before the war, that is, seven thousand gold francs. Several photographs were taken, and Dr. Chailley\u00ab.Bert kindly sent others, particularly of schemes. The treadmill motor was extremely large, changes in speed being made chiefly by a shifting in the position of the brushes, as shown in figure 5. Dr. Chailley-Bert pointed out that the motor was available and on hand and therefore they used it, although admittedly it was very large. The treadmill itself is shown excellently in two drawings (see figures 6 and 7) presented by\nDr. Chailley-Bert and likewise in two x^otographs taten by me (see figures","page":20},{"file":"p0021.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 5. Scheme of the treadmill motor used by Dr. Ohailley-Bert of Paris.","page":21},{"file":"p0022.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"r>o\nFigure 6. Drawing showing the plan of the treadmill of Dr. Ghailley-Bert.","page":22},{"file":"p0023.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Echelle.\nI\n|A &&Vgtion.\nCotuoc AB.\n\nFigure 7. Diagram showing the details of the treadmill of Dr. Chailley-Bert.","page":23},{"file":"p0024.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"?4\nFigure 8. The treadmill employed by Dr. Ghailley-Bert.\nThis view shows the treadmill somewhat inclined, the huge motor at the lower right hand corner, and the wheel regulating the position of the brushes. Two Tissot spirometers are in the immediate foreground, while at the left is a kymograph and the Pachon oscillometer used for blood pressure work. On the rail of the treadmill, above the spirometers, is a square box containing a bottle, which mixes the air leaving the subject's face.\nFigure 9. Another view of the treadmill employed by Dr. Chailley-Bert.","page":24},{"file":"p0025.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"8 and 9). As can be seen from the two diagrams, the apparatus is really huge. Indeed, from center to center of the driving wheels the distance would be close onto 4 meters. The photograph taken in rather a bad light (figure 8) shows the mill somewhat inclined. Here one sees the huge motor at the lower right hand corner, together with the wheel regulating the position of the brushes. Two Tissot spirometers are in the immediate foreground, while at the left is a kymograph and the Pachon oscillometer used for blood pressure work. On the rail of the treadmill above the spirometers is the square box containing a bottle which mixes the air leaving the subject's face. This box is shown a little better in figure 9 at the left, together with the two Tissot valves arranged in a vertical manner. The counterweights for elevating the treadmill are shown in the rear. The treadmill is very large, but runs very quietly. The belt, which is of fabric, runs over longitudinally laid wooden strips. There were no rolls corresponding to our tube rolls, but this bolt slips along on the wood. Of course it requires considerable power. He counts the speed from the rear wheel. I suggested that it would be better to count it from the front wheel, on account of the possibility of slip*\nAt the time I was there Dr. Chailley-Bert was working on the method of walking with a young soldier. This soldier wore a Tissot mask with Tissot valves modified for all positions, that is, a central piston movement instead of a flap valve. Later I found in Basel similar valves going under the name of Metzner valves, made and sold by the \u00abTaquet Go. Chailley-Bert has a scheme for measuring not the expired air but the air taken in. He says the gas mask leaks when air is forcibly expired but not when forcibly sucked in, as the mask closes tightly about the face.\nHe has two 100-liter Tissot spirometers connected so that he can throw in one when the other is exhausted. These are filled with room or outdoor air. The man then breathes from a spirometer and the amount of air","page":25},{"file":"p0026.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"he breathes in is measured. The air expired through the exit valve is first passed through a 3-liter bottle and then out into the room. The air in the bottle (being gontinually stirred up by the ventilating current from the lungs) is sampled. Undoubtedly some air leaks around the face during expiration* as the rubber of the gas mask is distended.\nV\nThe method of taking samples, which i3 spoken of as the method of Langlois, is interesting. He has a small rubber bag, which he blows up with a syringe bulb. The bag holds about 550 c.c. I should guess. The sample is analyzed immediately in a Laulani\u00e9 apparatus, using phosphorus. He maintains that the phosphorus is as good as pyro. The cold temperature of the room bothers him somewhat, as of course they have very imperfect heating in all French laboratories at present. So he uses an electric coil to keep the outside of the phosphorus pipette warm. The Laulanie apparatus is very cumbersome, but Uhailley-Bert has also a Haldane apparatus and says he always gets the same results on both. He says there is no difference, and he prefers the Laulanie apparatus.\nOne interesting point was the fact that Dr. Chaillay-Bert was determining the blood pressure while the subject was walking. He uses a Pachon oscillometer. He has smoked paper tracings and records both systolic and diastolic pressure during walking, but the limit of registration is about 5 or 10 millimeters. Closer than that he cannot get. When I consider that we gave up the question of determining blood pressure while walking, I felt somewhat chagrined that Dr. Qhailley-Bert had been able to secure it, even though the accuracy had hot been so great as that wo originally hoped for.\nThis method is referred to in the thesis of Dr. Janet (Le m\u00e9tabolisme basal en clinique d\u00e9termine'' par la m\u00e9thode des \u00e9chang\u00e9s respiratoires, Paris, 1922) sent to the Nutrition Laboratory by Dr. Janet.","page":26},{"file":"p0027.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Dr. Chailley-Bert had been working for two years on this muscular work problem and had not seen H. M. Smith\u2019s book at all. Subsequently\nPresident Merriam kindly sent one to him on my recommendation. I criticized Monsieur Alquier of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9' Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire, knowing this man was working upon this important subject and not informing him of the fact that such a book was in existence in their (the Society's) library. Chailley-Bert\u2019s chief, Professor Langlois, was ill and since that time Chailley-Bert lias written me, telling me of his death. We are now in close contact, having sent the Smith book and exchanged correspondence on this matter.\nSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d'Hygiene Alimentaire.\nMonsieur Alquier.\nNaturally my greatest interest lay in tho progress made by the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire. The building, which is now completed, is magnificent, indeed with every evidence of luxury. The library, Alquier's office, and the laboratories, as far as they are equipped, are very good. The library is growing rapidly, but i3 not very well arranged or properly housed. Shelving is missing and there is a general air of confusion with regard to the library. This was subsequently demonstrated when Alquier tried to locate some books for me. The main point of interest of course was the calorimeter room. The calorimeter room itself, where the chamber is to be finally installed, is above a basement, with very expensive equipment already installed for producing largo amounts of cold and hot air, in accordance with Lef\u00e8vre's schemes.\nThe calorimeter itself was hardly begun. Lef\u00e8vre was very much occupied\nin working out the details of insulating and breaking up minor convection currents between the walls by using small cardboard strips and blocks of various forms. Alquier said Lef\u00e8vre would begin the construction of the calorimeter one day along a certain plan and then, as things progressed,","page":27},{"file":"p0028.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"28\nwould make some recalculations and reconstruct the entire thing. This has been going on for a long time. I wondered, but did not ask, where they got the money to do this. The calorimeter appeared to be, therefore, in a perfectly hopeless state.\nAlquier is very much occupied with administrative affairs, editing the Bulletin, and looking after the meetings of the Society, all of which ho does admirably. He apparently is an organizer of the first order. I could not toll much about his scientific work. He has been appointed director of the Laboratory for Agricultural Research, chiefly on animals, which is to be placed some distance away in some other part of Paris. As near as I can make out, it is a building which is being remodeled, or about to be, for this purpose. Alquier was much interested in the blueprints of stalls for his animals. But subsequent experience in my inspection of various laboratories showed me the fallacy of an interesting idea of his, thought out in his design for concrete stalls sind troughs for his cows. He had worked out the exact distance between the stanchions and the trough and the floor to the extent of actually calculating the trajectory of the urine delivered by a cow, so it would fall into this trough and not bo projected into either side of it. Subsequently I took this matter up with other agricultural workers, who stated it is quite impossible.\nAlquier's activities are certainly very great. He is everywhere at\nevery moment. He is called upon by every one and apparently meets every\ndemand without ruffling a feather. The entire arrangement for the lecture\nI gave, the preparation of my lantern slides (which he looked after), the\ntranslation of my lecture, the arrangement for the details of the afternoon,\neverything was done with a perfection that signifies a wholly marvellous organizer.","page":28},{"file":"p0029.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"From the scientific stand point he is doing some work in one of the rooms on bran. There is a great controversy going on in France over the amount to which the wheat should be milled, what per cent should be milled and what per cent should be left as bran, and Alquier is studying the influence of feeding bran exclusively to white rats. The story is as follows: If ordinary milled bran is fed exclusively to white rats, they die as a rule in about two weeks. This figure is a tentative one, - I do not remember the exact time. If the bran is ground somewhat finer, they do not die until, say, 60 days. If it is ground very, vory fine, indeed extraordinarily fine, they live through the ordinary length of life. This seemed to be an important point he was working upon. But apparently at the same time Lapicque and also Bertrand at the Pasteur Institute are working on bran.\nAlquier strikes me as being very broad minded, very quick to grasp ideas, not at all pig-headed, but lacking perhaps in laboratory technique or laboratory skill. He is an excellent foil for Lef\u00e8vre, who is all for minute details and nothing whatsoever for the larger, general aspects of things.\nAddress at the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d*Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire.\nAt the request of Monsieur Alquier, I arranged to give an address at the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d*Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire. But a3 I told Monsieur Alquier, owing to the very, vory up-to-date handling of our Nutrition Laboratory publications in the \u00e9xtensive reviews given them in their Bulletin and owing to the rapidity with which these reviews appeared, I was left only the discussion of unpublished material, for they had already reviewed extensively everything we had published. Consequently I thought it best to give an address in which I should stress the unpublished or new researches of the Nutrition Laboratory. Thin address I wrote first in","page":29},{"file":"p0030.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":".^0\nEnglish, and subsequently Alquier translated it into French. The address assumed a more formal character and the whole meeting took the place of a more formal affair than it seemed to at the start. A copy of the invitation is attached herewith.\nSOCI\u00c9T\u00c9 SCIENTIFIQUE D\u2019HYGI\u00c8NE ALIMENTAIRE\n(Reconnue d'Utilit\u00e9 publique. Loi du 27 Juillet IQ04)\n16, Rue de l\u2019Estrapade (5e Arr')\nT\u00c9L\u00c9PH. : GOBELINS 38 02\n\u2014\u2014\tM\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous prier de vouloir bien assister \u00e0 la prochaine r\u00e9union de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui se tiendra dans le\nGrand Amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre de l\u2019Institut Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire\n( Entr\u00e9e : Angle des rues Clotilde et de l\u2019Estrapade), Panth\u00e9on 5-\nle Samedi 14 Avril 1923, \u00e0 17 heures 45.\nLa s\u00e9ance sera consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 une communication du Professeur Francis G. BENEDICT, Directeur du \u00a3< hutrition Laboratory de la \u201c Carnegie Institution of Washington \u201d, sur ses derniers travaux.\nJe me permets d\u2019esp\u00e9rer, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de cette r\u00e9union, que vous voudrez bien r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 notre invitation. Je vous serais reconnaissant de la transmettre \u00e0 ceux de vos coll\u00e8gues qui s\u2019int\u00e9ressent aux questions de Nutrition, de M\u00e9tabolisme basal et d\u2019Alimentation.\nVeuillei agr\u00e9er, je vous prie, l\u2019expression de mes sentiments d\u00e9vou\u00e9s.\nLe Pr\u00e9sident, Eug\u00e8ne ROUX,\nDocteur \u00e8s Sciences, Conseiller d\u2019Etat,\nDirecteur au Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Agriculture.","page":30},{"file":"p0031.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"The meeting was preceded by a gathering of the Council and their friends. It was a distinctly social affair with refreshments, on which occasion a flashlight photograph was taken of a number of the individuals. This photograph is appended herewith (see figure 10). Subsequently Monsieur Alquier very kindly sent me a key to the individuals who are in the photograph.\nAfter the social gathering we adjourned to the large lecture room, a beautiful amphitheater of noble proportions. Since the difficulty in my pronouncing French was such a3 to make it hard for the listeners to follow, and since there v\u00abmld be a very small proportion of the people who would understand if I spoke English, it was agreed that I should begin the lecture with preliminary statements in English and then ask Monsieur Lef\u00e8vre if ha would be kind enough to read the French text for me, but that I was to explain each lantern slide projection in English. At the end I was to make a few remarks in French. This program, thanks to Monsieur Alquier'3 skill, was carried out to the letter, and a very large, seemingly appreciative, and certainly very attentive audience was present. At the end Richet made one of his characteristic oratorical speeches, expressing great appreciation of the work of the Nutrition Laboratory.\nAfter a brief response by the Director of the Nutrition Laboratory, which was subsequently translated into French by a gentlemen present, the meeting adjourned. I felt particularly gratified that this affair could be arranged, for I believe it is highly important for the Nutrition Laboratory to keep in intimate touch with this Society. Moreover, it has been my misfortune to have to criticize very severely indeed much of the work of Monsieur Lef\u00e8vre, and I wanted every opportunity to show him that it was in no sense a personal affair. The bast of harmony and a spirit of good feeling prevailed throughout the entire afternoon. Monsieur Lef\u00e8vre has a very fine speaking voice, and I am very sure that he carried to the audience the sense of my lecture admirably.","page":31},{"file":"p0032.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"32\nFigure 10. Members of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire and their friends.\nThis photograph was taken on April 14, 1925, at a social gathering preceding the address of Dr. Benedict. The individuals from right to left are as follows:\nFirst row: Madam Lindet, Madam Gabriel Bertrand, Mrs. Benedict, Madam Roger, Professor Gariel, Honorary President of the Society.\nSecond row: Monsieur Jules Lef\u00e8vre. Professor Desgrec (Faculty of Medicine), Professor Molliard (Dean of the Faculty of Sciences), Dr. Henri Labbe', Professor Lambling (Faculty of Lille), Professor Paul Portier (Faculty of Sciences),\nM. L. Lindet (member of the Institute - Academy of Sciences), Professor Achard (General Secretary of the Academy of Medicine), Madam Armand Gautier, Dr. Benedict, Professor G. Bertrand (member of the Institute, Faculty of Sciences, and Institut Pasteur), Professor Roger (Dean of the Faculty of Medicine), M. Eugene Roux (Conseiller d*Etat, Pr\u00e9sident en evercice de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9), Professor andre Mayer (Faculty of Sciences).","page":32},{"file":"p0033.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Professor Lefevre\n33\nOwing to absence from tov/n it was very difficult for me to get in\ntouch with Professor Lefevre, although he called at the hotel once\n(unfortunately when I was away), and I had the same experience with him.\nBut \u00ab\u00bbfortunately we did get together for one afternoon and again for the\nlecture. At this meeting I was again very much disappointed in him as a\nscientist, although he is a very pleasant, agreeable man and friend. He\ngave me the impression of being the pedantic school master, drill master,\nwholly lost in a multitude of unimportant details. For example, over\ntwo-thirds of our time which we had together, nearly 2*r hours, was spent\nin discussing the closure of the ordinary 30da-lime bottle. I finally\nagreed to send them a bottle and fittings from here, which was done. But\nnot a word was spoken about the calorimeter or the large, major diffi-\n\u2022>\nculties which he was having. In fact, he did not offer himself to show me the calorimeter, and Monsieur Alquier having already shown it to me the day before, I did not want to ask him to do it himself. Lefevre is, apparently, a good mathematician, a very good critic, and has written an admirable book, but so far as his being the man to supervise the construction of that calorimeter and ultimately to have it in working condition, it seems to me the situation is perfectly hopeless. In striking contrast to this is the lightning like speed and rapidity with which Professor Noyons, almost unaided, has gone ahead with his equipment at Louvain. (See pagers).\nBooks.\nNot a little time was devoted in Paris to the matter of purchase of books which we have long desired, and to l\u00f4oking somewhat into the matter of library and book distribution. A number of older books were located and purchased for the library. Monsieur Alquier recommended very strongly purchasing from the firm of Le Francois, 92 Boulevard Saint-Germain, and I placed rather an extensive order with them for some things we have long","page":33},{"file":"p0034.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"3,4\ndesired, including another copy of Lef\u00e8vre\u20193 book on Bioenergetics and Richet*s Dictionnaire. I found that the Boston Medical Library dealt almost exclusively with him. Monsieur Alquier said that Fran\u00e7ois was perfectly reliable and one could have things sent from him without bothering to wait for a quotation, being sure that he would treat one very honorably.\nA very important point brought out in talking with this bookseller was if you want to buy old French books, buy only through Paris dealers and not try any other nationality. Also if you want to buy Belgian things, buy only through Belgian dealers. The same thing applies to Germany.\nThis last was very well brought out when 1 attempted to find somewhere in Paris a copy of Pirquet 's \"System der Ern\u00e4hrung\". I spent a great deal of time, but it was utterly impossible to find a copy of Pirquet \u2019s book in entire Paris. Monsieur Alquier and a Polish Dr, Dr. G. Szulc, tried to help me and finally through Dr. Cardot, the assistant of Professor Richet,\nI was able to get parts 1 and 2 of the Pirquet system in the original place of publication, i.e., the Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kinderheilkunde. Parts 3 and 4 I could not find anywhere.\nThrough the kindness of Dr. Le Goff I was introduced to two other dealers near the Sorbonne, whom he thought better than Fran\u00e7ois, and their addresses and catalogues were sent to Boston. These dealers were as follows Librairie Scientifique Jules Hermann, 6 rue de la Sorbonne, Paris (Ve), and Librairie Scientifique Emile Blanchard, 10 rue de la Sorbonne, Paris (\u00a3>e Arr. )\nIn connection with the hunt for the Pirquet book, I ran across some interesting points. The first was that, entirely aside from the fact that it was printed in Gorman and hence a foreign book, no one in Paris had any interest or enthusiasm for Pirquet nor, indeed, had they seen him or seen his book or heard anything about it. I asked one of the French dealers why it was so difficult to get foreign books in Paris, and he gave me the characteristic reply, which I think illustrates perfectly the self-centered\nnature of Parisians. He said, \"You know the sun shines on Paris. Perhaps","page":34},{"file":"p0035.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"it shines elsewhere. We do not know or care.\u201d At the time I was busy writing an article for which I needed very much indeed Pirquet\u2019s book, and had it not been for the very adverse r\u00e9sum\u00e9' of Pirquet*s book by Van Leersum in the Bulletin do la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9' Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00f4ne, I should have been rather hard put to it for information.\nIt is interesting to note that the thesis of Dr. Janet on metabolism is out of print and the bookseller said it was almost impossible to get hold of it.\nThe libraries not only in Paris, but this also may be said to hold for practically the whole of Europe, are a very large problem. Everything is xrnder lock and key. Very much has been stolen. Everywhere one fears that books will be stolen. Thi3 makes it very hard for assistants and practically impossible for students to get at the books. The difficulties of locating books, even when we are sure they are sent there, may be cited in the case of our experience with Publication 280. I wanted to refer to it and it was missing from the library of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire. Alquier thought they had never seen it. Lef\u00e8vre, when I asked him, said he never had seen it. But their own catalogue list proved to me that they had it listed and later letters showed that Alquier acknowledged the receipt of it.\nBooks are not the sacred things they ought to be. They are tangible property which can be stolen and sold, and consequently they are guarded as any material that has a sale value. This very guarding makes it very hard for many people, who really should use then, to get at them.\nI was favorably impressed by the general attitude of the booksellers,\nmen\nindeed of all the businessAthat I came in contact with in Paris, as to the disposition to make fair charges. There seemed to be no tendency to make overcharges to Americans or to the Carnegie Institution of Washington.","page":35},{"file":"p0036.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Alcohol.\nV/ith the entire absence of visible signs of alcohol traffic in America, one wa3 immediately startled by the vast number of liquor stores in Paris, particularly near the Boulevard Saint-Germain and the University.\nIt seemed as if nearly every other store was selling bottled goods, to say nothing of the innumerable cafes. And yet in the midst of all this one found on the Boulevard Saint-Germain a large ground floor building devoted to the anti-alcohol le ague and advertising an alcohol-free wine, \"pomrii'.', and other things. Still there was astonishingly little drunkenness to be seen in Paris. At noon everybody seemingly had a small carafe of red or white wine. Cvery chauffeur must leave his lunch table with not an insignificant amount of alcohol in iiim, and yet I was perfectly astonished at the skill these chauffeurs showed in turning corners and just grazing by other vehicles* I never have seen what would be seemingly more careless driving and yet driving that did not result in accidents. It seems much worse than in New York City. There are poorer traffic regulations and yet there is seldom confusion or accidents, though deaths wore frequently reported in the papers. It should be stated that although one usually does not see an accident on the street with automobile driving, the same is true Of New York City. Most of the automobiles are low powered, v/ith two cylinders, very fast on the level, but with no reserve power to get out of a tight pinch, so it requires skillful experience. This seems to be so incompatible with poor reactions that I was very much astonished. Our work at the Laboratory showed that alcohol lowered reactions and made one less efficient. Certainly the Parisian chauffeur must have a tremendous amount of autogenic reenforcement.\nMost of the Parisians with whom we talked could not believe the United States was \"dry'.\u2019. They had heard a lot of talk that liquor was taken into the States and they were all sure we would repeal the lav/. But I pointed out that they heard of every instance when the law was broken but did not","page":36},{"file":"p0037.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"hear of the 99.9 per cent of the cases when the law was not broken. Still, most people told me they used wine only when they had company or friends present. The impression is that everybody uses wine for two meals a day. Most laborers drink a small carafe of it at breakfast \u00a91* dinner.. Also there is much mineral water used. As a matter of fact, the system of eating in Paris restaurants is such that one is practically penalized if one does not drink something out of a bottle. In other words, you have to pay extra if you do not drink. There is a special charge if you do not drink. Personally I found everywhere many rather strange dishes served regularly, and while in America I am not at all accustomed to using wine, except on very few occasions, I found from personal experience that I could\neat and get down numerous dishes, and especially the very bad bread, with a little wine, using one-half wine and one-half water. It does seem to me that there is something in the fact that these people, having rather poor food materials, do find wine a means of eating or getting down these rather imperfect, unsatisfactory foods. I do not recall now having seen any man intoxicated in Paris. Whether the Frenchman can by nature drink mildly and moderately and not get drunk, and the American must drink excessively or not, I do not know, but visible signs of intoxication were missing.\nBread.\nThe bread situation is very bad. Formerly Parisian bread was known throughout the world for its extraordinarily good character. Now it is very poor. The flour is highly milled. That i3, they leave in more of the wheat. The color is darkish, but it is too quickly baked. It is hard as flint on the outside and underdone and underraised in the middle.\nSmall biscuits or small \"petit pain\" were much better. This whole question of milling wheat is vital. During the war Bertrand wrote me extensively about it, and both Lapicque and Alquier were working upon bran and its influence. Still, singularly enough, it is almost an impossibility to buy","page":37},{"file":"p0038.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"bran fit for human food. Considerable time was spent in trying to find sterilized bran, and when I asked for bran and the sales people found I wanted it to eat, they thought I was crazy. Finally some American sterilized bran was found at a grocery, but first I was sent to a feed store and bought some bran but it was very evil smelling, smelling of the barn yard and chicken house. The bran should, if the people are properly educated, help out on the use of flour. If each person ate the bran normally accompanying the flour they eat, they would be better off.","page":38},{"file":"p0039.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"3TIU3BURG, PRANGE.\nUniversity of Strasburg (Faculty of Medicine).\nProfessor Georges Schaeffer (Physiological Laboratory).\nThe visit to Strasburg was made primarily as the result of the visit of the commission from the Strasburg Medical Faculty, which came to the Laboratory in November, 1922. Professor Ueiss, who was formerly at the Marey Institute, and Professor Maurice Nicloux and Professor Le'on Blum were all interested in the work of the Laboratory, and I thought the heroic efforts of the French government to establish a really fine laboratory would be well worth investigating. The Physiological Laboratory at Strasburg has had a rather remarkable history, there being initially a very good building built by the Germans prior to the war, to which a very large, luxurious, elegant addition has been made by the French, which i3 practically completed but not equipped. The professor of physiology, Professor A. Mayer, has just gone to Paris, and his successor is Professor Georgos Schaeffer. Professor Schaeffer showed me about the building, but we saw very little experimental work of special interest. Indeed, the whole impression I gathered was that the institution was altogether too large, that Professor Schaeffer had undertaken a job which might prove too much for him, and that there seemed to be an entire lack of system or definite plan. At that time I did not know that Professor Schaeffer had been interested in and had published a book dealing with a problem which has interested the Nutrition Laboratory for many years, namely, estimations of the probable active protoplasmic tissue. This book (\"Variations biochimiques du rapport nucl\u00e9o-plasmatiquo au cours du d\u00e9veloppement embryonnaire. Recherches de physiologie generale sur la d\u00e9termination do la masse protoplasmatique active.\" By Le Breton and Gchaeffer, Paris, 1923) was called to my attention later. Professor Schaeffer 3aid nothing of it while I was in Strasburg, so I missed an\nopportunity of talking with him about it.","page":39},{"file":"p0040.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Professor Georges Weiss, Professor arabard. and Pr. Blum.\nA conference was held with quite a number of the faculty of the\nmedical school at the house of the Dean, Professor Ceorges Weiss, and\nsome photographs of the Nutrition Laboratory's more recent apparatus,\nparticularly the student respiration apparatus developed by tirs. Benedict\nand myself, caused a great deal of interest. I found that Professor\nAmbard was making insulin and Dr. Leon Blum was using it in his practice.\nOne was much impressed with the efforts made by the French to have\nan extraordinarily fine university. For example, many of its faculty had\neither willingly or for moral obligations left good posts in Paris and\ngone to Strasburg, there to build up a large and powerful university, the\nThe names of all streets had boon changed to French names, and we were\nA\ninformed that the lower schools had been filled with a large number of very good French teachers. There was quite an air of prosperity to the city and what was of most singular note from the nutrition standpoint was that we found there, in striking contrast to Paris and indeed elsewhere in Europe, excellent bread.\n\u25a0Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry.\nProfessor Hicloux and Dr. Fontes.\nProfessor Nicloux, one of the foremost biological chemists in Europe and perhaps the best known man for fine, accurate analysis, has a very fine laboratory in which emphasis is laid upon micro-methods. It was my misfortune not to find Professor Nicloux, as he had gone to a meeting of the Chemical Society in Paris. Dr. Fontes, one of his assistants, was very kind jmd showed us the complete laboratory. Of sp\u00e8cial interest wore the micro-methods, many copied directly from Pregl in Hungary. Dr. Fontes\nhimself showed a new method for determining microscopic amounts of iron with great exactness. Thus, he had a titrometric method for determining","page":40},{"file":"p0041.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"the iron, in which the end point could he secured with great sharpness when 20 c.c. of the reagent wa3 equivalent to 1 milligram of iron. This method he said had been the result of his own work for many years, and he had just brought it to completion. He said Professor Nicloux had spoken very enthusiastically of his visit to the Nutrition Laboratory and particularly of his impression of Professor Miles and his work in determining small quantities of alcohol. A photograph of Dr. Fontes in his laboratory is appended in figure 11.","page":41},{"file":"p0042.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"42\nFigure 11. Dr. Font\u00e8s, the assistant of Professor Nicloux, in the laboratory of Physiological Chemistry at the University of Strasburg.","page":42},{"file":"p0043.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BA3T3L. BWIgZEBLAHP.\n4^\nUniversity of Basel (Medical Clinic).\nProfessor Staehelin.\nProfessor Staehelin is wholly occupied at the present time with administrative work and with the management of a large clinic. Although the original Jaquet respiration apparatus is in the basement of the building and there is evidence of its being at least partly assembled and parts being occasionally in use, seemingly very little has actually been accomplished in recent years in the line of gaseous metabolism. The ever present problem of cretinism and goiter was occupying the attention of all of the surgeons, and I presume that the basal metabolism work had something to do with that.\nPoliklinik.\nProfessor Gigon.\nProfessor Gigon at the Poliklinik was also actively engaged in administrative and in clinical work.\tHe was also preparing insulin.\nBut I gathered the impression from his preparations and those of Ambard that it i3 quite problematical as to how pure insulin they are getting if, indeed, they are getting any,. It is highly improbable that these spasmodic efforts of scientists could be attended with more than slight, if any, success. Professor Gigon is doing practically no research work now with gaseous metabolism.","page":43},{"file":"p0044.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"44\nUniversity of Basal (Physiological Instituts).\nDr. Fritz Rohrer.\nUnfortunately Professor Metaner was away. I was very glad to get in touch with Dr. Rohrer, inasmuch as Dr. Rohrer*s index of the nutrition of children had played a rather extended r\u00f4le in the nutrition of children, if not indeed of adults, in Germany during the war and since. Dr. Rohrer i3 a very bright appearing man, who takes his work very seriously and is evidently of the first caliber. He told me the history of his index.\nA number of years ago he was working in anthropometry with Professor Martin in Zurich, I think, and there published in a rather obscure way an index which he suggested as a \"H\u00f6rperf\u00fcllenindex'*. It seems that rather suddenly the German scientists hit upon that as the best method of indicating the relative stages of nutrition of children. Dr. Rohrer told me it was almost an over night affair and he woke up one morning to find himself famous.\nI hoard subsequently from Dr. Pirquet at Bdinburgh that this index was selected because they did not want to take Pirquet \u2019s, they simply had a feeling against him, and so took this other one. There have been some controversies between the defenders of the Rohrer index and the Pirquet index. I had conversation with Dr. Rohrer v/ith regard to this matter and he gave me 3ome reprints and wrote me some letters about it. While I think undoubtedly the Rohrer index lias very general value, it does appear to me as if the Pirquet method of indicating the nutritional state of a child is more satisfactory. One should not, however, judge of this before a more careful comparison of the two indices with a large mass of material-is\nmade.","page":44},{"file":"p0045.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Jaquet and his instruments.\n4 0\nProfessor Jaquet unfortunately wa3 not in Basel but in Paris. But I found that he wa3 doing very little, if any, active scientific work, being much interested in the development of his factory or machine shop, where his ingenious apparatus has been built for many years. Inasmuch as we have quite a collection of Jaquet's apparatus of various types at the Nutrition Laboratory, it seemed desirable to inspect this building in somewhat more detail and see what new things are available. Unfortunately again I could examine them only under the most disadvantageous circumstances. The chief mechanician and business man of the place was away, and the man who showed hr. Rohrer and myself about could give us very little positive information. Orders were placed, however, for certain pieces of apparatus which have been long needed. The factory seems to be in a flourishing condition, but the entire business depression of Switzerland, effected as it is by the absence of German trade, had likewise made itself noticeable in this factory. The further advances of labor unions * demands complicated the running of the factory. On the other hand., one saw everywhere the marvellous accuracy and fineness of detail that characterizes all Swiss mechanical work.\nGeneva, Switzerland.\nUniversity of Geneva (Faculty of Medicine).\nProfessor Lina Stern.\nAt Geneva I was brought in contact with a relatively large group of university professors, particularly Dr. Lina Stern, professor of physiology, and talked in extenso with regard to the work at the Nutrition Laboratory and the possibilities of establishing a metabolism center in Geneva in connection with the large number of cases of goiter so prevalent in Switzerland. Professor Stern was subsequently at the Edinburgh Congress.","page":45},{"file":"p0046.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I found the group of physicians keen and unusually interested in the metabolism work of the Laboratory. There was* however* absolutely nothing in the nature of metabolism experiments going on in Geneva.\nOpportunity was taken while there to look into the reouest made by the library of the League of Nations for books and reprints. I found the request had formerly come fron a clerk who was not at this time connected with the League of Nations, and no one seemed to know anything about it or to have any particular interest in having our publications, so 1 decided it was unwise to send them until further demands were made.\nBerne* Switzerland.\nUniversity of Berne (Physiological Institute).\nProfessor Asher and Professor Abelin.\nIn Berne naturally the first place that I went to was the laboratory of Professor Asher, who was at that time in America and, indeed, almost at that same date was visiting the Nutrition Laboratory lie re. In his absence Professor Abelin showed me every courtesy, and Mrs. Asher, who has helped her husband a great deal, came to the laboratory and showed us courtesies in every direction. The matter of chief moment and interest to me in Berne was the technique of experimenting on the white rat, which has been brought to a high degree of perfection by Professor Asher and his associates. The method employed is the Haldane principle of weighing the animals in the chamber and determining the oxygen consumption by weight. Inasmuch as I first thought that this method might have many advantages over the closed-circuit method employed by the Laboratory in the research at Columbia University, I gave special attention to studying the technical details of this method and inquiring as regards its control and accuracy. The weighing chambers are of glass, with ground glass joints. The absorbing vessels usually are glass tubes containing soda-lime and sulphuric acid with pumice stone or beads. No provision was made for recording graphically","page":46},{"file":"p0047.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"the activity of the animals. Much work was done on animals having part of the glands removed and some work, I believe, on animals having one-sided diets. The details of the method are shown in the several accompanying photographs.\nThe rat apparatus, as installed, was in several forms but commonly without special outside protection. It is shown in detail in figure 12, in which one sees the glass chamber with rubber stopper \u00abnd two thermometers lying in the foreground and immediately back of it the equipment for absorbing water by sulphuric acid and carbon dioxide by soda-lime. Indeed, several forms of chamber were used, slightly modified, but the general principle was that outlined above. In figure 13 a slightly different view of the apparatus is given. Here the glass part is resting at the extreme left, while another glass chamber is imbedded in cotton batting in a box. One of the associates was running experiments in which the chamber was to be kept at relatively high temperatures. Figure 14 shows the set-up for such experiments. In this work the apparatus is placed in an incubating oven shown back against the wall, and the absorption of carbon dioxide and water vapor is obtained by sulphuric acid Ih-tubes, these tubes having bulbs at the bottom for excess acid. The ventilation is made by means of a motor and rotary pump. On the extreme right one 3ees other forms of sulphuric acid containers and soda-lime containers. The main feature of this apparatus was that researches were being made with it at different environmental temperatures.\nIn connection with the Jaquet respiration apparatus several photographs were also taken. Figure 15 shows the side of the chamber with food lock, the door being temporarily removed from the front and placed at the right. The entrance is shown in a very poor photograph (figure 16) in which I attempted to get some idea of the interior of the chamber.\nA dog respiration chamber for use with the Jaquet apparatus was pushed\ninto the foreground and is seen here in front of the entrance into the","page":47},{"file":"p0048.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"48\nFigure 12. She respiration, apparatus for rats used, by Professor Asher of Berne.\nThe glass chamber with rubber stopper and two thermometers is seen in the foreground, and immediately bac\u00eec of it is the equipment for absorbing water by sulphuric acid and carbon dioxide by soda-lime.\nFigure 13. Another view of the respiration apparatus for rats employed by Professor Asher of Berne.\nThe glass chamber is at the extreme left and another glass chamber is imbedded in cotton in a box.","page":48},{"file":"p0049.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"49\n\nas\nFigure 14. Professor Asher\u2019s respiration apparatus for rats\nset up for studying the metabolism at relatively high temperatures.\nThe apparatus is placed in an incubating oven shown back against the wall. The absorption of carbon dioxide and water vapor is obtained by sulphuric acid U-tubes, these tubes having bulbs at the bottom for excess acid. The ventilation is made by means of a motor and rotary pump. On the extreme right are seen other forms of sulphuric acid and soda-lime containers.","page":49},{"file":"p0050.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 16. Entrance into the Jaquet respiration chamber of\nProfessor Asher at Berne.\nIn the foreground is a dog respiration chamber for use with the Jaquet apparatus.\nFigure 15. The Jaquet respiration chamber employed by\nProfessor Asher at Berne.\nThis view shows the side of the chamber with food lock.\nAt the right is the door, which was temporarily removed from the front of the chamber.","page":50},{"file":"p0051.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 17. The head respiration chamber of Professor Abelin at Berne.\nThe subject sits on a rotating stool with his arms resting comfortably, and his head is in a box provided with a glass window in front.","page":51},{"file":"p0052.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"52\nFigure 18. A large form of the Haldane gae analysis apparatus used in connection with the several respiration chambers at Berne.\nThis photograph is too small to show any special details, but the Jaquet samplers may be seen attached to the support at the left.","page":52},{"file":"p0053.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 19. Professor J. Professor Leon Asher at the University of Berne.\nAhelin, associate of Physiological Institute\nof the","page":53},{"file":"p0054.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Jaquet cha\u00eenber. Professor Abelin had also arranged a chamber (see figure 17) somewhat after the plan of the Grafe head chamber mentioned in my foreign report for 191U. The subject sits on a rotating stool, rests the arms comfortably, and the head is in a box provided with a glass window in front. The analysis of the air leaving these several chambers is done by a rather large form of the Haldane gas analysis apparatus, shown in figure 18. Apparently the Berne people have worked a good deal with the Haldane apparatus. I found a rather ingenious bulb at the bottom of the burette to keep out dirty mercury, first noted here. Unfortunately figure 18 is too small to show any special details. One sees, however, the Jaquet samplers attached to the support at the left.\nFinally Ur. Abelin was good enough to pose for a photograph himself (see figure 19), beside the Bister meter, vfcieh is a fundamental part of the regular Jaquet respiration apparatus.\nMedical Faculty.\nUr. De Quervain.\nOn the invitation of Dr. Abelin and Mrs. Asher, I consented to give an address in Berne on the work of the nutrition Laboratory a few days later, returning from Geneva en route to Davos and stopping over one night. On reaching Berne the second time, we spent the afternoon with Dr. De Quervain, the foremost surgeon probably in Switzerland, who has done a great deal of work with goiter and cretinism and who had been making some basal metabolism measurements by a modification of the spirometer method used in the Nutrition Laboratory, employing valves and a mouthpiece. He showed us the apparatus in the hospital, which is very well equipped otherwise, but as near as I can make out there have been no careful controls of the apparatus, and while Professor De Quervain undoubtedly used the greatest accuracy, I felt quite sure he was considerably handicapped both with apparatus and with technical assistance.","page":54},{"file":"p0055.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Pharmaceutical Institute\nProfessor Tschirch.\nMuch time was likewise given to the Pharmaceutical Institute, under the direction of the most delightful old gentleman we met in Europe, Professor Tschirch. The laboratory was in the pink of perfection in every way, but special stress was laid upon a very elaborate and, I should judge from the pedagogic standpoint, highly important collection of pharmaceutical preparations, practically all dealing with the industry therewith, including innumerable lantern slides and transparencies, altogether making a wholly remarkable pharmaceutical exhibit.\nThe address at Berne.\n/\nThe address at Berne, which was announced in accordance with the card appended herewith, was given in a lecture room in the Pharmaceutical\nBIOCHEMISCHE VEREINIGUNG Sitzung\nMontag, den 30. April, 20| Uhr, im Pharmazeutischen Institut Prof.Dr. Francis G. Benedict, Boston,\nDirector of the Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory:\n\"Grundumsatz und perspiratio insensibilis\nnach neuen Untersuchungen.\"\n(In deutscher Sprache).\nInstitute at a joint meeting of the Biochemical and Medical Societies, presided over by Professor Tschirch. The greatest interest was exhibited throughout the entire lecture and much discussion followed at the end. Opportunity was taken in this lecture to stress heavily the fact that surgeons must not use indiscriminately metabolism measurements. \u00ef\u00efow an apparatus is available for very simple, quick, accurate results, and the surgeon must prepare himself to interpret these results intelligently.\nI feel as if this advice was not particularly relished by some of the audience, but still feel that it was highly desirable.","page":55},{"file":"p0056.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Professor Sahli am Pr\u00bb \\7egelin\n56\nOne of the pleasantest features of this second visit was the opportunity to meet personally the celebrated Professor H. Sahli, whom I sat beside at the dinner given by Professor De Quervain. I wise had the pleasure of meeting Dr. Karl Wegelin, Director of the\nlike-\nPathoiogieal Institute of the University, who was also very much interested in the metabolism work of the Nutrition Laboratory.","page":56},{"file":"p0057.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Davos-Platz, Switzerland\nForschungs-Institut.\nProfessor Loewy.\nFor some time I had. heard that \"an institute for research\", chiefly in metabolism and tuberculosis and high altitudes, had been established by private means at Davos-Platz, which is one of the celebrated tuberculosis \"cures\" in Switzerland. Professor Dr. Adolf Loewy, who was formerly associated with Professor Zuntz, had been appointed director. (The journey to Davos is rather off the main track, reached by a mountain railroad, but was well worth the trip, for very much more wa3 found there than was anticipated. In the first place, Professor Loewy*s institute is a marvellous exhibit of rapid preparation and equipment. Less than four months before our arrival he had taken over a formerly used dwelling of rather large proportions (four or five stories) but rather narrow, had completely remodeled it, had installed gas, plumbing, water, and electricity, and had fitted it up in very good shape for research work. The Institute occupies the entire building, with a Diener*s quarters on the ground floor, and with a living room, dining room, and study for Professor Loewy on the second floor. There were bacteriological rooms, chemical laboratories, and a room for metabolism research, all being fitted, as one would naturally predict beforehand, with a complete","page":57},{"file":"p0058.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"58\nSuntz-Geppert respiration outfit, and. altogether the building gave one the impression of being all ready for research. It lacked only the most vital factor, namely, there were no workers. There wa3 no soul in the building other than Professor Loewy. He had no workers and no students.\nOf course it was rather early, but he was quite anxious as to where he was to secure scientific workers, indeed was about to make a trip to Basel and Berne to confer with Gigon, Staehelin, and others, to have some assistants sent up there for a period of time for research work.\nThe institute lias been founded by local contributions in large part and particularly by the generosity of a most delightful man, Dr. H. Buol, a physician of many years' standing in Davos, who has given not only money but considerable apparatus to the institute. The institute is located on the main street and is not very closely connected with any of the large sanitariums, although, as Professor Loewy said, every house in Davos and practically every hotel in Davos is a sanitarium. Indeed, we noticed this. Certain hotels would take no tuberculosis cases and these hotels were all characterized by having the name \"sport hotel\", that is, a sport hotel at Davos means a hotel where no tuberculosis cases are taken.\nTuberculosis Sanitariums.\nDr. Burkhardt.\nOther interesting points were the large number of sanitariums and the fact that there were sanitariums for different nations. Thus, there was one for Holland, one for Germany, one for Scandinavia, and others.\nOn the other hand, many were now closed, owing to war conditions, and on the whole Davos had felt the war rather keenly in the reduced number of it3 population. The sport hotels had likewise felt this keenly.\nIt wa3 our privilege, under the guidance of Professor Loewy, to visit one of the largest sanitariums presided over by Dr. Burkhardt, having chiefly Germans. A large contingent of children were expected","page":58},{"file":"p0059.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"and we were told that Pope Benedict had given a large sum of money to enable undernourished children and tubercular children in Europe, particularly in Germany and Austria, to come to Davos for recuperation. Several sets of those children had already passed through the treatment at Davos. In Dr. Burkhardt\u2019s sanitarium there were no children, but we were taken up on the roof and shown a number of men with very bad cases of tuberculosis, with abscesses and bone infectious, who were being salvaged, so to speak, by the sun treatment. These men were literally black as negroes. The eye3 were protected, but other than a small loin cloth they had no other clothing on. In many instances the abscesses were running and yet one could see how they wore healing under this treatment. A photo of the sanitarium, presented by Dr. Burkhardt, is shov/n in figure 20. At the extreme right the patients on the roof are seen.\nMuch discussion was entered into with regard to the supposed effect of the high altitude and sunlight and ultra-violet rays. The general impression in Davo3 is that the healing is due to the direct action of the light. H0re they had a superior light, coming through a clear sky, arid thought it was a direct light effect.\nProfessor Porno.\nOne of the most interesting meteorologists in Piurope is Professor Dorno of Davos, who has worked on meteorological problems there, has his own private laboratory in his house, and has a large collection of instruments, all of which were purchased from his own funds, from which he has drawn perhaps too freely. Professor Loewy took me to Professor Dorno's laboratory and I was astonished at the quantity of instruments that I saw there and at their high grade. There was everything one could think of. Professor Domo would be, seemingly, an ideal man for studying the physical and meteorological factor of light in any cooperative research that Professor Loewy could take up. I found subsequently that","page":59},{"file":"p0061.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Professor Durig of Vienna, v\u00e0xo knows the whole situation in the Alps thoroughly, thinks that Professor Dorno is a great meteorologist but very weak, and that he falls into error when discussing meteorology\nfrom the physiological standpoint. The point is, here is a meteorologist of the first order, who was only too anxious to begin some coordinated research with some physiologist upon the influence of light.\nWe were much impressed by the extraordinary clarity of the air in\nDavos. We were told that the sun shines most of the time, there is very\n/\nlittle wind, the town being in a pocket in the Alps, and the percentage of ultra-violet lights is very high. I never saw the Alpine glow so marvellous as it was in Davos. It is very problematical a3 to how much can be done in Davos, Professor Loewy is a man of indefatigable energy, but very careless in his work, and needs very much indeed the careful, critical control that Professor Zuntz exercised in part. I should think that association with a man with a high degree of .accuracy, like Professor Dorno, might improve very much, indeed the accuracy of Loewy's technique. On the whole the visit to Davos was thoroughly enjoyed. Professor Loewy proved himself to be a most attentive and considerate guide, and I 3hall await with great interest the outcome of this venture. Two pictures of Professor Loewy at his writing desk are appended\n(see figures 21 and 22).","page":61},{"file":"p0062.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 21. Professor A. Loewy seated at his writing desk in the Forschungs-Institut at Davos-Platz, Switzerland.\nFigure 22. Another view of Professor Loewy of Davos-Platz.","page":62},{"file":"p0063.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"VIIglNA. AUSTRIA.\nUniversity of Vienna. Physiological Laboratory.\nProfessor Durig and Dr. Wastl.\nNaturally after many years' absence ono of the most interesting experiences that I had was meeting Professor Durig, Dr. Falta, and Professor H. H. Moyer in Vienna. Professor Durig unfortunately is still suffering from his glycosuria and could not eat liberally at meals, so could not be at the various meals we enjoyed at their houses.\nProfessor Durig is looking well. He has a great deal of teaching to do, and I made it a point of attending one of his lectures on muscle physiology, in which he made pleasant reference to the Nutrition Laboratory. I saw little new apparatus or equipment in the laboratory. There was little evidence of active scientific work, although a number of assistants were there. Apparently all the energies are being concentrated upon teaching. Professor Durig gave us much information with regard to hi3 war experiences, during which time he had charge of a very large hospital. The administration \u00aef this hospital was equal practically to that of a small city, and scientific work had to drop.\nWe subsequently saw Professor Durig at Frankfurt, where he had gone to be the guest of Professor Von Noorden for a week at his sanitarium.\nHo was much interested in the student form of respiration apparatus and planned to copy it and use it immediately. I was much interested in his very antagonistic views with regard to the scientific worth of Dr. Falta, for Durig condemns him in the severest language. It seemed to be a characteristic of Vienna scientific men. There was a great deal of very strong, adverse criticism. Thus, Durig maintained that Pirquet was a wonderful administrator, but a very, very poor pediatrician and that nobody ever took their children to him, etc. One wonders just how much","page":63},{"file":"p0064.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"the general depression left its permanent mark upon those men.\nProfessor Durig was also very adversely critical of Professor Kestner of Hamburg and Professor Porno of Davos. He said the latter wa3 a very good meteorologist but was weak in physiology, that he made some very absurd statements with regard to the physiological effects of light. He felt that Professor Kestner was a very careless worker. But I am reminded of the fact that in Geneva Professor A3her stated he thought that Professor Kestner was a very much better man as he grew older. Asher also thought this same statement applied to Dr. Loewy of Davos.\nOne of his assistants, Dr. Helene Wastl, was subsequently present at the Congress at Edinburgh.\nTwo photographs of Professor Durig taken at his writing de3k are shown in figures 23 and 24; also in figure 25 a copy of a photograph given me by him\nProfe33or Hans Horst Meyer.\nProfessor Meyer has retired practically from pharmacology. We had the pleasure of seeing him at his house, where discussions ran along the lines chiefly of international affairs. We also saw him subsequently at Edinburgh. Probably no man is more beloved throughout Europe by all nationalities than is Professor Meyer. Two photographs of Professor Meyer of Vienna in his library at his house are shown in figures 26 and 27. They are nearly identical but represent two different exposures. A group photograph (see figure 2 on the balcony at Professor Meyer\u2019s house shows from left to rights Dr. and Mrs. Falta, Professor Meyer's housekeeper, Mrs. Benedict, Professor Meyer, and his housekeeper's daughter.\nDr. Falta.\nDr. Falta's clinic wa3 not visited, but he told me he was doing a\ngood deal with diabetes and particularly was emphasising a new \"cure\"\n(a3 he called it) of meal and fruit, which he had written a great deal\nabout and discussed a great deal. Falta wa3 very courteous, but one felt\nall the time as if one were on the verge of a disagreeable ruction.\nMrs. Falta (an intense royalist) persisted in bringing in active, if not bitter, political discussions all the time. One of course should not","page":64},{"file":"p0066.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n-^W\u00ca\u00ca\u00fbm&v '\ns\nFigure 25.Professor Arnold imrig o Physiological Institute, University of Vienna.","page":66},{"file":"p0067.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"r*\nn ^\nFigure 26. Professor Hans Horst Meyer of Vienna in his library\nat his house.","page":67},{"file":"p0068.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 28. Professor Hans Horst Meyer of Vienna.\nHr. and Mrs. Falta are sitting at the left; Professor Meyer's housekeeper is at the left of Mrs. Benedict, and the housekeeper's daughter is at the right of Professor Meyer.","page":68},{"file":"p0069.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"judge these people too harshly, hut I had hoped to separate scientific from political discussions. Falta said he had been asked to superintend the manufacture of insulin for Austria, and he was uncertain whether to do it or not, asking my advice. I told him if the Toronto people had made him any advances, they would live up to it in every detail.\nKinderklinik.\nProfessor Pirquet and Drs. Schick. Noble, 'Vagner, and Helmreich.\nBy far the most interesting feature of our visit at Vienna was the inspection of the remarkable clinic of Professor Pirquet. As a gigantic piece of administration and management little, if anything, can be found anywhere in the world to compare with it. He took us about the clinic, showing us all its various phases, his tuberculosis classes, the work on rickets, and the feeding classes. Subsequently we went to the \"professors' table\" for lunch, It is almost impossible to write adequately on this marvellous clinic. Some respiration work i3 being done on basal metabolism and on determining the oxygen consumption. I did not see any experiments in progress, but they showed me some of their figures. As I recall it, the work was done by the analysis of expired air.\nOne of the assistants, Dr. Helmreich, had been working upon the insensible perspiration or water loss of children, and had some values that seemed to be of extraordinary importance, inasmuch as he proved definitely that when his children wore upon a restricted diet the water loss wap enormously decreased. This I found very difficult to reconcile with our observations that water vapor is chiefly through the lungs and not through the lungs and skin. He had also studied the influence of an inclined position on the child, strapping the child on a board and tilting the board at various angles. Along with this were elaborate studies of\nthe heart rate","page":69},{"file":"p0070.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"70\nPirquet was preparing an article upon the relationship between heart rate and sitting height, which he subsequently read at Edinburgh. The whole atmosphere of Pirquet*s clinic is very remarkable. I never 3aw in my life a group of young men (although Schick, the first assistant, is no longer young) who are so (blindly, I might say) devoted to their chief as these five men that I saw, - Bela Schick, Edmund Hoble,\nRichard 'Vagner, and Dr. Helmroich. I had most intense and activo discussions with them in the afternoon and found the whole meeting most stimulating and suggestive. Later on at the Edinburgh Congress I learned that Dr. Pirquet was to give up his Vienna post and accept a position at Minneapolis. I fear that his assistants will suffer tremendously by the loes of this wholly remarkable man.\n\u00bbA photograph was secured (figure 29), showing the tiiberculous children at systematized play on the roof. Professor Pirquet,\nMrs. Benedict, and Dr. Schick are seen at the right.\nOf course Pirq\\iet*s associates were loyally supporting the \"nem system\", which is the peculiar system worked out by Professor Pirquet about the time of the war, a system which has been the basis of a great\ndeal of controversy in America and, indeed, with all pediatricians the world over. I had talked with Professor Pirquet very much about this system while he was in America at the Nutrition Laboratory, and at the time of my visit to Vienna I had in manuscript an article, nearly completed, discussing the nem system and particularly certain of his recommendations in connection with it. My personal feeling is the pediatricians have made a great mistake in discarding wholly the nem system and many of its phases, and in my article I am bringing out the fact that at least two important factors should be retained, if not more, in the nem system, that is, the indication of the special state of nutrition of children and, second, the fact that there is a rather intimate","page":70},{"file":"p0071.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 29. Tuberculous children at systematized play on the roof of Pirquet's Kinderklinik in Vienna.\nAt the right are Professor Clemens Pirquet, Mrs. Benedict, and Dr. Bela Schick.","page":71},{"file":"p0072.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"70\nrelationship between the square of the sitting height and. the total metabolism, indeed a relationship that is somewhat more intimate and hence lends itself for prediction purposes better than any other anthro-pometrical measurement that we have thus far tried. With the general idea of the substitution of the nem for the calorie I could, however, not agree.\nAt the so-called \"professors' table\" the nem system ms used. Some wealthy American, I believe a Ur. Harkness (likewise a benefactor of Yale University), had loft a large sum of money, the income to provide a table whereby all the university professors and assistants, including secretaries, assistants, librarians,etcv could secure a good meal a day at about one-third what they would pay elsewhere, that is, the foundation paid two-thirds of the cost of the meal. This was in Professor Pirquet*s charge and was, as usual, highly and perfectly organized. We were shown about the kitchens, dining rooms, etc. The meal was not particularly to my liking, simply because they did not happen t\u00f4 have items that day that I cared for, and the incongruity of having a chocolate dessert along with hot chocolate for dinner did not appeal to me. Pirquet afterwards explained that hot chocolate was an item of every meal. Irrespective of whether the nem system was used or the calorie system, the important thing is that here is an organization putting forth a very good meal for the professors and the needy ones at a cost far less than they could secure it elsewhere, a most worthy charity.","page":72},{"file":"p0073.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"MUNICH. QBHMANY.\nUniversity of Munich (Medical Clinic).\nProf833or Friedrich H\u00fcller and hia assistant. Dr. Thannhauser.\nAlthough Professor M\u00fcller did everything he could to secure my entrance into Munich under as comfortable conditions as possible, we were subjected to a great deal of annoyance and difficulties before being allowed to cross the Bavarian frontier from Vienna, and had it not been for a letter from Professor Kossel, inviting me to lecture at Heidelberg, I probably would not have been allowed to enter. As it was I had to forego my expected stay in Munich and had to be out in six hours, going on to Heidelberg. I went directly to the clinic (Zinnserstrasse) and Professor M\u00fcller came in with his assistant. He was much interested in the portable apparatus. Then we drifted into the political situation and he emphasized the fact that Germany wa3 \u201dat war\u201d with Prance, a characteristic of the old military martinet, of which he is one of the most characteristic types. I should judge little in the line of research was going on, although they expect to do something in metabolism.\nDr. Thannhauser told me he had had a grateful patient, an Bnglishman, who asked what he could do for them and they told him to send one of the Benodict-Gollins portables. Meanwhile of the fund raised by Professor Lusk in America an allotment of #250. was raised for M\u00fcller, but he wrote if the money were sent, it would be subject to a heavy German tax, and he would prefer to have a Benedict-Collins apparatus. So one was sent to him of the Collins type, and they will thus have two apparatus. He was intensely interested in the student apparatus and reprints were sent to the clinic at his request.","page":73},{"file":"p0074.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Heidelberg?, Germany.\nUniversity of Heidelberg (Physiological Institute)\nProfessor Kossel.\n74\nThe chief interest in visiting Heidelberg was to see again Professor Kossel in his laboratory and see what was being done in the line of research in metabolism centers, particularly with Professor L. Krehl. Professor Kossel\u2019s laboratory is rather inactive, particularly the university laboratory, although his institute for protein investigation was making some progress. I attended several of his lectures and was much interested in his method of presentation and demonstration afterwards. I also talked with his assistants with regard to the pedagogic conditions obtaining in Heidelberg at the time. The teaching situation is rather interesting at Heidelberg. Professor Kossel is about to retire, but retains his direction of the protein institute, but will have to withdraw from his present quarters and will probably arrange his institute in the new building of Professor Krehl's clinic. At the time he had no American students but quite a number of Japanese. He emphasized the fact that the Japanese were all very good \"copyists'* but had no originality. Talking with one of his assistants, I found the general impression was the students in general in Germany wore all very serious. They did not dissipate as much a3 they formerly did, for their money must last over, and they tried to finish their studies as soon as possible.\nKossel*s protein institute has suffered very much from lack of funds. When the funds were first given, they were so-called \"first class paper'*, but now they have practically all disappeared and the income is almost nothing. He told of an incident with regard to a certain foundation of which he is a member of the committee. The postage of a letter sending the income cost more than the entire income from the fund.","page":74},{"file":"p0075.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I found an interesting situation in which practically international disagreements were retarding research. Professor Kossel had worked out a new method for making large masses of arginin. In fact, if my memory serves me correctly, I saw a dish of 100 to 200 grams of beautifully crystallized arginin. He needed, however, Dio frei Farbs\u00e4ure des naphthol-gelbes \"3\", which really is \"Di-nitro-naphtholsulfans\u00e4ure\", This ho had been formerly getting from a color factory at Ludwigahafen near Mannheim.\nHe required about 300 grams of it, and his whole institute was held up because he could not secure it. The order had been placed and the factory had told him this chemical was there. Indeed, one could almost see the chimneys of the factory across the Rhine plateau from Kossel\u2019s building.\nBut the French were then in occupation and refused to have the acid sent to him. The subsequent history was very interesting, for on reaching Berlin I was able to get in touch with an old Heidelberg student,\nDr. Hansmann, in charge of an aniline factory. I put the problem to him and later on I heard he had been able to have prepared for Professor Kossel one kilogram of this acid and sent to him. Professor Kossel subsequently saw us at Edinburgh and was most appreciative of this effort on his behalf.\nTwo portrait photographs of Professor Kossel at his writing desk (see figures 30 and 31) are very characteristic.\nProfessor Kossel*s successor had not been chosen when I left Heidelberg, but subsequently I heard that Dr. August P\u00fctter, formerly in Bonn but now of Kiel, had been selected. This is an astonishing appointment, for P\u00fctter is admittedly by no means of the caliber they have been used to having in Heidelberg, such as Kuhne and Kossel. Of course Professor Kossel did not discuss the matter. P\u00fctter was, however, during the war intimately associated with Dr. Krehl and it is believed that Krehl's influence played an important role in getting him this Heidelberg post.","page":75},{"file":"p0076.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 30. Professor Kossel of Heidelberg, seated at his writing desk.\nFigure 31. Another view of Professor Kossel of Heidelberg,","page":76},{"file":"p0077.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"First Medical Clinic\n7\nProfessor Krehl, Dr. Gosanor, and Dr. Hansen.\nIn the last few years a remarkably fine building had been constructed in Heidelberg, housing the new clinic of which Professor Krehl is justly proud. He showed me about and then turned me over to two assistants,\nDr. Gessner and Dr. Hansen, who were very kind. Krehl is doing little work in metabolism now, although the original Grafe respiration chamber is still there, one large enough for man and also one in which dogs can be placed. They also have an attempt at a universal respiration apparatus, which, however, had not given very good satisfaction as they were always having trouble with leaks. I was able to make some singestions with regard to their method of connecting and arrangements. They had the usual equipment of first class hospitals, string galvanometers, etc., and all the needed laboratories. Dr. Hansen was working with a modified form of Helmholtz pendulum, in which he succeeded in getting definitely marked one eight hundred thousandths of a second.\nPharmacological Institute.\nProfessor Gottlieb and Professor Frank.\nKnowing that he was an intimate friend of Profossor H. H. Meyer, I called upon Dr. Gottlieb at the Pharmacological Institute, but he was conducting no researches of special interest. His assistant, Dr. Frank, had however worked (I imagine at the stimulation of Dr. Grafe) with heat production under various forms, studying the heat center, and claimed to have found some very interesting points, in fact, showed me some manuscript on an article which was just being published on heat regulation, which may prove to be rather fundamental in its importance.","page":77},{"file":"p0078.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"78\nAn addre3a before the Naturhistorisch-medizinischer Verein at Heidelberg.\nAt the invitation of Professor Kossel I gave a lecture to a very large and interested audience on the evening of Hay 14, 1923, on the general work of the Nutrition Laboratory, with special reference, however, to the new respiration apparatus of the student form and the clinical applications of basal metabolism. It v/as very stimulating to see this large lecture room in the hall filled with a most interested, quiet, appreciative audience, chiefly of physicians and bi\u00f4chemists, and I felt as if the visit there had been well repaid by getting in touch with these men and giving them the newest returns from the Nutrition Laboratory's scientific activities.\n'7ith the financial instability which characterized Heidelberg as well as the rest of Germany, it seemd very difficult to think of scientific research going on very actively for some time to come. The problem of feeding the children was very great. The question of milk supply was very difficult. It could be brought from Switzerland only with great difficulty and at a high price.\nFrankfurt an Hain .\nPrivate sanitarium of Professor 7on Noorden.\nProfessor Von Noorden.\n3y previous arrangement a visit was made to the sanitarium at Frankfurt, which is a very modern and apparently highly organized and very successful sanitarium. A great deal of basal metabolism work was being done regularly. They are using the Krogh apparatus. I discussed many matters with Professor Von Noorden. He was especially very keen about the matter of insulin and explained he had had some difficulties in getting the proper committee formed for the handling and manufacture of insulin in Germany, setting forth some of his disagreements with his colleagues in extenso. I was a little surprised that, dealing with diabetes, he did not determine his basal metabolism with an apparatus giving the respiratory","page":78},{"file":"p0079.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"quotient, but apparently at the time he was interested in getting the basal metabolism with the Krogh apparatus, which gives only oxygen. At the time of my visit Professor Durig was also at the sanitarium, as the guest of Professor von Noorden.\nHalle, Germany.\nUniversity of Halle (Physiological Institute).\nProfessor Dr. Kmil Abderhalden.\nInasmuch as prior to leaving America I had prepared a rather extensive description of the Nutrition Laboratory techniques, which is to be printed in Abderhalden's Handbook, and I had never visited Halle, it seemed desirable to make a special trip there to see the status of the manuscript, to render aid, if necessary, in its translation or plan, and particularly to look over the new laboratory. Un route I accepted an invitation from Professor Abderhalden to give an address in Halle. The laboratory of Professor Abderhalden is not particularly prepossessing. It gives signs of considerable activity, but '.\u00abas much dirtier and shabbier than I expected\nf\nto find it, considering the rather extraordinary amount of work that he is doing. But of course the whole situation has been much altered by war changes. The laboratory was, as a matter of fact, used for a hospital during the war time, with about 400 beds, since Professor Abderhalden was in charge of all the wounded that came through Halle. A most interesting experience that he had is perhaps worth recording. He received a telegram one day that there were 400 wounded coming back to the hospital. The citizens of Halle filled the hospital with flowers and gifts of various kinds, and when the train was nearing Halle he found out that the wounded were all French prisoners. For the time he was very much distressed as to what would be the effect, and how they could he handled. Ho talked it over with the nurses and a committee of the people and they decided they would\ngo ahead and not make any change in plana for the welcoming or giving","page":79},{"file":"p0080.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"80\nflowers and fruit and extra attention. As a natter of fact, therefore, these men were taken in exactly on the basis of German prisoners. There was a long drive through the city before they reached the hospital, but the citizens made no demonstration, On the other hand, subsequently he had much trouble with French officers, who wrote from Geneva that the son of a French general or some minister had been shot and mishandled, and Abderhalden\u2019s efforts were herculean to attempt to prove the men were not badly treated. One night a representative, neutral, came to his house and claimed that he must go and visit the hospital and see how the men were being treated. He insisted upon going in the early hours in the morning, otherwise he felt the men would be warned and told to give a good impression or they would be badly handled. Abderhalden thinks the whole situation of the psychology on both sides is almost impossible to understand.. He cited a recent illustration where some German medical society, owing to disturbances in the Ruhr, had on tho spur of the moment passed a resolution saying no Belgian or French would be treated by them, but Abderhalden thought this perfectly absurd, for in the first place there were no Belgians or French to treat, and in the second place, if a man were sick on the street, would a man look at his pass before treating him?\nAbderhalden is very strongly anti-alcoholic. He is a Swiss and current reports throughout Kurope gave it out that he was saving a lot of money and sending it to Switzerland for conserving it. I do not believe it.\nThe students were diminishing, as the cost was becoming too great, out there were a great many Japanese. He again substantiated Professor Kossel's belief that they are only imitators. There was a story that at the first lecture after the war, when a Japanese student appeared in the lecture room the students made a demonstration. Abderhalden took them seriously to task, said that he was the host of the lecture room, the students were only guests, and the Japanese was a guest, and he demanded they apologize, which they subsequently did.","page":80},{"file":"p0081.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Vitamine work\u00bb In Halle, as in nearly every other laboratory in Europe, much work on vitamines is being carried on. Professor Abderhalden found that pigeons go to the ground with deficient vitamine feeding in three weeks, but they can be fed forcibly. Under these conditions, they have very marked diarrhoea, which probably partially accounts for their lack of growth.\nShe milk situation is also very bad in Halle. Mrs. Abderhalden told us that she had been many times 8 to 10 days without a drop of milk in the house. They have four children, a boy of 12, a boy of about 10, a girl of 8, and a girl of 3 years. Two years ago three of these children had infantile paralysis. The oldest did not have it. The youngest has seemingly completely recovered. The girl of 8 is improving slowly, but can get about with a brace on the leg. The boy of 11 or 12 i3 in very bad shape. Dr. Abderhalden ha3 to carry him all around the house in his arms. He is going to Berlin for an operation later in the spring.\nProfessor Abderhalden had had some rather disagreeable experiences with Americans. Recently an American had come there and wished to work in the laboratory and pay nothing, and Abderhalden told a story of an American who went to some gallery and asked the concierge for admission, and before entering jingled some money in his pocket, but did not pay the concierge anything subsequently.\nAbderhalden says that personally he cannot see how it is possible to spend the time on literary work and on experimental work. He says he must either spend all the time reading literature or all tho time on his work.\nIn Germany the critics are very, very sharp. They all criticize each other very severely and this is in striking contrast to England. In England they are very friendly with their fellow scientists and pleased if a discovery has been made, while if a German makes a discovery, the Germans always try to prove it has been made before by some one else.","page":81},{"file":"p0082.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Abderhalden has had several calls to other universities. One of Ms colleagues told me Abderhalden has a call, refuses it, but gets more from the regent or the trustees of the University of Halle for either a laboratory or new building or something of that kind. He seems rather independent. He says he is thoroughly of Swiss sympathy and speaks rather freely against the German government and their handling of the war problems. Abderhalden says the students are lazy, all the young folk wish to do is to dodge work. He says when he was a young man he had to work hard and why not they? Mrs. Abderhalden said he had had several rather bad lung infections which had caused him great anxiety. There is nothing going on in the line of basal metabolism. He showed me one room with an extraordinarily sensitive balance, arranged with photographic registration, with a mirror and reflecting light from a beam, which he is using to study the\nI\nloss in weight of solutions of proteids for considerable periods of time.\nThe address at Halle. With characteristic administrative skill Abderhalden had arranged to cancel all lectures in the medical department for the afternoon and I presume made it obligatory on the students* part to attend my lecture (given on May 16). The medical faculty was practically there in a body. The interest was very great, as shown not only by the intense attention during the lecture but by the very large number of questions asked by numerous people afterwards. Special interest was shown in the new student apparatus. The economic conditions are changing so rapidly, however, that the falling off in students (which was taking place very rapidly at the time I was there) is probably even greater now.\n1 am still in correspondence with Professor Abderhalden with regard to the translation and issuing of the large article I wrote last spring.\nT'/hen I was in Halle, he put me in touch with the young man who was making the translation, and I was able to help him in some difficulties he had had. a recent letter, dated August 9, 1923, states that in spite of the economic conditions the article has been practically completely translated","page":82},{"file":"p0083.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"and is assent,ially ready to go to press, indeed press work was beginning.\nIt is a little difficult to understand why Abderhalden is so disliked throughout Europe. He is, to be sure, polemical, but one cannot find anywhere a more intense worker than he is. He ia an omnivorous reader, works all hours of the day and night, has a very good library, carries out these very extensive literary operations, and no one knows how many extraneous duties he takes upon his shoulders. One, which interested Mrs. Benedict and myself, is having entire charge of all German children sent to Switzerland for periods of relief feeding, to say nothing of his antialcohol propaganda. Personally I find a great deal to admire in him. I think his spirit is a very good one. He may be over ambitious. His work on the Abderhalden ferments is apparently not holding. Vie were told in Sweden, for example, that he had been nominated and rather strongly proposed for the Nobel Prize, based upon his Abderhalden reaction, and one Swedish professor told me with a great deal of satisfaction that he was very thankful he had blocked his election to the Nobel Prize, feeling that the Abderhalden reaction had not been sufficiently long established to justify this honor. Subsequent history has shown that this Swedish professor was correct. The fact remains that Abderhalden is not liked. Part of it is undoubtedly jealousy, but part is undoubtedly due to something in the nature of a polemical disposition, and I think that Abderhalden rather desired to excuse himself for perhaps appropriating other people's ideas by stating it is utterly impossible to keep track of all of the literature; that he may have neglected other people's work because he has not read all the literature Still, I know of no one who is more in contact with scientific literature in general than he is. I should think he would be a credit to any institution. The high impression of him formed many years ago has not decreased in the slightest, in spite of all the adverse criticism that I have heard. Three photographs were taken in Halle. One (figure 32} shows Abderhalden at his\ndesk at the laboratory. The other two (figures 33 and 34) show the family\ngroup at the dinner table in his house","page":83},{"file":"p0084.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 32. Professor Abderhalden at his desk in his laboratory\nat the Physiological Institute, Halle.","page":84},{"file":"p0085.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"i","page":85},{"file":"p0086.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Loipzig. Go many y\nUniversity of Leipzig (Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry^\nProfessor K. Thomas.\n86\nProfessor Thomas, who was formerly associated with Professor Buhner in Berlin in the Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, has charge of the biochemical laboratory at Leipzig. As a matter of fact, his laboratory occupies many of the old rooms used by Professor Ludwig, although Ludwig's living rooms were on the floor above (which is now used by Professor Garten). This is the first time I had ever met Professor Thomas. He impressed me immediately as being a man of tremendous energy and capacity, very interesting, and taking his work and his whole project very seriously. He is distinctly of the active, hair trigger type. He stated that he will now begin again on his study of the biological value of the proteins. He had just got started on it when the war stirred things all up. Ho said he was trained as a medical man and had to stop medicine and learn chemical methods. He found it very difficult to teach physiological chemistry, especially at first, but it is now going better. His relations with Professor Garten in the Department of Physiology are ideal. He is very anxious to secure a universal respiration apparatus and he had bought one at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie in Berlin before he left, but there was no money to obtain one in Leipzig. Professor Garten had an old Haldane rat apparatus, and they were trying to make it go, but without much success.\nI found that Thomas was giving much of his salary to the Institute and the only reason he had students was that he paid personally for many of the chemicals, etc., in the laboratory, while in the other laboratories the men have to pay themselves, so they gain by coming to him.\nSubsequently Professor Rubner told me he thought Professor Thomas was hurting himself by eating too much protein at meals and saving money for\nhis students","page":86},{"file":"p0087.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"He pointed out that in America biochemistry has its own field. In Germany there is no field for it, so the students do not take it up. He is very much interested in his work and works very hard indeed.\nThomas maintains that materials injected into the blood may not act at all a3 they might if developed in intermediary metabolism. He spoke of the acid stimulus theory as being mine, but I told him of course it really belonged to Friedrich M\u00fcller. He had received the money that Lusk had raised in America for German physiologists, but had given it all to the Institute. A photograph of Dr. Thomas at the balance in his office is shown in figure 3b.\nHe had several interesting reminiscences about Hnil Fischer\u2019s father, who lived to be 94 years of age. Garten was lecturing, so I spent a good deal of time with Thomas, who took me around the laboratory. Evidently there is nt^Lisagreement between the two men and they work admirably together. Thomas made a very fine impression upon me.\nUniversity of Leipzig (Department of Physiology).\nProfessor Garten.\nSiegfried Garten is professor of physiology and has Ludwig's living rooms. As a matter of fact, he has preserved a section of the old lecture rooms, blackboard, and settings to the blackboard, and also Ludwig's demonstration table. He has done a good deal of work on color mixing, has a Barony chair for aviators, and had done some work with placing men under water. He seemed to be very familiar with American work on psychology and particularly in connection with aviators. He had a fine string galvanometer arrangement and pressure manometer for altering resistance with changes in pressure, and so altered the resistance with changes in galvanometer as to show changes in blood pressure, etc. He said now he was quite sure it would be perfectly possible to tost a cat in Paris and let the blood pressure\nchanges be determined in Leipzig. This was by far the most active","page":87},{"file":"p0088.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"88\nFigure 35. Professor K. Thomas of the Laboratory of\nPhysiological Chemistry, University of Leipzig.\nI\n","page":88},{"file":"p0089.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"laboratory that we saw in the entire Hurope. Seemingly there were a great many assistants and. a groat variety of subjects were being studied, and I saw there, as nowhere else, a large number of rabbits and hares.\nIn no other place in Germany did I see as many research animals.\nIn Garten's office lie had a large number of books and photographs of Ludwig's time, showing the students at each of hi3 classes. Many of them /ore sent at some of his birthdays, to show their photographs after they had left the laboratory and had obtained positions. He showed me also the original \"Strt'muhr\" of Ludwig. I took a photograph of Professor Garten in his 3tudy at his desk (see figure 36). Thoms says that Garten is interested only in hi3 laboratory and his large family. Garten looked rather shabby and very poorly. The laboratory looked well, but of course was without heat. There was a swarm of Japanese everywhere.\nI was very sorry to learn at Edinburgh that Professor Garten was critically ill, with either typhoid or typhus fever. I have heard nothing of him since. He made a very fine impression on me.\n","page":89},{"file":"p0090.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"90\nFigure 36. Professor Siegfried Garten in his study in the Department of Physiology, University of Leipzig.","page":90},{"file":"p0091.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Berlin, German:/\u00bb\nUniversity of Berlin (The Physiological Institute) and the\nKaiser-Wilhelms Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie,\nProfessor Rubner and Professor Stoudel.\nNaturally the man we wished to see most in Berlin was Professor Rubner, and shortly after arriving we made a call at his laboratory. Although the servant said he was very busy with examinations, etc., he would see us in a few moments. \u2019 e went to his office and our first impressions were very pathetic. He looked very aged, very bad, very shabby, the skin was bad on his hands, and altogether he presented a distinctly down and out appearance, such a striking contrast from the almost elegant appearance he used to present at former years. 'Then I saw him at other times, he seemed to be very much better, and I imagine his condition was not so bad as that of his very pathetic appearance when we first saw him.\nHe said he had a lot of Japanese students, but they were a very inferior class. They did not appear until 11 o'clock in the morning at the laboratory and stopped at 4 o\u2019clock, and they caroused in the evening. But Rubner is quite convinced that they will plan for war with the United States. He says they always ask him how their country can do this or that and be independent of arc/ country.","page":91},{"file":"p0092.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Professor Steudel, an associate of Professor Rubner, came in for a moment, but I had. liardly time to talk with him. Rubner has charge of the Physiological Institute, which is the old Hygienisches Institut, and also the Kaiser-Wilhelms Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie. T/e went over the Physiological Institute very carefully, but it is arranged chiefly for teaching, although the larger Rubner-Pettenkofer-Woit respiration chamber was still in existence. Rubner liad been doing, I should judge, some industrial problems with it, for he had a trough where a man had been shovelling sand. Also his calorimeter for measuring the heat developed by yeast was visible, tout neither of them was in use.\nThe Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute was right near. Rubner stated that at the time it was built, it was much better for it to be built near him than with the other Kaiser-Wilhelm Institutes near Dahlem, but now he was about to retire and live at Dahlem, he wished it was out there. While he is theoretieally retired, he still lectures, and Abderhalden told me Rubner has still great influence in Berlin. Rubner himself stated that his influence was very poor, that during the war, for example, he had told them they could not do certain things, and they simply shoved his advice one side and took over Ragnar-Berg, who, Rubner states, is a paranoiac.\nRubner spoke to me about the question of the influence of environmental temijerature upon the dog's metabolism. He stated people had never given the matter the thought they should have. There was extraordinary uniformity in this regularity. He says the dog is a perfect physiological","page":92},{"file":"p0093.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"thermometer. He cannot understand why people do not repeat the experiments and see how exactly this regulation is. As he says, the dog reacts as a chemical thermometer.\nIn going about the laboratory we were impressed with the great caution taken to prevent stealing. For example, my photographic apparatus I had in my hand in his office, and when I started to go about the Laboratory,\nI suggested I leave it there and come back and take some photographs later. He remarked it would be necessary to lock it up. So he placed it in a cupboard in the room, locked it up and then hung the key in full sight on a nail. In one room there were a large series of chains, each chain 2g- feet long, with a staple at the middle. Rubner said the students, when they came in, put one chain through each arm of their overcoat and then padlocked the ends, and that was the only way they could be sure of finding their overcoats when they got through. This fear of thievery pervaded the whole of Berlin life at this time. For example, we went to his house at Lichterfoldo-Wost, a small house with a garden, v/here he lives very modestly Immediately after supper he drew the curtains, saying somebody might look in with the idea of stealing something. In commenting upon the large number of dogs I saw everywhere in (Jermany and that the large number of calories they would require did not seem to justify their support, Rubner said the dog was an absolute necessity for a guard, that even his house had a dog, which would immediately warn them if any strangers stopped too long in front of the door. He told me that many insane were killed off during the war by starvation. There was no place for them, there were no physicians or no nurses, so they starved to death. He, personally, lost 20 kilograms during the war. He simply could not live on the state rations, and if it had not been for the fact that Dr. Steudel's people lived in the country and had brought food in or he had been able to buy something from outside, he could\nnot have lived.","page":93},{"file":"p0094.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"As is only too commonly the case, after intercourse with Rubner I found I had seciired very little of scientific value from him. I did notice that this time he talked with me for about half an hour, more about scientific affairs than ever before in his life. Even then it was only in general remarks. He showed us about the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut. He was doing work with capillary pressures at that time. In one room, which we were not shown, he remarked that \"some respiration experiments were being made\". I presume this might have been with the respiration apparatus that Dr. Thomas said had been purchased, bxit I received no information about those experiments. Personally, he could not have been more courteous and kind than he has alway3 been to us, but I could only wish he could talk more freely about scientific matters, as every one does in Europe. I understand this is common experience with him, that he will not discuss scientific matters with any one else.\nIn the Kaiser-\u2019Wilhelms Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie I was much increased by the fact that there was so little going on that seemingly had anything to do with Arbeitsphysiologie. I got a rather good impression of the type of work going on. But it seemed to me that this capillary work, for exampile, had but remote connection with Arbeitsphysiologie as a whole.\nLandwirtschaftliche Hochschule, Tierphysiologisches Institut.\nProfessor Scheunert. Pr. Klein, and Fr\u00e4ulein M. Zteuber.\nThis laboratory, which was just completed shortly before the war and occupied an all too short a time by Professor Zuntz, has not been very active since Professor Scheunert ha3 been there. Walking around the laboratory, one got the impression of the greatest sense of depression that one noticed in any scientific institute in Germany. The building was there, some of the equipment was there, but the sp>irit of Zuntz had gone. Everywhere there seemed to be depression. Fr\u00e4ulein Steuber and Dr. Klein spoke","page":94},{"file":"p0095.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"9 \"i\nseparately about the very sad conditions under which they were working, with no stimulus. Apparently the present chief, Soheunert, has practically no interest in the special problems that Zuntz had been studying, and what little interest he had at the beginning is now entirely gone, because he has been called to a new institute in Leipzig, to which he goes in October, 19.13. The result was the entire equipment seems to be drifting without any head or plan or organization.\nI had a very pleasant time with Br, Scheunert. He was formerly an assistant with Ellenberger at Dresden. At the time we were in Berlin he was working actively on vitamines and he hoped to have a study of various animal's powers of synthesizing vitamines out of vitamine-free foods.\nThese experiments had not yet succeeded. Ho was working with pige\u00f6ns, white rats, and guinea pigs. He had made a number of respiration experiments with pigeons on vitamine feeding, with extraordinarily low quotients, down as low as 0.4J\nOut in the courtyard was placed a special building with a large pneumatic chamber, which was used formerly in the war for high and low pressures for aviators but which was now used as a closed chamber for respiration experiments. A photograph of the exterior of the building, with Pr\u00e4ulein Steuber at the door, was taken (figure 37)^130 a photograph of the chamber used for the children respiration experiments, with Fr\u00e4ulein Steuber at the entrance (see figure 38). The subjects were placed inside sind they measured the increase in carbon dioxide and the oxygen decrease, using a very large and very cumbersome Haldane apparatus.\nDr. Klein was making these analyses and he had also been working on several forms of apparatus for measuring carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane, by differential methods, claiming he could measure all three gases with this differential apparatus in 35 minutes.\nThey were doing a lot of work with the bomb calorimeter and they\ndetermined the water, carbon dioxide, and oxygon in feeds, but their great","page":95},{"file":"p0096.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"96\nFigure 37. Exterior of the building containing the large pneumatic chamber used a3 a closed chamber for respiration experiments (at the Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule, Berlin.\n","page":96},{"file":"p0097.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"97\nFigure 38. Chamber used for respiration experiments with children at the Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule, Berlin.\nFraulein 3teuber is standing at the entrance.","page":97},{"file":"p0098.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"trouble wa3 with the chlorine in the urine, aa it attacks stainless steel. They had, however, the new bomb plated with silver bromide, which is an entirely new process. Scheunert was wondering v/hat would happen if the chlorine was 3et free in the burning of steer\u2019s urine, etc., as affecting the silver bromide plate.\nThe very largo 3untz respiration chamber for aniraals he had used for a 36-hour experiment with a horse in the summer of 1922. He fed the horse hay alone, but he found it extremely difficult to get the apparatus tight and keep it tight. They had only been able to buy enough potassium hydroxide to make one experiment with the horse.\nThe small Oppenheimer apparatus, immersed in water, is not in order, and Scheunert found it very costly to run and keep tight. The piresent respiration apparatus with the old pneumatic cabinet is not costly to run. Many experiments were made with children in this ajqjaratus, published by Uriah M\u00fcller, Klein, and Oteuber. Although the work was published by M\u00fcller, Klein, and Ste\u00fcber, I imagine that Fr\u00e4ulein M\u00fcller had most to do with the preparation of it. She told me that Professor M\u00fcller practically only furnished the children and had not done much in the preparation of the material, so I did not hunt him up, as he was in some other part of the city. This Fr\u00e4ulein Steuber is a very clever woman with a good mind, a long tongue, but really very clever. 3he told me much about the experiments, said they were mostly night exxjerimenta^for the children would not keep quiet when awake. In connection with their night exr>eriments with childron they always had two children at once in the chamber and for the most part they thought they kept very still. They could look through the door and watch them. They had a herculean p>ump and system for sampling, a gigantic affair, of course an aftermath of the use of the api>aratus as a vacuum chamber.\nDr. Talbot wrote them about these experiments, and it seems this letter irritated them very much indeed. They maintained they did not select","page":98},{"file":"p0099.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"the highest values but the lowest values. I did not go over all the details with them, but it is quite clear their ideas are different from ours. They are obsessed with the idea of 1,000 calories per square meter as the normal. One question showed their viewpoint very well indeed. Fr\u00e4ulein Otouber 3aid \"When do children after birth begin to be normal? Fourteen days\"? This is assuming of course that children before 14 days are abnormal.\n'll Dr. Klein is a very disagreeable, offensive sort of person, that one does not enjoy talking with. He ha3 a forwardness that is not at all agreeable. His ideas are vague. But still, some of them are rather interesting.\nFor example, he maintains there is no such thing as \"Grundumsatz\" but the important thing is \"Leistungsumsatz\", that is, full digestion, 24-hour requirement for normal growth. Then I asked immediately, \"What is normal growth?\" His idea is that one should measure the metabolism in 24-hour periods, including full digestion and including sufficient food to provide for the normal growth of the animal, that he would call \"Leistungsumsatz\u201d. But the question is what is normal growth? For example, there is a difference between the whippet and the hog or the Strasburg goose. He maintains that the oxygen consumption i3 constant, no matter what the food, i.e., so long as the growth remains at a constant rate.\nI discussed the matter of insensible perspiration with both Steuber and Klein, but they thought all the water formed by carbohydrate combustion was given off as water of insensible perspiration, in other words, a selective process of excretion. This reminds me that Rubner maintained that the water changes in blood are very important. Steuber and Klein feel the insensible perspiration changes greatly with diet.\nDr. Klein called my attention to what he called a new form of pyro, which he had been using in his gas analysis. He stated it was devised by an American and I felt somewhat chagrined that I could not place it. The solution, he said, lasted somewhat over one year. This did not say how","page":99},{"file":"p0100.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"many analyses, but seemingly a great number. As a result of subsequent correspondence with Scheunert and Fr\u00e4ulein Steuber, I found the solution\n(really sodium pyrogallate) was made by an American, Shipley, and in one of his letters Dr, Scheunert said the important thing was to wait until after the solution was made for some time, as it became even more^Liquid. Dr. Carpenter is going to try this out.\nFirst Medical Clinic,\nProfessor Dr. 77. His.\nA most interesting visit was had with Professor Dr. His at the Medical Clinic. As he had a relatively short time at our disposal and as he was\nOTttU/\nthoroughly enraged over the situation in the Ruhr and could talk; of his\nA\nown war experiences and the present \"outrageous'* conditions and actions of France, as he represented them, very little of scientific discourse could be entered into* I gathered that financially they were unable to do any research work in their clinic.\nCalculating machine.\nConsiderable time wa3 spent in trying to purchase at reasonable terms a calculating machine. At the fall meeting of the Rational Academy of Sciences in New York in November, 1922, a calculating machine was exhibited there and the attention of the Academy called to it by Professor Arthur Cordon Webster, - a machine called the '\u2019Mercedes\u2019*. While in Heidelberg 1 noticed an exhibition of these machines at a nearby hotel. I got in touch with the representative and found that their best type of machine, a far superior type to that seen in New York, could he purchased at that time in Gemaany for about 9 million marks, corresponding at that time to not far from $5250. The man in New York stated his machine was sold at $17C0. I '.vent to the Berlin office and had a long talk with their representative,\nbut they told me the export tax was determined by the government and they","page":100},{"file":"p0101.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"could, only quote me the price of the machine in New York in dollars.\nThis of comme was out of the question, while a machine costing $300. could be purchased by the Laboratory, one costing $1700. would be out of our plans. Consequently I had to give it up, although I made efforts later on in Scandinavia to secure it through Scandinavian agents. About this time I received information that the United States had put an import duty upon scientific apparatus, so that this made it entirely unnecessary or undesirable to carry the thing further. Yhe machine is the so-called \"Mercedes-Uuklid\" and is an extraordinarily accurate and remarkable machine. If any later opportunity presents itself, the securing of such a machine at a reasonable price would bo most desirable.\nThe firm handling it is the \"Mercedes B\u00fcromaschinen-'/erke,\" Berlin V 10, Tauentziehenstrasse 14, and the special machine is the electrically driven Mercedes-Suklid. The gentleman I saw giving the exhibit in Heidelberg was PH. Graff, Mannheim, (Hansa-Haus), Germany.","page":101},{"file":"p0102.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Rostock, Germany.\nUniversity of Rostock (Medizinische Universit\u00e4ts-Poliklinik).\nProfeasor Dr. B, Grafe.\nSince ray la3t visit Dr. Grafe had received a call to go to Rostock from Heidelberg and had established a special laboratory in the Poliklinik, so that I was glad to visit this. It is perfectly astonishing the energy this young man has and what he has accomplished. He has fitted up the laboratory with a Jaquet-Grafe respiration chamber, with a special device for aliquoting with a gas meter, with a small chamber for dogs, and a very small chamber for the white rat. He has a very complicated gear case for getting different rates of ventilation with the aliquoting chamber, from .2 liters to 45 liters per minute. Bo also had a very good gas analysis apparatus and in general the whole place was fitted up very well. I was much impressed with the intense loyalty and enthusiasm of the three or four assistants he had with him.\nGrafe was quite inclined to discuss political matters rather extensively, but we were able to discuss certain scientific matters. He was apparently very much affected by the criticism that was raised against his work and Graham\u2019s in our Publication 280, although he expressed nothing but appreciation of the friendly way in which we had written. Still, he felt as if our criticisms were entirely unsound. He has been writing a\ncxrtXj^c^jL.\nlarge for Ellenberger's Handbuch (a copy of which has subsequently been\nA\nsent to us), discussing this point at some length.","page":102},{"file":"p0103.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Although it was late in the afternoon, I succeeded in getting a few photographs in Grafe's new laboratory. Figure 39 shows the aliquoting apparatus and the Elster meter used in connection with his apparatus.\nThe aliquoting apparatus is shown at the extreme left (a little box with a motor), and one can see the universal joint leading to the main gas meter. The usual method of securing the aliquot by gradually lowering the reservoir is used here. The general view in figure 40 shows the chamber itself, tilted up at an angle, with the water seal clearly evident. Dr. Grafe and myself are standing at the window. Right back of my head is part of the Pettersson gas analysis apparatus which Grafe had constructed. A view of the chamber for dogs is shown in figure 41 and also, suspended in the air, a very small chamber for rats which they had planned to use. In all cases the oil or water seal immersion is used for closure. Very late in the afternoon at the house I was able to secure a very unsatisfactory group picture (see figure 42), showing from left to right, Mrs. Benedict, Dr. Grafe, F. G. B., and Mrs. Grafe.\nGrafe is quite inclined to think that the temperature effect on animals is much less than that stated by Rubner, and he thinks that the criticisms raised in Publication 280 do not invalidate his work in any way. He cannot duplicate it at,all as he cannot afford to feed dogs now in Germany. Grafe is apparently more or less intimately in touch\nwith Rubner and sees him","page":103},{"file":"p0104.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"104\nFigure 39. The aliquoting apparatus and the Sister meter used in connection with the Jaquet-Grafe respiration chamber at Rostock.","page":104},{"file":"p0105.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 40. The respiration chamber used by Grafe of Rostock.\nThe chamber is tilted at an angle, to show the water seal. Dr. Grafe and Dr. Benedict are standing at the window. Near the latter's head is part of the Pettersson gas analysis apparatus constructed by Grafe.","page":105},{"file":"p0106.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"106\nI!\nFigure 41. The respiration chamber for dogs, vised by Dr. Grafe\nof Rostock.\nSuspended in the air over the dog chamber is a very small chamber for rats.\nI\ni","page":106},{"file":"p0107.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figrure 42. Group picture showing from left to right, Mrs. Benedict, Dr. Grafe, Dr. Benedict, and Mrs. Grafe.","page":107},{"file":"p0108.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 08\nfrequently. He says that Rubner states the surface area law does not hold everywhere. Grafe still thinks there is a general surface area law, but is not so strict on certain points. He was formerly an assistant of Rubner for a year. He thinks that our undemutrition experiments fit in perfectly with his theory of \"xinpassung\", i.e., adjustment of the body to the nutrition offered it. He thinks that one cannot get normal results with patients with a mouthpieco, but that they must be put in a chamber.\nOf course Grafe has a chamber to use, so he is all right. He has water or oil seals with all of his various forms of apparatus now, including hi3 rat apparatus, which is, furthermore, designed to immerse it in water to a certain level. He has built or had constructed for him a Sonden-Pettersson apparatus, such as described in our Publication 166. It is extraordinarily cumbersome and shows the difficulty of attempting to reproduce an apparatus from drawings or photographs that are not working drawings.\nIt takes 1 hour and 10 minutes to make an analysis by his Sonden-Pettersson apparatus.\nGrafe is writing the pathology for Rllenberger's Handbuch and Rubner is writing the physio log:/. Grafe was very much interested to see if Rubner would concede anything to the \"Anpassung\" theory. Singularly enough, I was rather surprised that he was not so happy in Rostock as in Heidelberg.\nBut of course in Rostock he was his own master. He thought Krogh was very antagonistic to Germany and German scientists. He also heard that Lusk wa3 very antagonistic. He wa3 very anxious to knew' about the book Dr. Du Bois is writing, of which I told him,sind he says the fact that the Du Bois calculations and the Harris-Bonedict calculations agree proves the surface area law.\nGrafo is, without exception, the brightest of the younger men I have met in Germany. I do not know how he is going to make out in a place so remote from other metabolism workers, where he really has no good man along beside him to criticize him and hold him in check. He is an indefatigable","page":108},{"file":"p0109.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1\nII\nworker and has apparently stimulated a good many others to good work.\nIt is a great pity that men of that type cannot be placed in positions whore they can carry their research work to its fullest limit, unhampered by teaching and financial difficulties.","page":109},{"file":"p0110.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LUND. 3t7HDBN,\n110\nKarolinska University.\nDepartment of Medicine and Physiological Chemistry.\nProfessor Widmark.\nThis \"being the first visit to Lund, wo looked forward with a great deal of pleasure to meeting Professors Widmark, Thonberg, and Petr\u00e9n. professor Widmark, who has the position left vacant by the death of Bang, is very serious and is occupied with teaching and research work, and more particularly with the building and. equipment of a new laboratory which is already nearing completion. A visit to the old laboratory shows it a place quite unfit for modern research work, but still used in every available way for careful work. The new laboratory is supposed to be finished in 1924. Widmark is doing a lot of work on hydrogen-ion concentration with a Leeds and Northrup apparatus, with which he is very much pleased, but is not at all pleased with the Clark electrode. Hydrogen is generated by an apparatus devised by Hill, the Lund mechanician. He referred to the work done by another man, whom I subsequently found to be in Copenhagen, who uses hydrochinone powder which lie shakes with the material to be studied and gets a hydrogen-ion concentration without continuous mechanical shaking. Doing work on the titration of acids by the electrical bridge method, he finds the curves break sharply at certain concentrations. He also uses the electrical bridge method in urines. With dogs' urines he gets a dissociable acidity, etc. He has a lot of money tied up in apparatus for this purpose. He ha3 worked a great deal with vitamines, as have all the others, and finds that Moilin's food is a fine basal \"vitamine-free\" ration for rats. I took a photograph of Professor Widmark at his desk (see figure 45}.","page":110},{"file":"p0111.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"11 ?","page":111},{"file":"p0112.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Laboratory of Physiology\nProfessor Thunberg\u00ab\nI I ?\nThe Laboratory of Physiology is in charge of Professor Thunberg, who paid the Nutrition Laboratory a visit some time ago. This man impressed me very well indeed with his quiet ways and fine mind. The laboratory is neat, with every evidence of good opportunity for research.. He has done much work with a micro-respiration apparatus, but on a rather large scale.\nHe says he finds it is all right and better than newer modifications, which are smaller. Thunberg said every student in his department must make a gaseous metabolism measurement on a human with the Krogh respiration apparatus. He also showed me many of his methods for pedagogy, which seemed to me were highly satisfactory and well worth studying.\nI secured a photograph of Professor Thunberg at his desk (see figure 44:) and a group photograph in the garden of Professor Widmark (see figure 45), showing from left to right, P. (*. B., Mrs. Widmark, Professor Widmark,\nMrs. Benedict, Professor Thunberg, and Mrs. Thunberg.\nHill, the mechanic.\nHill, the mechanic, is impossible to do business with. Indeed,\nProfessor Widmark told me it was no use my going to see him at his shop, as he was no business man. But I saw several string galvanometers made by Hill in the laboratories of Thunberg, Widmark, and Johansson, showing very fine work.\nSandstr\u00f6m.\nThey say oandstr\u00ebm is a dipsomaniac, all going to pieces. He has also built several Krogh spirometers. Everybody in Europe is trying to modify the Krogh spirometer. It seems a mistake.","page":112},{"file":"p0113.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O","page":113},{"file":"p0114.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 45. Group photograph taken in the garden of Professor Widmark in Lund.\nFrom left to right, Dr. Benedict, Mrs. Widmark, Professor Widmark, Mrs. Benedict, Professor Thunberg, and Mrs. Thunberg.","page":114},{"file":"p0115.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Ilodical Clinic.\n! ( ~\nProfessor Karl Petr\u00e9n.\nPetr\u00e9n is one of the most extraordinary men that I have ever run across. He has worked with diabetes for many years. His special method of treatment is to feed large quantities of fat with low amounts of protein, and he maintains that under these conditions there is no danger of coma.\nHe is just beginning to use insulin, but with very small doses, and he maintains it should be used only to hold the blood sugar at 0.02. He gets it from Krogh, who is making it for Scandinavia. He has a Krogh spirometer, manufactured by Hill of Lund and modified by Hill. The only obvious difference in the modification seemed to me to be a somewhat longer spirometer, and I saw one curve in \u00ef\u00efhunberg's laboratory which seemed to give a higher curve amplitude than the Krogh model, that is, a larger volume of oxygen per millimeter of the spirometer bell. Petren gives little sodium-bicarbonate but still gives some to hold the urine alkaline. He showed me a tremendous book on diabetes, printed in Swedish, and sent a copy to the Laboratory. He also told me that Ambard of Strasburg had recently been to Lund. Contrary to Grafe aal others, he was very sure that Blum was all right, hot only a3 a clinician but in his war activities. He felt that Dr. Joslin had really made the Allen treatment. He said he was first a neurologist and went from that to diabetes. He gave butter to his patients, but not washed to wash out the lower esters. He told me he had advised the Hobel Committee not to give the Nobel Prize to Abderhalden. Discussing his ideas regarding diet, he said the old work taught that one must give a great deal of carbohydrate to keep the nitrogen doira, but he f\u00f4und he can do it with fat alone, and he referred to Landergren's old work.\nSubsequently, Johansson told me that in Petren's family there were ten brothers and one sister, rather a remarkable family.","page":115},{"file":"p0116.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u2022 1 6\nOne was a celebrated jurist and another a prison physician. He apparently is a remarkable man. A photograph of Professor Petre'n was taken at his desk (see figure 40) *,\nI met Petron subsequently at Sdinbufgh and spent many hours with him.\nIn going over feis protocols, I was impressed by the fact that he had some very low values for the 24-hour excretion of nitrogen. \u00eehus, I recall in one case he had 800 c.c. of urine in one day with 1.2 grams of nitrogen, and on the next day 700 c.c. of urine with 1.2 grams of nitrogen. I instantly challenged these figures, saying they were lower than any other recorded figures in the world. Subsequently Berglund of Harvard told me he has some of this magnitude. I said others would not rely upon them.\n*\n1 stated, \"I do not believe your patients gave you all the urine\", saying \"It is always easier to get too little urine than too much\". Petren was much disturbed and much distressed by this criticism, for he referred to it frequently at Edinburgh. I pointed out to him that my criticism had nothing whatever to do with his general thesis that with high fat and low nitrogen he got best results with diabetes, and also with the general thesis that he could bring the nitrogen level to a very low point by feeding fat.\nBut I was interested in this fact that it was the only case I had ever heard of (until Berglund spoke to me in October, 1923) of a daily excretion of but 1.2 grans of nitrogen per day. Petren speaks l\u00eenglish quite well, but apparently we here had difficulty in understanding each other, for he continually referred to this criticism and seemed not to get my point.\nI saw many of his patients. \u00efhey certainly looked surprisingly well, had good color, and could move about the laboratory, etc. He has a great difficulty with old diabetics with \"hospitalismus\". He uses large amounts of butter and bacon and likewise the bulky vegetables. His disinclination to take up insulin is the most serious scientific charge that one can make against him. But if one had worked for many years and had written a one\nthousand page book on high fat and low nitrogen, which came out just too","page":116},{"file":"p0117.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 46. Professor Karl Petr\u00e9n of the Medical Clinic, Karolinska University, Lund.","page":117},{"file":"p0118.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 1 s\nlate, one probably would feel much as he does. I have an idea that he will begin using larger amounts now, but at present he is using very small amounts, almost negligible quantities.\nGeneral impression secured at Lund.\nThe general impression obtained at the University of Lund was splendid. Here is a small, modest university in an ideal environment, v/ith a group of very active scientific workers, very serious and intense, with an excellent spirit of cooperation, almost \"camaraderie\", seemingly free from the petty jealousies of so many of the large institutions. The impression I secured of these three men at Lund wa3 completely verified by seeing them subsequently at Edinburgh.","page":118},{"file":"p0119.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"II3LSIHSBF0R3. FINLAND\nUniversity of Helsingsfora(Department of Physiology).\nProfessor Robert Tigerstedt and Professor Pari Tigerstedt.\nThe visit to Helsingsfors was planned, if possible, to meet Professor Pawlow, who had been reported as coming from Petrograd to Helsingsfors occasionally. But much to my astonishment, I found on arriving at Helsingfors that Professor Pawlow was probably on the ocean on the way to America. The Bolsheviks had sent him officially as a representative of science and their government to the Pasteur Centenary in Paris. Later?he was to come to America, and finally to come back and attend the Physiological Congress at Edinburgh. Subsequently we met Professor Pawlow in|:Edinburgh.\nSince my last visit Professor Tigerstedt has resigned as Professor of Physiology, but his son, Dr. Carl Tigerstedt, has been appointed in his place. So the son lives in the laboratory and the father, as a matter of fact, had taken an apartment in the tOY/n not far from the laboratory, formerly used by the son. Last year they had a disastrous fire in the laboratory, resulting in the burning of many books. The laboratory\u2019s supply of alcohol was in the library, and the Diener (who had been with them for many years and was apparently a very capable man, but a periodic dipsomaniac) went to the library to get some alcohol, apparently left the cock open, lit a match to see what he had done, and the v/hole thing burned.\nHe was very badly burned and died afterwards. New shelves had been made and were practically ready for books. Meanwhile a very courteous letter had beon sent by Professors Johansson and Santesson to many of Tigerstedt\u2019s friends, asking them, if possible, to send him collections of reprints, books, etc., because his large collection of reprints was completely bprned, along with journal volumes. The Nutrition\u00ab'Laboratory had already sent him reprints, and opportunity was taken to verify the material that he actually\nneeded","page":119},{"file":"p0120.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 on\nCommenting upon the food faddists in Finland, including, I am sorry to 3ay, his colleague, Von Y/endt, Tigerstedt felt that Von Y7endt was very unsound in his theories. He said that at the present time everybody in Finland was crazy over vitamines. Indeed, they were upsetting national affairs by shipping out butter and introducing margarine.\nTigerstedt, Jr., had been called upon by the city to supervise a very large restaurant in Helsingfors, a philanthropic institution in which food could be served to students, assistants, and faculty members for about one-half the price for food served in the city restaurants. Only this class of people, however, was permitted to oat there. He told me he gave about four thousand meals daily.\nThe alcohol situation in Finland is very bad, even worse than before prohibition. The intelligent people now wish to drink. The fanners drink Plsthonian alcohol which comes over across the gulf of Finland very cheap.\nThere is very much chicanery and smuggling. Many of the boats that formerly served as fishing boats are now converted into snuggling alcohol from Ssthonia and carrying it to the farmers inland. One got the impression that the situation in Helsingfors was really very, very bad, the situation being on an altogether different plane from the alleged plane in the United States.\nTigerstedt, Sr., had just finished the last edition of his \"Lehrbuch der Physiologie\" and very kindly presented me with a copy, which I brought back with me. He was, as usual, very chatty as to his impressions with regard to other individuals. Commenting upon the Harvard Apparatus Company apparatus, he found the kymograph was very, very good. The weak points were the base and the top and the tendency to drop the cylinder on the spindle. He had for much use in eye work a Swedish arc light, which was very good, it was contained in a soapstone house, which I had never seen before, l,ut it apparently played a great role in many of their graphic registrations.","page":120},{"file":"p0121.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Tigerstedt said the reported observations by Valenciennes on the rectal temperature of the incubating python had been proved to be wrong\nSomebody subsequently wrote a note stating the python had been resting over steam pipes when the measurements were taken. On the other hand, Krogh insisted that in his measurements on the python, which showed the same temperatures, the python could not have been over a steam pipe.\nTigerstedt rather decried Abderhalden, for he has never done anything deep in physiology, although many rather small things. He commented on the fact that Helmholtz had several periods of activity and that one cannot do all things at one time. Ho thought Rubner was very impractical and Hindhede a fanatic, but the latter is rather friendly with Tigerstedt because Tigerstedt had approved of some of his views. Hindhede belongs to the ruling party and has very strong influence in Copenhagen. Tigerstedt maintains that Von V/endt has no idea of calories. He judges everything upon changes in body weight and has no idea of real calorie needs. He also maintains that his system of feeding is very costly. Carl Tigerstedt added that Hindhede eats a lot of everything. I am reminded that Rubner told me in their laboratory that it is necessary to have not only the animal upon which the experiment is made but also the control animal, and he felt that Hindhede was the \"control animal\" on the sparse diets he is constantly recommending.\nI was much interested in the conduct of the course in physiology.\nCarl Tigerstedt tries to introduce new things into the course and, if possible, the practical application of new things. Thus, for example, a mind reader camdjto Helsingfors and had a great following. He did all sorts of seemingly impossible things\u2019\u00bb -and Tigerstedt found that everything depended upon the man's extraordinary sense of hearing and listening to the respirations of the person giving the signal. He also thought that many seemingly impossible things could be done by a blind-folded man, provided he had a large nose, as it is practically impossible to blind-fold a","page":121},{"file":"p0122.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 o o\nman with a large nose 30 that he can not look down and see something. He told about this man going seemingly into certain convulsions and being able to read numbers \u00bbwritten on the soles of his feet. Carl Tigerstedt feels that the more intelligent the nation, the more sugar is actually used by it. He had an experiment with a 24-day fast, but the man's heart went bad and he made him eat. But he ate very moderately indeed and very slowly. Svery second day he was in the respiration chamber for 24 hours.\nThe results have not yet been published. He actually makes it possible to have students use the Pettersson gas analysis apparatus, They get tired of working with frogs in a moist chamber, and prefer to do work with a human in a large chamber, which they find very stimulating and interesting.\nThey do not grant the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Helsingfors, \u00e2o Carl Tigerstedt has no people of this type, but he has many Doctors of Medicine and many dentists. Ho does not believe in the Lund system of 21-months of concentration. In Lund they concentrate\tmonths for the entire\ntime in physiology, another time on bacteriology, etc. Carl Tigerstedt feels this is a fine thing for the professor, as it gives him lots of time free, but it is rather bad for the student.\nAlthough it was late at night, after 9 o\u2019clock, when the photographs wore taken, I succeeded in getting a few exposures, the two in the house being very hard to take. Figure 47 shows Professor Tigerstedt, Sr., in hi3 chair at his old writing desk and figure 48 shows the junior Tigerstedt at the same desk. Outside of the house we were able to take two exposures of the family, one extraordinarily dark and almost impossible to print.\nThe first picture (figure 49) shows, standing from left to right, Miss Sreta Tigerstedt, Madam Tigerstedt, in the rear Professor Tigerstedt Sr., and Professor Tigerstedt Jr., Miss Martineau (sister of Madam Tigerstedt),\nMrs. Benedict, and the two children of Tigerstedt, Jr. Figure 80 shows Mi3s Tigerstedt, the two Tigorstedts, senior and junior, Madam Tigerstedt,\nSr. B., Miss Martineau, Mrs. Benedict, and the little Tigerstedt daughter.","page":122},{"file":"p0123.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"9 \u00bb\nFigure 47. Professor Robert Tigerstedt of Helsingfors, Finland.","page":123},{"file":"p0124.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 48. Professor Carl \u00ef\u00eegerstedt of Helsingfors, Finland","page":124},{"file":"p0125.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 49. The Tigerstedt family of Helsingfors, Finland.\nFrom left to right, Mrs. Greta Tigerstedt, Madam Tigerstedt, Professor Tigerstedt 3r., Professor Tigerstedt Jr.,\nMiss Martineau (sister of Madam Tigerstedt), Mrs. Benedict, and the two children of Professor Tigerstedt, Jr.","page":125},{"file":"p0126.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"126'\nijlgure 50. The Tigerstedt family of Helsingfors, ^inland.\ni<rom left to right, Hiss Tigerstedt, Madam Tigerstedt, the two Tigerstedts senior and junior, Miss Martineau,\nMrs. Benedict, the little 'i'igerstedt daughter, and nr. Benedict.","page":126},{"file":"p0127.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"University of Helsingfors (Department of Agricultural Chemistry).\nProfessor Von Wendt.\nDr. Von Wendt, who is in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry,\ntook us to his laboratory and showed us a film that he had made for popular\npresentation, discussing sugars and the conversions and transformations of\ncertain sugars. Much of it was rather ingenious, but a good deal was\nelementary and there happened to be a number of errors in the titles. A\nphotograph showing P. G. 3. and Professor Von Wendt with his motion picture\nprojector is given in figure 31. Von Wendt is much interested in a system\nof feeding or practical reduction. He has written a small book, which\nho subsequently sent to me in Boston, asking that I should try to secure\nits being published in America. This book sets forth many of his ideas,\nbut on careful examination of it and after Dr. Berglund at the Harvard\nMedical School (who is a Swede -the book is printed in Swedish) went over\nit carefully, I came to the conclusion, first, that Von Wendt has nothing\nvary new, that Americans are much further advanced in the fundamental\nknowledge of nutrition than Scandinavians, and third, that there wa3 so\ndietetic\nmuch special accent laid upon Scandinavian habits that the book would have to be entirely rewritten for Unglish consumption.","page":127},{"file":"p0128.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 51. Professor Von Wendt of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry at the University of Helsingfors, showing his motion picture projector to Dr. Benedict.","page":128},{"file":"p0129.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"STOCKHOLM, 5Y/3B3N.\nThe Technical High School.\nBr. Sonden.\nBr. Sonden is now very much occupied in teaching and administrative work in connection with the Technical High School, hut he is still doing a considerable amount of work on carbon dioxide in air as a ventilation and hygiene problem. Last year, for example, he said he made several thousands of these analyses with the Sonde'n apparatus, which is of course very cumbersome, but he is doing little else in the shape of research.\nWe went out to the Technical High School and saw one of the most marvellous\nbuildings, with an architecture of very fine character, characteristic of the newer spirit in Scandinavian architecture. Hvery detail in the building is worthy of the most careful study. It is a veiy groat credit to Stockholm. This is quite in line with the new city hall at Stockholm and also the railroad depot in Helsingfors, Finland. The newer Scandinavian architecture, as such, is well worth very close study.\nThe Karolinska Institute (Physiological Laboratory).\nProfessor Johansson.\nProfessor Johansson, formerly very much occupied with commissions and administrative affairs, is now even more tied up in this work and has little time for research, although he showed me a large number of protocols on carbohydrate experiments that were roally of such fundamental importance I urged upon him strongly that ho should get them out and publish them. In these he has actually determined not only the carbon-dioxide production, as formerly, but al30 the oxygen consumption. I talked with him about the possibilities of his making a visit to America, but he states he is hoping to write a Swedish physiology. At present there is no Swedish physiology. They are all using physiologies of other countries, chiefly Germany\u00bb He feels that there are Swedish expressions and it is just as important to have","page":129},{"file":"p0130.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 f>p\na Swedish physiology as one in German, French, or English. He is of course on a great many committees, is considered a very good mixer, and a good one to straighten out strikes. He is a very polished, fine speaker, and the president of innumerable societies and associations. Ho told me that Gerste was probably to be his successor, that Liljestrand was to be the sucesssor of Santesson, who will retire before very long, and he is quite convinced that Dr. Berglund has no chance in Sweden because the competition is very great.\nApparently Johansson lays great stress 4pon lectures. He says they are the most important thing and research is second, but he gives Liljestrand a chance for research alone. Liljestrand has but very little teaching. Johansson says it takes him two months each year for his work in connection with the Nobel Prize Committee. As Liljestrand is his private secretary, he saves Johansson a great deal.\nIn discussing the matter of cold environment, Johansson says he only went one quarter hour and found in this time no increase. I noticed a large galvanized iron respiration chamber with an opening in the head with a rubber collar, which was used to determine the intestinal gases as a result of the indigestion resulting from war bread, where they had very much trouble. But as a matter of fact, the apparatus was not satisfactorily used.\nI took two photographs of Professor Johansson at his writing desk (see figures 52 and 53).\nProfessor Johansson says he retires in 1927 and jokingly said he was getting to be a very old man, but he seems even younger than ever and is one of the most attractive personalities I have ever met. He admits he is said to be very \"easy'* in his dealings with men and students.","page":130},{"file":"p0131.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 52. Professor Johansson of the Karolinska Institute,\nStockholm.\nFigure 53. Another view of Professor Johansson of the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.","page":131},{"file":"p0132.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Professor Gerste.\nProfessor Gerste, who is to be the successor of Johansson, is very much interested in physical optics and showed line a method for determining the \"Brennwerte\u201d of a lens which he can also obtain with a coacave lens..\nHe lias a rod lamp with a 3lit and by keeping it one or two centimeters to the right, he gets blue bands like a rainbow. I could not understand the technical details.\nhr. Lil;)estrand. Dr. 3ten3tr\u00f6m. and Dr. Gollett.\nI talked with Liljestrand a good deal about the \"dead space\". I felt there was a disposition for certain writers to attribute all inaccuracies in their work to changes in dead space, or when working upon dead space to changes in alveolar air. But Liljestrand says Krogh and Lindhard admit that the dead space may change some with very largo ventilation. Liljestrand uses the Krogh modification of Haldane's apparatus and. Asher's mercury bulb at the bottom, for he thinks this last is very practical. He also thinks the glass stop cock at this point is very important, for if anything happens, they can quickly 3hut it. off. In this particular apparatus he had the stop cock between the bulb and the burette. I should think it would be better to have the stop cock between the bulb and the reservoir, so as to keep as much grease in the bulb as possible. Ho had not heard of the solution of sodium hydroxide and pyrogallic acid spoken of by Dr. Klein, but will try it.\nI promised to send him the reference.\nJust now Liljestrand is working on the dissociation of blood with the Barcroft apparatus, using blood and \"saponin\". He and Stonstrtm are working together. Downstairs in the room where the respiration apparatus was I saw a \"staircase\u201d apparatus, designed after the model at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. It has an oil pump as a brake. When I walked on it, I found it extremely irregular. I think the idea was brought over by Dr. StenstrDn <ind they attempted to copy the Brigham form. Few of the younger men have","page":132},{"file":"p0133.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"i rn\nmade such an impression on me as did Dr. Liljestrand.\nLiljestrand had just finished some work with a Dr. Mary Collett on the question of menstrual cycle, and found two points, maximum and minimum metabolism.\tDr. Collett did\tnot\trecord the subjective\timpressions and did\nnot get the\tpulse e :cept at\tthe\tbeginning and end. I\ttold him of Miss\n\u2019Thitalaw, and said that I felt that pain and disL\u201ecomfort might have a lot to do with it. Dr. Collet went to Lund to Shunberg afterwards.\nIn discussing the question\tof the temperature of\texpired air, Liljesti&nd\nthought the\taverage was 32\u00b0\tand\tnot 34\u00b0 C. He used a\tmercury thermometer\nwrapped in cotton. I suggested he try the string galvanometer also, and get curves from the whole respiration. I think the temperature of the inspir\u00ebd air is also very important indeed. Subsequently at Edinburgh I was able to see even more of Dr. Liljestrand, and I can truthfully record that I have\nseldom met a young man who lias impressed me more favorably than this very\nt\nactive young Swede. He has a very good mind, has worked in many laboratories and hence is almost international in his ideas and interests. It is rather surprising to me that he has not already attracted students, for he is very capable.\nA group photograph taken in the laboratory (see figure 54) shows, from left to right, an assistant, Dr. Gerste, Professor Johansson, and Dr. Liljestrand.\nHobel Chemical Institute.\nProfessor Svante Arrhenius and Dr. Olaf Arrhenius.\nI had merely social relations with Professor Svante Arrhenius. He was much interested in the political and economic situation, and discussed the war very freely indeed, but did not discuss scientific matters in any sense. His son, Dr. Olaf Arrhenius, was connected with the Agricultural Experiment Station in the botany department in the near neighborhood. I had quite a good deal of discussion with him with regard to hydrogen-ion, and he pointed","page":133},{"file":"p0134.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"134\nFigure 54. A group photograph taken at the Karolinaka. Institute, Stockholm, showing from left to right, an assistant, Dr. Gerste, Professor Johansson, and Dr. Liljestrand.\n\n","page":134},{"file":"p0135.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"out that of the two methods, the electric and solution methods, he found the electric method is very good indeed for indication of pure solutions but the chemical method is very good when other things are present, such as cell sap, etc. He thinks it is best to check: both mothods against each\nother","page":135},{"file":"p0136.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"COPSNHASBN. DENMARK.\nBr. Hagedorn.\nBefore reaching Copenhagen I had heard extensively of Br. Hagedorn through the people at Lund. In the first place, Widmark had told me that Hagedorn had a very good method for blood sugar that was extensively used. Moreover, Dr. Petr\u00e9n told me that Hagedorn had a double writing spirometer which made it possible to trace on the curve not only the oxygen consumption but likewise the carbon-dioxide production, thereby securing directly graphic tracings of the respiratory quotient. This latter feature I confess 1 was very sceptical about, but on reaching Copenhagen our first engagement (kindly made for us by Dr. Krogh) was with Hagedorn. On going to his laboratory, which is, as a natter of fact, in his house some little distance out of Copenhagen, we found a very well equipped laboratory in which Krogh and Hagedorn were making insulin for Scandinavia and making it very well.\nThey had a great many difficulties in making it and it seemed as if each day and each dose or each batch had its own peculiarity, but they had succeeded in making it permanent so that it could be transported. Later on Dr. Macleod told^at Edinburgh that Krogh was making the best insulin of any one.\nThe blood sugar test I did not investigate directly, but it has been thoroughly described and I believe reprints were sent to the Laboratory.\nIt is seemingly a pretty satisfactory method, as it is used in a number of other places. I believe Liljestrand was also using it. His blood sugar determination is extremely rapid.\n-\u2018-he thing of most interest to us was the double spirometer. This apparatus (which, as a matter of fact, had been perfected and a second copy was being made for the clinic of Professor Petr\u00e9n) is really a very remarkable bit of mechanical work. Using two rotating meter drums (such as\n. (?)\nthose used in the Dansk Maalerfabrik^10 Uterometers) and driving them on the same","page":136},{"file":"p0137.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"shaft and employing two Krogh spirometers, he is able actually by passing the air through soda-lime to secure tracings of the oxygen consumption and of the difference between the oxygen consumption and the carbon-dioxide absorption. 2his necessitates two extraordinarily well balanced spirometers. In fact, they told me the slightest difference in pressure made a great difference in the record. But the whole thing was worked out with the nicest care and seems a successful mechanical accomplishment. Whether it will be a practical thing or not I seriously question. I think it has a delicacy of manipulation that will be very difficult to find in any laboratory that is not under the direction or inspection of a man of the type of Dr. Krogh. \u00efhe fact remains that Dr. Hagedorn does have an apparatus that does write the two curves mid thus enables the respiratory quotient to be computed.\nDr. Krogh spoke very highly indeed of Hagedorn, who, as I understand, lias no academic post but is simply a private physician devoting his life and money to this research work.\nLaboratory for the Physiology of Gymnastics.\nDr. Lindhard.\nFrom ny former experience with Dr. Lindhard I questioned seriously whether I could get anything from him. He now lias a laboratory of his own, (Laboratoire Gymnastique-Physiologie, Btudiestrade 6), a laboratory for studying physiology and physical exercise, and he was very kind and. very courteous in showing us the laboratory and equipment. He is doing a great deal of work, naturally, upon body form, poses and posture, using the pantograph and employing many of the standard poses. He is also doing a great deal on muscular v/ork. He thinks A. Hill is entirely wrong in the use of the Douglas bag for short experiments, that is, fractions of a minute. He has a so-called \"maximum work wheel\", I should judge built very much after the specifications of A. V. Hill. But he finds he cannot duplicate\nA. V. Hill\u2019s tests. Ho is doing a great deal of work upon the minute volume,","page":137},{"file":"p0138.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"using NgO analysis and using the Krogh modification of the Haldane apparatus. He has a simple device for raising the mercury level bulb on a rod, with a spring to catch it at any point. Subsequently I was asking Krogh about the extraordinarily low respiration rate that Lindhard always reports in his experiments, and Krogh says that Lindhard really has 5 to 6 respirations per minute, even when ho is quietly reading and not under observation. Lindhard made a veiy good impression upon me now, much better than formerly, because I felt as if I got acquainted with him more or less. He is apparently very serious, and a very hard working man, as are, indeed, all of the Scandinavian workers. He apparently is laying great stress upon the physiology of muscular work.\n138\nZootechnical Laboratory.\nDr. August Krogh and Br. Marie Krogh.\nThis laboratory, which has grown from a small institution, is becoming the Mecca for many physiologists, particularly those interested in respiratory exchange. Krogh had rather a large number of students and assistants working in different parts of his quarters, which have now expanded considerably. He is still doing a great deal of work in respiration. He told me he had Krogh spirometers of all sises, to measure the respiration of a very small insect to that of 40 or 4b liters, that is, from a volume of 1 cuoic centimeter to 4b liters. He also had a very elaborate cylindrical spiroraeter for use in calibrating gas meters, of which he had tested a great many and published many researches about. Ho also had a respiration chamber large enough for muscular work, of which the cover could be lifted.\nA photograph was taken of Dr. and Mrs. Krogh standing beside a Krogh iQspiration apparatus (see figure bb). Another photograph (see figure b6) ohows Mrs. Krogh standing beside the spirometer. \u00efhe large respiration chamber, mentioned above, is in the background.\nMrs.Krogh was working with the Krogh spirometer and making a lot of","page":138},{"file":"p0139.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 3 9\nFigure 55. Br. and Mrs. Krogh of Copenhagen, standing beside the Krogh respiration apparatus spirometer.\nFigure 56. Mrs. Krogh of Copenhagen, standing beside the Krogh spirometer. In the background is a large respiration chamber for muscular work.","page":139},{"file":"p0140.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"140\nexperiments on children. She told me the astonishing fact that she gave the children small doses of chloral to keep them quiet during tiie respiration experiments. I questioned seriously, first, the physiology of this and, second, the ethics. I think it would hardly he allowed in America, hut apparently it was not considered anything out of the ordinary there.\nShe wa3 also working upon the standardization of drugs, with a method of the isolated heart in graphic registration, which seemed to he rather interesting and prohahly capable of exceedingly important practical results. At the time I was there she was working on digitalin.\nNaturally the interests of both Xroghs lies strongly in insulin, insulin treatment and diabetes, particularly since Mrs. Krogh has for many years been herself a sufferer from a mild form of glycosuria. Altogether this is a very remarkable couple. Mrs.Krogh is hard to become acquainted with as she does not speak English well, and yet every year one admires more and more this extraordinary woman who has a family of four children, practices medicine, and conducts extensive and very good scientific research, at the same time under the handicap of having an ever guarded diet in consequence of glycosuria.\nOne interesting, practical point was the method that Mrs. Krogh has adopted for keeping her ink pens for writing on paper in a bottle with water on the bottom, so as to keep them at a saturated atmosphere and not have them dry out. (They use a moist soda\u2014lime in their Krogh apparatus and consider there may be an error of 2 per cent, but perhaps not. I found many Krogh apparatus, the spirometer and valves, in Europe. It is seemingly very well known there.\nIn hi3 large spirometer to calibrate gas meters Krogh argued that one must be sure there is a change in the meter itself and not a change in the gears, because there may be a great error in the gear cutting. Singularly enough, he had not seen a Sauter balance. I discussed with him\nhis extremely accurate gas analysis apparatus to determine oxygen to 0.001,","page":140},{"file":"p0141.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"but I found it was not in order\u00bb He tells me they are building one at Prague.\nA photograph was taken of Dr. Krogh in his study (see figure 57).\nNo one center in Europe is any better fitted for teaching the fundamentals of gaseous metabolism than is this laboratory in Copenhagen, and no research worker in metabolism can afford to remain many years without visiting and coming into contact with this most stimulating place. It is a very great pleasure to have such close, cordial relationships existing between the two laboratories, withal a good, hearty, honest spirit of criticism, which can but benefit all concerned.\nCarlsberg Laboratory.\nProfessor Sorensen.\nProfessor Sorensen had but recently returned from Strasburg, where he had given an address at the Pasteur Centenary, so I saw him only a short time. He showed me about the laboratory, mainly equipped for chemical work but in which a great deal of work on the determination of the hydrogen-ion concentration is going on. Professor Sorensen says that the hydrogen-ion concentration is not of much importance. It is wonderfully regulated. For example, if acid is injected into the body, then there is no change in the hydrogen-ion concentration, for all the alkali reserve is pushed into the circulation. But if this is continued and suddenly used up, there cones a point when the dog dies suddenly. He considers the electrical method for determining the hydrogen-ion concentration is the only one, as \u2022 all colorimetric methods are in a very narrow range. If one finds the range and calibrates for the range, then the colorimetric method is more convenient. He uses a Wolff potentiometer, Weston coll, and a Despretz d\u2019Arsonal galvanometer of Siemens and Halske. Mrs. Sorenson is very active in assisting him in the laboratory","page":141},{"file":"p0142.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 4 ?","page":142},{"file":"p0143.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Professor B\u00fclman\n43\nI hoped, to meet Professor B\u00fclman in the chemical laboratory of the University of Gopenhagen, but he was away. He is the man who has done considerable work with the hydrogen-ion concentration (I believe he has had some controversy with Sorensen). He has worked out a very clever method, using hydrochinone and then getting a reaction, which ha3 proved of great value in this work. 7/e have reprints which cover the details of this point.\nAgricultural Bxneriment Station.\nDr s. A. G. Andersen and H. iipllgaard.\nOn my first visit to the Agricultural Rrperiment Station I met only Dr. A. G. .Andersen, who is in the chemical department now, having given up his work with the respiration apparatus in association with Dr. Li^llgaard. In discussing affairs with Andersen, he thought that the calorific value of oxygen must be considerably different when methane is formed, perhaps 5.26. Owing to his tremendous tasks now in food control laws, I feel as if this very bright man is lost to research. He finds that the basal metabolism or \"Urhaltungsumsatz\" is a straight line, and it continues in a straight line as food is given, until double food is given. But he finds that with certain feeds and with dry feeds it is not in a straight line, and he thinks it is due to the low nitrogen in beets. This i3 taken up in some of their publications, unfortunately in Danish. It was difficult to follow him, but he is much impressed with the idea that Kellner's \"Staerkewert\" i3 all right. I had a groat deal of discussion with him on the calculation of heat from gas analyses, and his recent paper in the Biochemische Zeitschrift. Ho is a very bright man and I feel as if he is a great loss to the work on the metaDOlism of ruminants, as formerly carried out. A photograph was taken of Dr. Andersen at his desk (see figure 58).","page":143},{"file":"p0144.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 58. Br. A. G. Andersen, formerly of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Copenhagen, Denmark, hut now in the chemistry department of the university.","page":144},{"file":"p0145.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"On ray first visit to the laboratory of the Agricultural Esqoeriment Station Dr. Andersen took me about and showed me in general the workings of the respiration apparatus, although it was at that tine partly dismantled. But on the next day Dr. M^llgaard made a special trip into Copenhagen and I was able to see him for several hours in his office. He impressed me as being a very bright, sharp, clean cut man, but I got the impression that lie was not so technically proficient, perhaps, a3 his coworker, Dr. Andersen. Apparently neither of these mer^vas primarily responsible for the design of the respiration chamber, but it seemed to have been left mostly in the hands of engineers in Copenhagen, who worked out not only the construction of the chamber itself but likewise the details of the metering, pumps, and accessories. I presume the gas analysis apparatus was the work of one of these men. The respiration cliamber and some of its appurtenances have already been reported in this series (see Professor Miles's rejiort of 1920).\nI took two photographs to supplement those taken by Professor Miles, laying special stress upon their determination of methane, v/hich they do by gasometric methods.. Figure 59 shows in the immediate foreground the very elaborate sampling apparatus, or perhaps one should say sub-sampling apparatus, large samples being taken over mercury surrounded by a water bath. The tubes containing mercury had a volume, I should judge, of not far from 1 liter or perhaps 2 liters. Through the doorway at the left, in the rear, can be seen the gas analysis apparatus, a part of which is shown in detail in figure 60. This figure shows the combustion chamber for methane. They simply pass the gas over into the equivalent of a Haldane combustion chamber with a glowing platinum spiral, and absorb the carbon dioxide formed later. Apparently this method of analysis lias given, to them at least, very satisfactory determinations of methane and probably should be thoroughly gone into with the idea of applying it to the work\nat Durham","page":145},{"file":"p0146.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"146\nFigure 59. The elaborate sampling apparatus used by Mpllgaard and Andersen of Copenhagen, in connection with their respiration chamber for large domestic animals. Through the doorway at the left, rear, can be seen the gas analysis apparatus.","page":146},{"file":"p0147.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 60. Details of the gas analysis apparatus of M^llgaard and Andersen, showing the combustion chamber for methane.","page":147},{"file":"p0148.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"In drawing samples of air for analysis over mercury it 3eemed to me that there wa3 an extraordinarily unnecessary complexity, inasmuch as, first, one large sample was taken by an elaborate system of aliquoting, then from this a second sample was taken by an equally elaborate system of aliquoting, and then (unless I am mistaken) a third sub-sample was taken. I am wondering if evidence is at hand to prove that this very great combination, so to speak, of the air sample is essential in their work. Mpfllgaard implied that samples of air taken out of the ventilating air pipe directly leaving the chamber showed very wide fluctuations in the respiratory exchange, calculated from the gas analysis. This is partly borne out by some of the recent work at Durham, but the question is whether it is due to gas analysis technique or due to an actual physiological exchange in the relationship between the carbonic acid exhaled and the oxygen consumed.\nI was particularly impressed by the immense amount of work that has already been done with this respiration apparatus. Dr. Mp'llgaard told me they already had over 200 experiments, each of 48 hours\u2019 duration (which is their unit of tine that the animal remains inside the respiration chamber). All these were made upon milch cows. They were unable to verify a number of the findings of Professor Armsby and questioned his attempt to calculate the 24-hour metabolism on the basis of all the time standing or all the tine lying. The important thing is that here is a very large equipment in the hands of a very energetic man, with seemingly well-trained assistants and presumably large funds at their disposal. A large mass of work lias already been accomplished, other is in contemplation, and this will undoubtedly prove a very important center for respiration studies with ruminants for many years to come. Thopretically, the 24-hour and, better, 48-hour period is a sound one. This length of period, has been used at State Gollege, Pa., by Professor Armsby and his successors. Practically, it requires a rather large staff, and in America at least limits extensively","page":148},{"file":"p0149.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"149\nthe number of experiments that can actually he made. In Copenhagen apparently these 48-hour experiments can be made fairly frequently. It was a great pleasure to me to come in to first hand conference with both of these gentlemen, with whom I had most pleasant talks, thus establishing close relationship with not only the Nutrition Laboratory but also the work in animal nutrition at the University of New Hampshire.\nA photograph of Dr. i^llgaard is given in figure 61.","page":149},{"file":"p0150.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 61. Dr. H. Mpllgaard of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Copenhagen, Denmark.","page":150},{"file":"p0151.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"151\nKiel, G-ormany.\nUniversity of Kiel (Physiological Laboratory)\u2666\nProfessor August P\u00fctter.\nWhile on a visit to the clinic of Professor Krehl in Heidelberg and while waiting for hin in his office, ray attention was attracted to a large pile of reprints of Professor P\u00fctter, that had apparently been recently examined by some one in the office. I looked through a number of these and then recalled that on one or two instances I had had occasion to refer to some of P\u00fctter\u2019s work, particularly in discussing the surface area law, and knowing that he had worked with cold-blooded animals a good deal, it occurred to me that I ought to see him and perhaps talk with him with regard to some of his views on metabolism and surface area. At considerable discomfort, involving a rather unpleasant boat trip from Copenhagen to Kiel, I spent a morning in Kiel, going out to the Physiological Laboratory and seeing Professor P\u00fctter. He was most kind in every way, but it was very unfortunate that I did not meet at the same time his associates, Professor Hoeber and Professor 0. Meyerhof. She latter had been in the Nutrition Laboratory not many weeks before that and was much interested in the question of the heat of combustion of glycogen and lactic acid.\nP\u00fctter is devoting his entire time to marine animals, especially plankton, measuring the oxygen consumption by the titration method of /inkier, which involves using manganese chloride with hydrochloric acid and titrating after addition of potassium iodide with sodium thiosulphate, j-he reaction i3 extremely delicate. P\u00fctter was also interested in studying the metabolism of plankton versus bacteria and had used successfully thehltra-filtration method of 7/olfgang Ostwald, applying a collodion coating to filter paper. This method is very practical. From a solution of naphthol blue he could get a perfectly clear filtrate at a fairly rapid rate. As a matter of fact, P\u00fctter has emphasized upon this Winkler","page":151},{"file":"p0152.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"technique and does it very, very accurately, hut has done little, if anything, else.\nP\u00fctter told me he had been called to take Kossel's place in Heidelberg, but was having difficulty in the matter of housing and apartments. I was rather surx^rised, for I supposed he would live of course in the rooms formerly occupied by Kossel. Ho is much interested in lectures and practical courses. In showing him the photographs of the Laboratory, he\nwas immediately^with the photographs of the balance for measuring insensible perspiration, comparing it with Sanc.torius\u2019s experiments and considering it as a 19215 model of the apparatus of Sanctorius. The student apparatus also appealed to him very much indeed. He had sent a great many reprints to us, but they had not been received. His book on \"Vergleichende Physiologie\" is pretty well known.\nSubsequently in talking with Kestner, he said the v/ork of P\u00fctter is so bad that he does not feel justified in citing it in an article he has been writing lately. This makes it very unpleasant, because P\u00fctter is a friend of Kestner. One wonders if the possibility of P\u00fctter being called to Heidelberg, where Kestner formerly wa3, has anything to do with this antagonism. Since leaving Kiel, I liave heard definitely that P\u00fctter has accepted the call to Heidelberg, and Professor Kossel told me in Edinburgh that that was the case. Everybody is astonished and most people are disappointed. The impression I got from several people was that liitter, during the war, was intimately associated in some military camps with Krehl and made a great impression upon him. Krehl lias considerable influence in selecting a successor in the Heidelberg position, and he threw his influence in favor of P\u00fctter. It is rather involved, but it is certainly striking to find that the position formerly occupied by K\u00fchne and subsequently by Kossel should now bo occupied by a man who has not accomplished more than P\u00fctter.\nWhile in Kiel I also took the opportunity of meeting the son of Professor Kossel, who i3 professor of mathematical physics in the University.","page":152},{"file":"p0153.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HAMBURG, GBRMANY\nIF\nUniversity of Hamburg (Physiological Institute)\u00ab\nProfessor Kestner.\nProfessor Kestner, who was formerly Cohnheim of Heidelberg, is an extraordinarily active man and he has really made Hamburg and Altona a very active metabolic center. There are several forms of the universal respiration apparatus or unit apparatus in action. He has modified it, of course, and it seems to me very crude and cumbersome in many ways. During the war the need for brass was so great that he had to resort entirely to glass and rubber connections. I found many things to criticize in connection with hi3 work. For example, he had given little attention to the absorption of water by sulphuric acid and to the point at which water vapor would pass the bottle, assuming that with the same phase the same amount of water would pass by at the entrance end and the exit end of the absorbing system. Theoretically of course this is true. Practically the water leaving the lungs (in other words, collected in the first sulphuric acid bottle just before the soda-lime bottle) is very much more than that leaving the soda-lime, and consequently the chances are that for the greater part of the time he is having a small amount of water vapor pass over and weighing it as COg. Under these circumstances I should expect to find his COg figures uniformly too high.\nA photograph of the universal respiration apparatus in Kestner's laboratory is shown in figure 62.\nKestner occupies temporarily a small building, for they cannot equip the large building. So he cannot afford to move into the new building as yet. I saw his apparatus for studying bird's metabolism under water. It also can be used for guinea pigs and with vitamine rats.\nThe whole laboratory made a very bad impression. The room was dirty and noisy, and the laboratory was thoroughly filthy. The dogs were yelping, and many of them were pathetic, if not gruesome sights, since there had been","page":153},{"file":"p0154.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 62. The model of the universal respiration apparatus used in Kestner's laboratory at the Physiological Institute, University of Hamburg.","page":154},{"file":"p0155.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"many surgical operations on dogs\u2019 spines. Out in the yard the dogs were a very unpleasant sight. As a matter of fact, it was the only laboratory we 3av; in Germany with any number of dogs, but this is probably due to the fact\nthat there is so much surgical work.\nIn striking contrast to this filthy, disagreeable place was a small hospital ward nearby, where there was an extremely clean, neat, and well constructed universal respiration apparatus.\nI did not see how Kestner could possibly get normal values in his laboratory. There was hardly a moment but what some dog was yelping in pain, while we were there, and some of them very distressingly so. One of the assistants told me that many times subjects wondered what the matter was and why these dogs wore yelping, and it distressed them very much. She had told Kestner of this, but nothing could be done about it.\nKestner was very much interested in the question of insensible perspiration. He maintained that he had actually demonstrated a gain in weight over night on the Alps, in a paper that had already been printed. In other words, they had walked very hard throughout the day, depleted their glycogen, and there was an actual gain in weight over night. He felt perfectly confident of the fact. Ho had ordered balances for several departments of the hospital to determine the insensible perspiration of a great many patients, a move that was stimulated by my lecture. (Subsequently at Edinburgh he told me he had found nothing of any value, and wa3 quite inclined to think there was no relation between insensible perspiration and metabolism).\nHe has published a great many things, has a great many ideas, but snap judgments seem to prevail. He was full of enthusiasm, He has done a lot of work on computed metabolism and had computed back the Harris-Benedict tables for children, and is printing now a large contribution to Oppenheimerfe Handbuch. I saw the proofs hoots and, since I have returned, a reprint has been sent to the Laboratory.","page":155},{"file":"p0156.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Professor K\u00e4stner was much interested in the student apparatus and particularly in the badd valve and the Hiebe\u2014Gorman nose clip\u00bb I subsequently secured two of those latter for him and gave theta to him at Edinburgh. He says he has made many universal respiration apparatus in the machine shop at the hospital for other people, that he had charged a price somewhat above the cost to prepare them, and then had used the money for research.\nA photograph of Professor Kestner at his desk is given in figure 63.\n-he general impression of Kestner is a very complex one. Few men have such indomitable energy, have touched upon so many problems, and have made seemingly substantial contributions to the*, and yet there is always an element of uncertainty as to the exact accuracy and the depth to which one can go in his work. He seems sloppy and careless in many of his personal, technical details, and certainly the general appearance of the laboratory cannot be conducive to very nice work. Ho is doubtless a very stimulating man and deserves the greatest credit for carrying on research with an activity hardly approximated anywhere else in Germany, in spite of tremendous handicaps. One should not forgot, furthermore, that Professor Asher, who has a better opportunity to follow his work perhaps than any one else, rates him very highly and says he is improving with age. He is a man who is apparently very much mixed up with many political matters and public affairs, for a number of his colleagues told me they must \"get Kestner to do this\" and they must \"get Kestner to do that\", as if he was the man who was taking th\u00b0 lnitlatlve raaiy of the public enterprises. Much of his research has been subsidized by some wealthy Hamburg merchants, who had enough confidence in him to put money into the research problems he was engaged upon. Under a conditioii3 one can imagine that Kestner would do very unusual work.\nAs it is, one must judge of his work merely as an attempt to carry on under Qost disadvantageous circumstances, and under those conditions he certainly has accomplished a great deal and is very much to be praised.","page":156},{"file":"p0157.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 63. Professor Kestner of the Physiological Institute, University of Hamburg (formerly Cohnheim of Heidelberg).","page":157},{"file":"p0158.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"GRONINGEN, HOLLAND.\n\n8\nUniversity of Groningen (Physiological Laboratory).\nProfessor Hamburger and his assistants\u00bb\nIt was a great relief to us to leave Germany and enter the settled quiet of Holland. Professor Hamburger's laboratory is again one of the neatest and best arranged in the whole of Europe, and this was in striking contrast to the Hamburg laboratory. He was still very much interested in working upon the correlation of organs, a subject upon which he spoke several times when in America last fall, and has a number of experiments in which he perfuses one heart with the blood of another animal and then studies the interrelations. The laboratory is very well equipped with many forms of apparatus. Special attention is being given to micro-chemical analyses and methods of weighing. Several papers were sent to the Nutrition Laboratory. One found here, as elsewhere in Europe very frequently, the micro-balance of Kuhlraan, a torsion balance much used all over Europe. Inasmuch as I was to see several of Professor Hamburger's assistants in Edinburgh, special attention was not given to studying any of the methods. As a matter of fact, little of special use to the Nutrition Laboratory was to be observed, for his line of research is quite different from that regularly carried out here. I was very much impressed, however, with the seriousness of purpose and cleverness of all the young men with whom I came in contact. He apparently has a very loyal and active corps of associates.\nA group photograph was taken in Professor Hamburger's garden (see figure 64) showing, standing, rear, from left to right, Rudolf Hamburger,\nTina Hamburger, and F. G. B.; seated, from left to right, Mrs. Hamburger, Professor Hamburger, and Mrs. Benedict.","page":158},{"file":"p0159.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 64. A group photograph taken in Professor Hamburger\u2019s garden in Groningen, Holland, showing from left to rights (standing) Rudolf Hamburger, Tina Hamburger, Dr. Benedict;\n(seated) Mrs. Hamburger, Professor Hamburger, and Mrs. Benedict.","page":159},{"file":"p0160.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"16* 0\nUniversity of Groningen (Psychological Qlinic).\nProfessor \u2019Tiersrna.\nProfessor Wiersma in the Psychological Clinic is a very remarkable nan. He has a very fine laboratory, most elaborate, and apparently puts his patients through a very lengthy series of tests. I kept wondering whether many of these were at all significant, for there were seemingly very slight differences in the ends to be obtained. But on the other hand, he told no they had all proved of jjractical value in certain types of medical cases. Take it all in all, it was one of the most elegantly equipped laboratories for completeness that I think I saw anywhere.\nProfessor Uiersma does a great deal of writing in ink directly, in making his kymograph curves. They take a piece of linen and dip it into collodion to stiffen it, and then cut it in fine strips which can be dipped in in.*c or smeared with ink with an ink dropper. He stated this would be good for half an hour, before it v/ould bo necessary to wet it again.\nI talked with him with regard to his hand plethysmograjjh. Ho gave me a bulb which I brought back with me, remembering the difficulty I had with Dodge rigging up a bulb for hand work. Ho finds it works very well indeed and his subjects have worn it for hours at a time. He has even used it with babies and during sleep. He had also done work on skin temperature, but had .^method whereby he pressed on the skin with something like a stylus, the end of which was the thermo-junct ion. The stylus doused the circuit as he pressed it and in about one second the circuit broke automatically, so he got the reading in this time. My feeling was this was too short a contact for the purpose of securing skin temperature.\nI had a talk with him regarding hypnosis in studying lowered pulse rate or blood pressure\u00bb Ur. Uiersma uses it a great deal in his work, is an excellent hypnotist, is very interested in the general project, and says\nhe will make these tests. I could not but wish I had had a good portable apparatus there and could spend two or three months working with this man on some of his problems of hypnosis altering bodily functions.","page":160},{"file":"p0161.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Utrecht, Holland\nUtrecht ha3 a very brilliant coterie of man, and. I stopped there primarily to see Professors Hwaardemaker arid Sjollema. The latter visited the Nutrition Laboratory two or three years ago. 1 also took occasion to see Professor Bijkmann, wLoip I never had met, and at the suggestion of Dr. Carpenter made a call upon Dr. Kontikoff.\nUniversity of Utrecht (Hygienic Institute).\nProfessor ^i.jknann and Dr. Kontikoff.\nMy call upon Professor Uijkmann was chiefly a social call of courtesy. He is shortly to retire from his post and his portrait is being painted in commemoration of this time. In fact I interrupted, the sitting. He spoke of his early work in vitamines (he is considered more or less the father of vitamines), and his work upon tropical metabolism, and he was rather inclined to discount much of the newer work in tropical metabolism.\nI found him a very courteous, interesting man, but could give him only a very short time. Dr. Kontikoff also I could give only a short time. He is doing work with hydrogen concentration, using the Kohlrausch bridge.\nHe has a very good book upon hydrogen-ion concentration. He says he uses the chemical method for small ranges.\nAgricultural Jollege.\nProfessor Sjollema.\nProfessor Hjollema at the Agricultural Qollege is very much interested\nin vitamines with pigeons and rabbits. In fact, I found his lecture room\nmore or less full of rabbit cages. He is trying to make insulin. He wants\nto have his own method of making it and is devoting a good deal of time to\nit. My general impression was that he was too old now to do much new work,\nnot that he is a very old man, but he seems rather set in his ways and seems very confused and bddiy orientated in gaseous metabolism work, although","page":161},{"file":"p0162.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"162\nhe has done work on mineral metabolism and. vitamines. I increased upon him the fact that he should see Professor ll^llgaard's outfit in Copenhagen. 3jolloma was extremely pleasant. We spent a delightful evening at his house, but did not secure very much of scientific importance from our talk with him. A photograph was taken of Professor 3jolloma (see figure 65).\nUniversity of Utrecht (Physiological Institute).\nProf essor Hwaardemake r.\nProfessor ~iwaardemaker is one of the most remarkable men in Holland, and his researches carry him into almost eveiy field of physiology. His laboratory is now extended, is overgrown, lias taken some of the space formerly occupied by Pekelharing's laboratory, and I am told there is quite a little strife. Hinger, the successor of Pekelharing, is more or less crowded out. Still, the fact i3 people come to work with Hwaardemaker and not with Ringer or Pekelharing, although the latter was one of the dearest old gentlemen I have ever known. Just now Uwaardemaker is very much occupied with radio activity and polonium scintillations. He also showed me a very interesting, sound proof chamber on one of the top floors, which he said could also be used as a calorimeter. I did not see just how it could be thus used, but lie felt suro it could. He was likewise testing out a lot of electrical appliances for deaf people, audiphones, etc. The chamber was essentially sound proof. He had a Krogh respiration apparatus and one of his assistants had been determining oxygen in different body positions, mostly either horizontal or slightly inclined or standing at different angles. I spoke of Pirquet's assistant and his work, thinking ho should look it up. We also found one gentlemen here whom we had seen formerly working at .Professor Partner's laboratory.\nxhe whole laboratory of Professor Zwaardemaker is simply teeming with activity, it was extremely neat, and one had the impression that one had\nto deal here with a great physiologist. I should not overlook the fact","page":162},{"file":"p0163.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 65. Professor Sjollema of the Agricultural College at Utrecht, Holland.","page":163},{"file":"p0164.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"that Professor Ewaardemaker's son, Dr. Ewaardemaker (who had been his assistant for two or throe years), spent much of his time with us and took us about Utrecht. A more charming, attractive, intelligent young man I have never met. He is a worthy son of his father. V/e subsequently saw him rather extensively and talked with him at Edinburgh, where our earlier, very fine impression was fully justified,\nEwaardemakor maintains that polonium rays have a distinct biological advantage. For e cample, when a frog\u2019s heart is perfused and allowed to stop beating, polonium rays start it up after a relapse. He lias been working with uranium salts and certain calcium ions. He showed us some polonium rays by moans of a zinc sulphide screen. One of his assistants had been working on the minute volume of oxygen and GOg, using Professor Noyons' electrolytic apparatus for determining COp. The subject was standing or lying* The tilting table he used was not comfortable for lying* 'biit they found no change between lying and standing, which was rather surprising to me, except perhaps the person was uncomfortable lying and this increased the metabolism to the standing point. The assistant told us the electrical method gives 3.0 or 3.1 per cent, that is, about one part in thirty, but he thinks it can actually be a little better.\nEwaardemaker remarked that Noyons also had an apparatus for the analysis of oxygen by the same method. Later on, in visiting Noyons' laboratory, we found that this wa3 not the case.\nA photograph of Professor Ewaardemaker at his desk was taken (see\nfigure 66).","page":164},{"file":"p0165.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n'\u00e9\u00eftrsJk ,\nFigure 66. Professor Zwaardemalcer of the Physiological Institute, University of Utrecht.","page":165},{"file":"p0166.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Amsterdam. Holland\n\u00ef U O\nUniversity of Amsterdam (hygienic Institute).\nBr. U. 0. Van Leersum.\nDr. 3. G. Van Leersum kindly extended the hospitality of his house to us, so we were able to talk with him a great deal. Unfortunately, thus far his Institute for nutrition, of which he had a good deal to say while in America and which ho had frequently written about, exists as yet only on paper. The funds, which were given to it, are for the most part gone as a result of bad investments. It seems that the man who gave the money borrowed it and gave back \"paper\" in its place, so it has been pretty nearly wiped out of existence. There i3 some publicity work going on and a small amount of vitamine work.\nVan Leersum was much interested in rickets and had been working on the influence of haemeto porphyrin, injecting it in rickets. He has an \u2022 interesting method of taking a rat and removing one leg and using it as a control. Then afterwards tho animal is made rachitic, the other leg is x-rayed, and both are studied to see the effect of the diet. At the time we were there, he was moving his material into the Hygienic Laboratory with a couple of assistants, young women of whom he is not particularly jiroud so far as their scientific attainments are concerned. He has one of the newer forms of portable apparatus and lias used it much, apparently in private practice and consultations.\nOne gets the impression that Van Leersum has passed his peak. He will not do anything more. He regrets very much that lie has no assistants, and, indeed, he is more or less interested now in trying to find a successor.\nHo is extraordinarily well read in history and has a remarkably good mind, being rathor critical. His article criticizing Pirquet's scheme in the Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 flcientifiquo d'Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire I thought was rather harsh. I took a great deal of pleasure in telling Van Leersum the history of the development of the nom system, and as a matter of fact,","page":166},{"file":"p0167.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"lA-v'-\u00ca-\nFigure 67. Professor B. G. Van Leersum of Amsterdam, Holland","page":167},{"file":"p0169.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u00fbkolpers\nFigure 67b. Interior of the \"Rathaus\" of the Institute of Nutrition, Amsterdam Holland. This photograph was a gift from Hr. Van Leersum.","page":169},{"file":"p0170.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"170\nI later had the pleasure of introducing him to Pirquet at Edinburgh.\nA photograph of Professor Van Leorsun at his desk is given in figure 67. C S-t*. aJU>o- aCo riL / (n_)\nA visit to the Hygienic Laboratory showed an extraordinarily well built building, with every equipment forlygienic work. Van Leersum's role in this building, though, i3 simply an occupant of one or two rooms, and it does not look as if much could be accomplished. He apparently has no means to carry out research work from the nutrition standpoint, and I imagine that the whole \"Nutrition Institute\", as such, will fall to the ground.\nFree University of Amsterdam.\nProfessor Buytendi.jk.\nProfessor Buytendijk's laboratory is some distance away, in a so-called \"Free University of Amsterdam\", which is subsidized by certain church interests who are strongly against vivisection and have a good many rather peculiar ideas. This laberatory presided over by Buytendijk was very well equipped with a large amount of apx>aratus, much of it showing great ingenuity in construction. He has been doing some work, for example, on the metabolism with high carbon-dioxide percentages, as high as 8 per cent, and holding the oxygon constant, equal to that of outdoor air.\nHe had built a respiration calorimeter very much after the Atwater-Benedict plan, but he heated the air current with hot water and not with manganin wires, as he says he found they broke readily. The respiration calorimeter was constructed in the basement, an ideal room for the purpose, of heavy masonry and with reasonably uniform temperature environment.\nFigure 68 shows Professor Buytendijk sitting at the observer\u2019s table, the calorimeter being on his right. The can for measuring the water is at the\nextreme left","page":170},{"file":"p0171.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 68. Professor Buytendijk sitting at the observer's table in his laboratory at the Free University of Amsterdam.\nThe calorimeter is on his right. The can for measuring the water is at the extreme left.\nft\n'A cv U-srCO (T\n\nI 1a C. Ul/SA/I\n","page":171},{"file":"p0172.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"He has a very clever assistant in Mr. Dirken, who showed us many things and who evidently is a man of very superior capacities. Figure 69\u2018 shows Mr. Dirken sitting at the entrance of the calorimeter, which, as can be seen, is very small and provided with a heavy pressure window. The insulating material surrounding the calorimeter is easily seen, as well as the scales for v/eighing the water can at the right of the picture.\nA photograph was taken of Mr. Dirken, the assistant (see figure 70), showing him with his apparatus for studying the composition of expired air, with the spiral, twisted strip of metal inside the glass tubes to mix the air thoroughly. On the right of the picture is shorn the rather elaborate battery of gas analysis apparatus used by him for the analysis of expired air.\nBuytendijk was much interested in developing a magnetic apparatus for determining oxygen, on the basis that the oxygen was highly magnetic, 198 times as magnetic as nitrogen, and he thought by passing the air through this electric coil and then noting the secondary current, he could get a method of determining oxygen from the induction current. This had not been worked out,although several coils had been made. Some of them are lying on the table in the photograph (30e figure 71). in this figure one also sees part of a respiration apparatus for small animals. This view shows the pump and the electric motor. A general idea of the laboratory and its manifold interests is shown in figure 72. In the foreground is a sort of drogh spirometer. Innumerable tubes, pipes, and connections are also seen, illustrating the experimental researches in many stages.\nIn teaching Professor Buytendijk had a couple of very interesting metabolic charts, showing the metabolic changes in the body and the heat production of different individuals doing different kinds of work. Everything was based upon the fact that the avorage man will produce 65 calories per hour during sleep. Photographs of these charts were kindly given me by Professor Buytendijk.","page":172},{"file":"p0173.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1\n/ <\nFigura 69. Mr. Birken, also of the Free University of Amsterdam, sitting at the entrance of the calorimeter.\nThe calorimeter, which is very small, is provided with a heavy pressure window. The insulating material surrounding the calorimeter can be seen. The scales for weighing the water can are at the right.","page":173},{"file":"p0174.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 70. Mr. Dirken, the assistant of Professor Buytendijk.\nMr. Dirken is holding the apparatus for studying the composition of expired air. One can see the spiral, twisted strip of metal inside the glass tubes. On the right is shown the rather elaborate battery of gas analysis apparatus for the analysis of esqpired air.","page":174},{"file":"p0175.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1\nrV !\u2014,\nif r>\nFigure 71. Part of a respiration apparatus for small animals, used by Professor Buytendijk of Amsterdam. This view shows the pump, the eleotric motor, and in the immediate foreground, lying on the shelf, the two magnetic coils which Buytendijk hoped to use for determining oxygen from the induction current.","page":175},{"file":"p0176.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 72. A general view of Professor Buytendijk's laboratory in Amsterdam, showing its many interests. In the foreground, is a sort of Krogh spirometer.","page":176},{"file":"p0177.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"177\nOne of these charts (see figure 73) is an attempt to indicate the method of muscular activity and the control and interrelation of various organs, v/hile the other (see figure 74) shows the relationship between muscular activity of various kinds. Of course the data in these charts were taken obviously from other publications. It is quite clear that the value of 600 calories per hour for a man bicycle rider was taken from the v/esleyan work. Of course looking at this chart today, one would instantly challenge the difference between lying and standing of 60 and 100. Still, a3 a pictorial representation of the degrees of activity, it serves its purpose admirably in teaching.\nThe calorimeter is not functioning properly as yet, for they are working under great disadvantage at not having the supplies they need. It is very ingeniously contrived, but it seemed to me not particularly promising as outlined. Although the laboratory was full of very good apparatus, the best thing that I found in the laboratory was the assistant, Mr. Dirken.\nDr. Buytendijk\u2019s laboratory assistant took a group picture in the main laboratory (see figure 75). In the group, from left to right, are Mr. Dirken, Dr. Buytendijk, F. G. B., and Dr. Van Leersum. This photograph was sent to the Nutrition Laboratory by Dr. Buytendijk. After my return to the United States Mr. Dirken kindly sent me a small photograph of Dr. Buytendijk, shown in figure 76.","page":177},{"file":"p0178.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"178\nFigure 73. Chart used, hy Professor Buytendijk of Amsterdam to illustrate the method of muscular activity, and the control and interrelation of various organs.","page":178},{"file":"p0179.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"179\nFigura 74. Chart used, by Professor Buytendijk of Amsterdam to illustrate the relationship between various kinds of muscular activity.","page":179},{"file":"p0180.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 75. A group picture showing, from left to right, Mr. Dirfcen, Dr. Buytendijk, Dr. Benedict, and Dir. Van Leersum.","page":180},{"file":"p0181.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 76. Professor Buytendijk of the Free University of Amsterdam.","page":181},{"file":"p0182.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Leiden, Holland.\nUniversity of Leiden (Physiological Laboratory),\nProfessor Binthoven.\nI had never visited this laboratory, for many of the technical details were too far in excess of my knowledge of the special subject, so that I did not feel justified in doing so. But after Professor Miles\u2019s enthusiastic account of it, I felt as if I must go. Opportunity was therefore taken to visit the laboratory for a short time. Professor Uinthoven was most cordial and took us into one of the large laboratories, where we had a general discussion. There were no details of showing us the apparatus, although ho did offer to take our electrocardiograms, which we did not have taken. I gave him a message from Professor Miles that a man in New York was making a string galvanometer with a fieU density of 10 to the minus 13 amperes per centimeter. Uinthoven said theirs was 10 to the minus 12. I have understood that he is doing a great deal of work on oscillating currents.\nUniversity of Leiden (Cryogenic Laboratory).\nProfessor Onnes and Dr, Grommelin.\nWe then visited the large Cryogenic Laboratory of Professor Onnes.\nDr. Grommelin kindly showed us about, after having had word from Dr. Van Loersum. We saw all the equipment for electrifying air and hydrogen and helium. Professor Onnes is not at all well, so is not very often to be found at the laboratory. The plant impressed one as being enormously complex and very large, and had quite the appearance of a large industrial plant. It would take a trained engineer to appreciate to any\ngreat extent the marvellous organization","page":182},{"file":"p0183.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Louvain.\nUniversity of Louvain (Physiological Laboratory)\nI had heard so much of the laboratory of Professor Noyons through Dr. Miles and through others along my European tour that I looked forward with the greatest pleasure to seeing the laboratory and meeting this rather remarkable man. Fortunately we were entertained by Professor Noyons and his charming wife, so we had an excellent opportunity to get personally in touch with him, having practically four days, night and day, with him. The indefatigable energy, the wide knowledge, both theoretical and practical, that this man possesses seems almost past understanding. The history of the building of his laboratory has been very well given in the former report of Professor Miles. Suffice to state here that it was constructed practically during the war time and all throughout the construction one sees the necessity for replacing material by substitutes, in which every ingenuity was exercised, and the necessity at the same time to secrete from the army of occupation the fact that certain materials, which could very properly be used in military affairs, were not appropriated, such as wire, brass, and metals. The building is very large. It seems almost unnecessarily large, but it has at least three professors in it now, pharmacology Professor Ide, biochemistry Professor Malengreau, and physiology Professor Noyons. While the arrangement of the class rooms, laboratories, lecture hall, etc., all represented the most modern development and is well worth a visit by any one contemplating the constructing of even a teaching laboratory, I was interested primarily in the research equipment and the researches in progress.\nFirst and foremost was the large respiration calorimeter in the basement, which Professor Noyons had had in process of construction when Dr. Miles was there. It has been but little altered or improved since that","page":183},{"file":"p0184.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"visit, but Professor Soyons very kindly gave me seme copies of photographs taken recently of the apparatus, and 1 also took a few myself. With this calorimeter, as indeed with many others which one finds in his laboratory, Professor Noyons has, in my judgment, made the critical error of assuming that if you perfect a calorimeter first, the matter of making it a respiration apparatus later is a very minor matter. All of his calorimeters are designed thus far only for measuring sensible heat, not even including the heat of vaporization of water, and 1 am quite sure that when he comes to adopt the measurement of water to these, he will find it will disturb many of his very delicate adjustments he has now made. 1 impressed upon him very strongly the absolute necessity of beginning to include immediately certainly the heat of vaporization of water, if this be done only with a wet and dry bulb thermometer.\nThe large calorimeter is built upon the compensation principle, developing the amount of heat electrically in one chamber while the man is sitting in the other. The amount of water current passing through both is exactly the same, the heat being brought away by a current of cold water and not lost by radiation through the walls. As a heat measuring device every precaution seems to be taken in the construction of this apparatus, when one ignores the heat of vaporization of water.\nIn the three or four calorimeters that he has, ranging down to one the size of that for a pigeon or white rat, he has used the Bolometric principle of compensation calorimeters, but almost invariably uses water to bring away the heat and does not allow; the heat to simply radiate through the air, as is our custom here at the Nutrition Laboratory.\nThe small apparatus for pigeons he had taken to Edinburgh and showed there. The main feature of this was that he had two resistance coils of his \u2019Wheatstone bridge so made to revolve slowly around the outside of the two respiration chambers the terminals coming outside in two mercury troughs, so always in contact. His idea was if you have the resistance","page":184},{"file":"p0185.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"soils fixed, the heat from the two cans would not affect the two coils alike, but if the coils were slowly rotated, then they would be equally affected. I told him I doubted this extremely and asked him if he had ever made the test of running the experiments when the coils were revolving and then when the coils were still. Singularly enough he had never tried this, but I am sure he will do so.\nDuring the course of our four days at Louvain we became very much attached to Professor and Mrs. Noyons, and the closest cordiality exists between that laboratory and the Laboratory here. Indeed, Mrs. Benedict and I purposely arranged out stay in Edinburgh so as to be at the same hotel with the Noyons, on their request, and hence we had five days, for the most part, together in Edinburgh, to supplement our delightful visit at\nLouvain.\nfhe innumerable things other than the calorimeters in this laboratory again attest to Noyons* marvellous mentality. He had a very fine string galvanometer outfit, with which he had been doing some very nice work.\nMany experiments were made with the perfused heart. He had developed a method for determining carbon dioxide electrically by the resistance method, relying upon the conductivity of carbon dioxide for heat. This he gave at Edinburgh, being entirely unaware of the fact that a similar apparatus had been constructed by the Bureau of Standards.\nThe interesting thing about Noyons is that not only has he got this large amount of apparatus, but he is well versed in all phases of physiology and can talk upon any subject and is by no means restricted to metabolism problems, a most stimulating man. Every moment brings out some new idea and one can recommend this university as one of the most important physiolog-cal centers in modern Europe. The interesting thing is that he has done everything alone, practically single handed, as he has almost no assistants or advanced students. Noyons was trained as Zwaardemaker\u2019s assistant and\nhad many years as a practicing physician.\n(See figures 77, 78, and 79 for photographs presented to me by T\u2019rofessor Noyons. Unfortunately the films of the pictures I took at Louvain were lost An f.Vua mai 1 ? ^\t________ _______\u2014^","page":185},{"file":"p0186.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 77. retails \u00a9f wa\u00ee\u00ebr~coTX\u00ebctor arid sink used By Professor Noyons of Louvain in connection with his large differential calorimeter. See, also, page 160 of Professor\u2019s Miles\u2019s foreign report for 1920.","page":186},{"file":"p0187.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n1 Q<\nFigure 78. Details of the galvanometer table used by Professor Soyons of Louvain in connection with his large differential calorimeter. See, also, Fig. 68, page 150, of Professor Miles's foreign report for 1920.","page":187},{"file":"p0188.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 79. Artificial man or electric heating device inside one of the respiration chambers of Professor Noyons of Louvain, showing at the top the fan used to stir up the air in the room.","page":188},{"file":"p0189.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Laboratory of Professor Mechott. psychology. Professor Mechott, who is the professor of psychology, is very well known, has a very interesting laboratory in psychology. This laboratory is seemingly at the roof of some large Gothic edifice, for.one climbs and climbs and climbs, and finally goes up through a small, narrow, circular staircase and lights upon what appears to be the attic of a large building. Here is a very large collection of apparatus, some very, very good, some of it home made and constructed in their machine shop, but all very practical and well and thoroughly used. I was very much interested in the interest with which Professor Mechott carried out these various tests and the desire for accuracy and controls.\nI was enabled at several social affairs to get intimately in touch with many of the professors at the University of Louvain, besides Professor Noyons, Professor Mechott, Professor Malengreau, Professor E'erincx, Professor Carnoy and particularly the rector of the University, Monseigneur Ladeuze. Although I was handicapped very much by imperfect Prench, especially in speaking with Monseigneur Ladeuze and Professor Malengreau, 1 found this a most extraordinary group of men. The war experiences of these men are almost impossible to write or discuss with any degree of reserve, but this seems not to have reacted unfavorably upon them. They are very energetic and doing everything they can to rebuild the university and maintain a very high scholastic attitude. Upon the whole, the experience in Louvain was one of the most remarkable, if not the most remarkable, of our entire European tour. No physiologist nor indeed psychologist, can afford to visit the Continent without at least paying a visit to the laboratories in Louvain.","page":189},{"file":"p0190.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Brussels, Belgium.\nSolvay Institute.\nProfessors Slo33e and Heger.\nThe extraordinary, almost feverish interest in matters scientific at Louvain was in rather striding contrast to what one found at the Solvay Institute. Professor Heger is no longer director. Professor Philippson was away for the most of the time and was not available when I was there, and Dr. 5l03se seems to be plodding along 3lowly, working with vitamines. The general impression was that things were not very active and the Institute, as such, was more or less marking time. One matter of particular interest to me, however, was that both Professor Heger and Dr. Slosse were scheduled to make a visit to America in October or November, 1923, Professor Heger with regard to the consultation with the architects of a new university building and Professor Slosse with regard to nutritional problems in America, v/ith special reference to minerals and vitamines in diet. 7/e are looking forward with greatest pleasure to seeing these two Belgian savants. 7/hile Professor Slosse seemed much older and naturally is a rather reserved man, he still seemed somewhat more reserved than ten years ago. Professor Hoger, in spite of his age (which is now, I think, 77), and his war experiences, which were very, very bad, seemed actually younger than when we saw him ten years ago, very full of life, very vivacious, and with every appearance of greatest mental and physical alertness.","page":190},{"file":"p0191.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LOUDON. SNGL\u00fclfl).\n191\nGuy's Hospital Medical School (Physiological Laboratory).\nProfessor Pembre;/.\nAt the Physiological Laboratory of the Guy's Hospital Medical School Professor Pembrey is still continuing research, but not at the pace formerly set. The war has broken up research badly. He is now interested in anoxemia, working upon sweating and the water of perspiration, but not insensible perspiration. He is also doing some work upon skin temperature, and is using a flat bulb thermometer with the specifications of John Hunter given years ago\u00bb [This thermometer has a thin, flat glass bulb, which is not registering and which is laid on the skin until the thermometer stops rising. There is probably retardation of evaporation and building up of temperature, but ho considers this i3 compensated by the heat lost from the body. He does not care about one tenth of a degree Centigrade. He is rather given to questioning the desirability of great accuracy in physiological research work. He feels as if the great accuracy at times obscures the general picture.\nIn discussing the measurements of surface temperature especially, he cautions against using the median line for temperature measurements, saying that either side should be used but not the median line. The blood vessels are smaller at the median line and surgeons cut in the median line. There is much greater blood distribution on either side. In discussing the question of skin temperature, he pointed out the fact that if you raise the hand, you get a lower skin temperature in the hand. He usually measures the temperature over the malar bone of the cheek find gets his temperature there. He thinks there is a great deal of very important work to be done on skin temperature in cases of skin paralysis and spinal cord paralysis.\nHo thinks the rectup may actually be lower than the mouth in certain cases, because the animal cannot shiver and keep up his temperature.","page":191},{"file":"p0192.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 Q\nWith regard to respiratory quotients, Pembrey 3ays if we found 0.7, than there is surely an 0.81 component and a 1.00 component, for always there is some carbohydrate combustion and protein combustion, or at least they are present. The diabetic or fasting man always has blood sugar.\nThus there must have been a low component,'lower than 0.7. He attacks the idea that 0.7 equals fat combustion and 1.00 carbohydrate combustion. J, personally, think this criticism is valid, that we have fallen into loose phraseology, and his point is well taken. He believes strongly in reversible ferment action, that is, that fat is surely formed from carbohydrate^, as with his well-fed marmot he got a respiratory quotient as high as 1.29.\nHe also believes there should be carbohydrate formed from fat, for he got with his marmot respiratory quotients as low as 0.3. I emphasized he must do the 0.3 to 0.5 respirat\u00f4ry quotient experiments with two independent methods for respiratory quotient. The Haldane weighing chamber method is his standard, but I suggested he ought to check it up on the Jaquet apparatus. He banks heavily on the Haldane method, using weighings. He has a very accurate Bullion balance and also uses a dummy or empty chamber for compensation. The air is first passed through the dummy. I feel that the weight of the chamber and marmot is large to get the slight weight differences he speaks of. I cannot believe that 0.3 is a correct respiratory quotient.\nPembrey thinks this new work of A. V. Hill on the \"oxygen debt\" should bo done on pure oxygen in a respiration chamber. Pembrey does not like the bicycle ergometor work. He says it \"fixes the chest\", and he also states that A. V. Hill has the same idea.\nHis work on the water given off from the skin by weighing with compensated chambers is illustrated in figure <5>0 . Here the two chambers balanced on the balance arm, and the tubes for ventilation are shown. I do not recall that any work lias been actually published in which this\napparatus was used. The large Glover meter used in some of his researches\nis 3hown in figure 8\\ , together with the electric motor and blower at the left His two chambers for weighing animals (I presume his marmot )","page":192},{"file":"p0193.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"! 9 'i\nFigure 80. The apparatus used by Professor Pembrey of . London for measuring the water vapor given off from the skin.\nThe two compensated chambers are shown on the balance arm, and the tubes for ventilation.","page":193},{"file":"p0194.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"194","page":194},{"file":"p0195.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"are shown in figure \u00cf\u00cfZ, which gives the idea that they are relatively large. Hence the errors involved in marmot work would be rather considerably. On the wall, hanging in back of Pombrey, are various tubes with Douglas bags for oxygen measurements.\nIt was an extraordinarily warm day in July when I was there, and the photograph of Professor Pembrey and myself, sitting in his office, was taken in rather negligee (see figure \u00a73 ).\nPembrey's whole method of work and training is working on soldiers, rough methods, with no ultra-refineraent, but \"get the general trend of the thing\" and let the details go. He apparently is much interested in earlier literature and states that John Hunter was not studied enough, as he should be. Pembrey had planned to work on babies. He had two chambers and a Bullion balance, with a Sturtevant blower and a Slover meter, but the whole system was broken up during the war. He is very anxious to work on a monster with no brain. He says they are not too rare, but such a horrible thing that they do not like to have them around in the hospital. According to the general theory a monster would have no \"heat center\".\nPembrey is one of the most stimulating men to talk with in England.\nHe is rather an uncut diamond in a way, and yet he is full of ideas, is very contentious, but a vory good man to argue and discuss with and has a very wide range of views on practically all subjects. A two days' sojourn at his home was most interesting and delightful. We came into contact with his family life and were able to talk with him in the leisure of the house. One of the finest things that Pembrey has done is the raising and educating of his very large family. Shis is such an unusual family that I am glad to include a photograph of the family group here (see figure ). This group shows the Pembrey family with Mrs. Benedict, but two of the family are missing, one being in France at the time and the other being in London.\nPembrey is looked upon as one of the most interesting members of the\nBritish Physiological Society, and at meetings where he is absent every","page":195},{"file":"p0196.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"196\nFigure 62. The two relatively large chambers used by Professor Pembrey for weighing animals.\nHanging on the wall, in back of Professor Pembrey, are various tubes with Douglas bags for oxygen measurements.","page":196},{"file":"p0197.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"T G ^\n? y i\nFigure 83. Professor Pembrey of Guy's Hospital Medical School, London, and F. G. B.","page":197},{"file":"p0198.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"one states that the discussion usually drags. I should Judge that Pembrey is looked upon somewhat as Waller was, as a contentious member who, however, always enlivens discussions by a fresh viewpoint, but is not to be taken too seriously.\nI got the general impression that Pembrey's active research is practically at an end. I think he has worked very hard, lie has had financial difficulties to bring up his large family, and has carried out research under very disadvantageous conditions- He still is full of ideas and suggestions, and he is a man that one could well spend several days with.\nBut it is doubtful if he personally carries on any further very extensive work. Although there has been an addition to the laboratory, it still bore evidence of being rather shabby and illy ordered. If, however, the government keeps on with its work on soldiers, Pembrey will be the ideal man for this purpose aid probably will continue his work rather extensively. Open, outdoor work, involving muscular exorcise and things of that kind is Just his field. I doubt if he does much more with gaseous metabolism, certainly with any form of respiration chamber, either with marmots or other animals. This is greatly to be deplored.\nLaboratory of the Medical Research Gouncil (Hampstead Heath).\nProfessor Leonard Hill, Dr. Dale, and hr. Ichuster.\nAt this organization, which was established since my last visit, Professor Leonard Hill, Dr. H. H. Dale, and Dr. 3. Schuster are working, among others. I was particularly interested of course in the work of Dr. Leonard Hill. I found him working in a large wind tunnel with a \"rolling platform\", what we erroneously call \"treadmill\", with an assistant who was running, and then studying the metabolism, the oxygen debt (according to A. V. Hill), and the temperature at different rates of running and with different wind velocities. They found themselves utterly unable to check up A. V. Hill\u2019s contentions, and Leonard Hill believes A. V. Hill must have instinctively on many occasions \"held his breath\" during these short periods","page":198},{"file":"p0199.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"of intense work when making these tests of oxygen debt. I found that two or three others are rather inclined to take the same view with him, that\nA. V. Hill undoubtedly has a momentary breath suspension, which results in these abnormal carbon-dioxide determinations and oxygen deficits.\nLeonard Hill wa3 still working with a kata-thermometer, and Dr. Schuster has built an electric recording kata-thermometer. Unfortunately I find that the more I investigate the kata-thermometer, the less I am inclined to think that one is dealing with a scientific instrument of precision.\nThus, Hill is reporting work upon a \u2019\u2019naked\" and a \"clothed\" kata-thermometer, meaning not a wet thermometer but one surrounded wi th some sort of fabric. Obviously the difficulty of approximating the clothed human skin is such as to make the use of this \"clothed\" kata very questionable in value.\nI went upon the roof with Hill, where he is working with ultra-violet light, and the rate with which they kill certain lower organisms, but I was not sufficiently instructed or interested to note more than the fact that the rate of death of the lower organisms is proposed by him as a method of estimating the amount of ultra-violet light present.\nHe also showed me how he measured high temperatures with black fur.\nHe had a cat fur which was jet black and by placing the thermometer in this fur, which lay right out on the roof, he got extremely high temperatures,\nI believe as high as 135\u00b0 p. on a day when the ordinary air temperature was about 90\u00b0 p.\nIn connection with the visit at the laboratory of the Medical Research Council, I was much impressed hy some experiments which Hill showed me on some rats that were being treated by a new tuberculosis vaccine, developed by Professor Dreyer of Oxford. Little was said about this, but some rats had been injected with tuberculosis sputum, had developed very bad abscesses in the axilla and groin, and then subsequently were treated with the vaccine. This vaccine depends upon the fact that Dreyer has devised a method of taking off the fatty coating of the bacteria, thus rendering their","page":199},{"file":"p0200.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"internal contents more available for serum\nSeemingly the results were\nastonishing. '.Then I was there, about the middle of July, they had succeeded in getting a large grant from the government to establish 50 beds in the hospital, where they were to have patients in the advanced stages of tuberculosis. These patients wore to sign off, so to speak, aqy possible damages as a result of the treatment and be tests of this treatment. The general atmosphere in this hospital seemed to be that they were on the verge of something quite extraordinary in the treatment of tuberculosis.","page":200},{"file":"p0201.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Oxford, Sngland.\n0 i\nUniversity of Oxford (Physiological Laboratory).\nThe British Physiological Oociety.\nProfessor Sherrington and Dr. Douglas.\n'7e attended the nesting of the British Physiological Society at Oxford, held in the laboratory of Sir Charles Sherrington, who personally showed us some of the things in the laboratory and particularly its general layout. The meeting was very well attended and the papers and discussions were very stimulating. One could only wish that we had a similar organization in America, that could meet with regularity, for it could not but be helpful.\nOne of the most striking things from the standpoint of metabolism I heard of at Oxford was the fact that each student in the Department of Physiology at Oxford is trained to have sufficient proficiency with the Haldane gas analysis apparatus to make metabolism measurements on \u25a0\u2022mother student, i.e., analyze expired air, etc., using the Douglas bag ;md the gas analysis apparatus. Furthermore Professor Leonard Hill, who had recently been examining there for the Oxford people, told me those men had much more than a superficial knowledge and had really acquired a good knowledge of the U3e of the Haldane. This struck me as being a monumental task and one could only compliment very highly indeed Dr. Gordon Douglas, who had charge of this phase of the instruction. Subsequently Douglas told me the men really surprised him in the proficiency they acquired, '/hen I think of the difficulty wo have here with young people in acquiring the technique, it seems quite surprising that these men with other duties on hand could do it.\nThe laboratory is rather old and did not seem at all modern or well\nadaptedIfor research work, and yet of course a great deal is done there.\n7e could not see Dr. Haldane's private laboratory, for unfortunately they were in the mid3t of a scarlet fever epidemic with the children. Also to","page":201},{"file":"p0202.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"had the great misfortune not to he able to see Professor Dreyer of the Department of Pathology, for he was in London on committee work that very day and his new work on the tuberculosis vaccine was occupying a great deal of his time. It was a very great pleasure to me, however, to see many of the English physiologists at this meeting of the British Physiological Society. There was a very large attendance and opportunity was had to discuss many points with different specialists.","page":202},{"file":"p0203.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Cambridge, England.\nDepartment of Biochemistry at the Addenbrooke Hospital.\nProfessor \u00dc. G. L. Wolf.\nOn my visit to Cambridge unfortunately Professor F. Gowan Hopkins was away, but we saw Professor C. G. L. Wolf, formerly at the Cornell University Medical College in New York and now in charge of the laboratory at the Addenbrooke Hospital. He had a Tissot type of respiration apparatus and was doing gas analysis with the Haldane gas analysis apparatus. One got the impression that Dr. Wolf was distinctly falling backwards in his scientific work and becoming more or less a routinist for routine urine and gaseous metabolism measurements. It seemed a great pity that this man of superabundant energy and very widely read should be more or less degenerating into a routinist. One got the impression that he was not fully content with the experience there and yet his own private laboratory in a nearby building was very well equipped and he had a very good assistant. One got the distinct impression that the war had left him very much upset in his plans, as it has so many others.\nA photograph was taken of Dr. Wolf at his desk in the Addenbrooke Hospital (see figure#^ ) and another photograph (see figure ) taken on the lawn at their estate, South Acre, Cambridge, showing the family group Dr. and Mrs. Wolf and their three daughters (the son was away), F. G. B, and Mrs. Benedict.\nA visit at Dr. Wolf\u2019s delightful home brought out many interesting side lights, but the general impression remains that Wolf is through with constructive work. It is a great pity.","page":203},{"file":"p0204.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 85. Br. o. 5. L. Wolf of the Department of Biochemistry at the Addenbrooke Hospital, Cambridge, Slngland.\nFigure 86. Sngland.\nThe family of Dr. C. G. L. Wolf of Cambridge,","page":204},{"file":"p0205.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"The Cambridge School of Agriculture.\nDr. Capstick, Dr. Deighton, and. Mr, Morgan\nThe main object of our visit to Cambridge was to see the calorimeter begun by A. V. Hill and completed by Capstick in the agricultural building. This apparatus is an extraordinarily accurate calorimeter. There are as yet absolutely no provisions for ga3 analysis, either oxygen, carbon dioxide, or methane, but only heat. The water is determined by wet and dry bulb thermometers in the ingoing and outgoing air. The fact that the water must be reasonably well detemined, however, is borne out by the fact that the alcohol check experiments published by Cap3tick are very accurate.\nThe calorimeter is a huge affair with an enormous mass of metal.\nA very indistinct, unsatisfactory photograph (see figureS/) was taken by means of a piece of burning, metallic magnesium ribbon, but this photograph gives an idea of the construction of the chamber, the grating at the rear, the trough for the pig to feed out of at the left, and the heat absorbing pipes at the top. There is also a large coil of very heavy lead pipe outside of the can, of which Mr. Capstick complained a great deal, owing to the mass of metal. A photograph of the front of the calorimeter, with the door closed, is given in figure SI?. This view shows the heavy insulated construction of the door and the air pipes leading into the chamber, with two thermometers for wet and dry bulbs. It was extremely difficult to photograph this apparatus, owing to the laboratory room.\nFigures ^ and \u00b0\\0 are photographs taken at the rear of the chamber, showing the manometer for indicating the flow of air through the chamber,\na recording photographic registration apparatus below, indicating manometric pressures, and various other physical connections for the thermo elements and resistance thermometers. The ventilating blower is seen at the extreme left, lower corner, in figure","page":205},{"file":"p0206.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"9\n06\nFigure 87. The calorimeter of Hill and. Capstick at the Cambridge School of Agriculture.\nThis photograph is very indistinct, but gives an idea of the construction of the chamber, the grating at the rear, the trough for the pig to feed out of at the left, and the heat absorbing pipes at the top.","page":206},{"file":"p0207.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"- \u25a0\nFigure 88. Front view of the calorimeter of Hill and Gapstick, with the door closed.\nThis view shows the heavy insulated construction of the door and the air pipes leading into the chamber, with two thermometers for wet and dry bulbs.","page":207},{"file":"p0208.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 89\u00bb A photograph taken at the rear of the Capstick calorimeter, showing the manometer for indicating the flow of air through the chamber, a recording photographic registration apparatus below to indicate manometric pressure, and various other physical connections for the thermo elements and resistance thermometers. At the extreme left, lower corner, is seen the ventilating blower.","page":208},{"file":"p0209.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure90. Another view of the rear of the Capstick calorimeter, showing the apparatus for indicating pressure and various physical connections for thermo elements and resistance thermometers.","page":209},{"file":"p0210.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"The door of the calorimeter is a heavy, double, insulated door, and the whole thing partakes of the nature of a Simon-pure, physical apparatus for measuring the heat from some source. Capstick uses the electrical method with \"thread recorder\" for getting continuous records of the ingoing and outgoing air and water temperature, and he has applied all the principles of physics to this apparatus with a very high degree of accuracy.\nHe lias two very clever assistants, a Dr. Thomas Deighton and a Mr. Morgan, who looks after the animals. Deighton made a very good impression upon U3, Morgan seems a very serious, capable man. A group photograph (see figured ) was taken at the rear corner of the chamber, about on the spot where the views in figures \u00a7 1 and ? 0 were taken. Gapstick is seated, Dr. Deighton is at the left in the rear, and Mr. Morgan is at the right. One sees here also various registration devices at the right hand side, which represents the left wall of the calorimeter as one faces the entrance door.\nGapstick is a remarkable personality. He is a man of independent means and had been a \"reader in physics\". He then apparently lost all interest in teaching and research, and lived the life of a retired gentleman, occupying a suite of rooms in Trinity College. Many years later he became intensely interested in this calorimeter problem as a purely physical thing, after which he bent every effort to perfect it and has now a highly accurate instrument.\nHis experiments thus far have been chiefly with a pig. They began with a small, young pig, and carried him on until he got too large to put in the chamber. They had numerous curves showing the heat evolved","page":210},{"file":"p0211.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 91. A group photograph taken at the rear corner of the Oapstick calorimeter, showing Capstick seated, and his two assistants, Dr. Deighton standing at the left, and Mr. Morgan at the right.","page":211},{"file":"p0212.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u00b01\nfrom this pig at different stages of growth. They had no record of body temperature and no record of activity. The animal was kept in perfect darkness, hut had caused great difficulty in scratching around and clawing certain parts of the apparatus, and they had had to put in some iron grids. I could not hut think it seemed a groat waste of time to have all these experiments, many of them all night experiments, without determining the accompanying gaseous metabolism. But Gapstick very emphatically said, \"I do not want to bother with gaseous metabolism.\nI do not want to do gas analysis. I had my experience with gas analysis years ago, and never Want to touch it again\". I pointed out to him it would he absolutely essential for him to do this before the values would have the physiological significance that could properly be expected.\nIt seems to be a general feeling among the people in Cambridge that I talked with, that Cap\u2019stick is an A-l physicist, but has only a secondary and perfunctory interest in physiology. This seemed unfortunate, but I was quite interested to see that he had the same view toward the general, combined work on general metabolism and heat production that IToyons had, namely, first develop your calorimeter to the highest degree of perfection and then at some remote time, without any great hurry and worry, stick on the gaseous metabolism measurements. I feel quite sure that this principle is entirely wrong, and they will run up against very serious snags in adapting their apparatus to gaseous metabolism measurements later.\nThe man at the head of the Cambridge School of Agriculture is Professor T. B. Wood. I secured a group photograph (see figured) showing Lr. Gapstick seated at the left and Professor T. B. Wood at the right, with Hr. llorgan standing at the left and Dr. Deighton at the right.\nOi","page":212},{"file":"p0213.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 92\u2022 A group of investigators at the Cambridge School of Agriculture. Mr. Capstick is seated at the left and Professor T. B. '7ood at the right; standing, at the left Mr. Morgan, and at the right Dr. heighten.","page":213},{"file":"p0214.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND\nRowett Institute for Animal Research.\nDirector J. B. Orr.\nAfter a great deal of difficulty and unnecessary complications, in which one engagement was cancelled and the other secured only with difficulty, 1 made a special trip from Edinburgh to Aberdeen to see this Institute. The institute had been in correspondence with the Nutrition Laboratory and the Carnegie Institution of V/ashington directly, and on\u00ae of thei former workers, Dr. Rosedale, had paid a visit to the Nutrition Laboratory, so we were more than ordinarily interested in seeing what was the nature of the equipment they had on hand. The building is very modem, new in fact. There is nothing whatsoever in the nature of respiration work there, except that Orr stated ho had a mask that he could attach to a goat and determine the gaseous metabolism (and he was jJerfectly certain the mask wa3 tight). He also had made certain tentative provisions for respiration work later on in the general design of the rooms. The stalls for feeding experiments were admirable and very clean, and the method for handling the feeds and especially the special diets was all that could be asked for.\nThe library, as planned for, ought to be very good ultimately. At present of course there are relatively few books.,\nI got very little indeed out of my visit to Aberdeen, Perhaps the most important information that I got was in the discussion with Orr of the vitamine research, which was sweeping through Europe, I found Orr to be an intense \u201danti-vitamine\" nan, so it was rather good to get a little leavening into the large mass of vitamine dough that had been rising for several months. Orr was working on vitamines but was very caustically critical of 80 per cent of the vitamine work published. He believes that a vast amount of the work on vitamines is very, very poor, indeed worthless.\nHe claims the diets are not properly controlled, the conditions are not","page":214},{"file":"p0215.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"properly controlled, and in many instances the people are working with not one variable but several. He believes that many of the changes ascrib-able to vitamines could be wholly explained by the actual changes in diet given at the same time. I did not go into details with him, but simply made a memorandum that here was a man who was very strongly opposed to a great deal of vitamine work, although himself working on the problem.\nGlasgow, Scotland.\nUniversity of Glasgow!Physiological Laboratory).\nProfessor G. P. Gathcart.\nProfessor Gathcart,, who unfort unate ly was to leave town the next day, showed us about the laboratory and gave us a very good idea of what had been going on. He was very much interested, of course, in the nutrition Laboratory experiences since he had left, so much of the time was occupied in discussing past history. He did, however, have sufficient opportunity to see the equipment of the laboratory, its teaching equipment, and particularly the research rooms where he is working on muscular work and his gas analysis room, where his very clever assistant, Miss Bedale, is working.\nI was able to secure several good photographs, particularly showing a new ergometer that Ur. Gathcart had devised and was using rather extensively in much of his work. This ergometer can be used either with man\u2019s feet or legs. One photograph (see figure ^-3) shows Dr. Gathcart seated at his ergometer, with the two handles in front of him. Figure 1/also shows him seated at the machine, in a somewhat different pose. This is\na very characteristic and excellent likeness of him. Details of the ergometer are shown best in figure 73~. Here in the immediate foreground are the treadles, which may be used for either knee or foot action. In the rear, on the table, one sees the several photographic registration devices. Figure^ is another view of the ergometer. At the right in the foreground are the knee action pedals, while in the background, right back of the","page":215},{"file":"p0216.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O\n7 \u00a3\nFigure 93. Professor U. P. Cathcart of the University ' of Glasgow, seated at his ergometer.\nliani.J","page":216},{"file":"p0217.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 95. Details of the ergometer of Professor Gathcart, shov/ing the treadles for either knee or foot action.\nIn the rear, on the table are several devices for photographic registration.","page":217},{"file":"p0218.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O\n-C/\n18\nFigure 96. Another view of Professor Cathcart's ergometer.\nAt the right, in the foreground., are the knee action pedals.\nIn the Background, back of the handle levers, on the floor, are two small treadles for ankle action. At the extreme left, in the rear, is Gathcart's device for studying leverage in shop work.","page":218},{"file":"p0219.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"handle levers, on the floor, are two small treadles for ankle action somewhat like the pedals of the player piano or organ. At the extreme left in the rear one sees his device for studying leverage in shop work, the details of which are shown in the very poor photograph in figure\u201c?/.\nA view taken from the rear of the bicycle ergometer shows the chain drive and dynamometers with the handles at the left (see figure?^). l>r. Gathcart is very much impressed with this apparatus. He thinks that it has a great deal of possibilities in studying muscular work, and in his hands it doubtless has. I did not have an opportunity to study it accurately, but I heard it spoken of very well by a number of people.\nxhe tremendous rush of teaching, which had sadly handicapped all the English research laboratories, was still on, so that Gathcart had only a fraction of M3 time for research work. He had one very interesting research person as subject, who was capable of eating almost anything for an indefinite length of time, and he told some almost incredible tales of this man*3 prowess in the line of eating special diets.\nGathcart is very critical and a very good man to talk with. He has many ideas, is very positive in his statements, and quite like Pembrey in many ways, but of course, being younger, has much more initiative, and if he could be relieved of any appreciable amount of his teaching, I am sure he would accomplish a great deal of research. He has changed very little since he was in America in 1912, and it seemed quite like old days to see him again.\nGathcart states that Pembrey is not to be taken seriously. \u00efhis is particular significant, inasmuch as Pembrey had been very recently at Gathcart*s^ examining for him.\nI discussed with him extensively the matter of gas analysis, and found he was very urgent and very strong on the use of potassium pyrogallate. Ho emphasized all of the features that are commonly emphasized, namely,\nthat the pyrogallic acid must be free from alcohol, that it should be aged,","page":219},{"file":"p0220.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"p on\n-O Xf\nX\nFigure 97. Details of Professor Cathcart\u2019s device for studying leverage in shop -work.","page":220},{"file":"p0221.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"0^1\nAw -w I\n\u2022 Figure 98. A view, taken from the rear, of the bicycle > ergometer of Professor Gathcart, showing the chain drive and dynamometers, with the handles at the left.","page":221},{"file":"p0222.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"r> r^f>\n-<~w 4*\u00ab\netc., many of which points I>r. Qarpenter is now, as a result of his own personal experience, Quite inclined, to doubt* It was very interesting to bring back to Dr. Carpenter the impression of the Cathcart laboratory.\nThere is one thing very certain, that is that Miss Bedale is an extraordinarily good analyst and is probably as good as Dr. Cathcart says she is, comparing her with the corps of young lady analysts that he developed here. Miss Bedale's results are fully to be trusted. 1 found she had been doing a very nice piece of work upon the energy expenditure and food requirements of children at school, a copy of which she kindly sent to the Nutrition Laboratory.\nOn the whole, the laboratory seemed to be very strongly imbued with a spirit ot research, again with a distinct tendency for muscular work problems, and any one contemplating the development of work physiology must certainly hold this laboratory in very high respect and keep in touch with its output.","page":222},{"file":"p0223.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Hospital for Tick \u00fchilclren.\nLaboratory of Dr\u00ab George Fleming and Dr. Leonard Findlay.\nO O\n'--.v\t\u25a0 >\nIn the Hospital for Sick Children, the largest infant\u2019s hospital in Glasgow, we found Dr. Fleming (who was in America in my absence), a most delightful host and a most stimulating man to talk with. His metabolism work with children had long attracted attention, indeed it was spoken of in various places in Durope, and I was very glad to inspect not only the hospital, which was superbly arranged, but particularly his respiration apparatus which is practically a model of the respiration apparatus used by Dr. Talbot and myself. Of this apparatus I took several photographs.\nThe apparatus was in a rather difficult room to photograph in, so I got only sections of the apparatus with different photographs. Thus, in figure ^ one sees the top of the chamber and the spirometer, and the corner of the absorber table, with the balance in the rear. One can see that the chamber is essentially on the design of the chamber of Dr. Talbot and myself. The spirometer is a huge affair. One cannot understand how they can have such a large outer jacket and a relatively small bell.\nFigure IOO shows the details of the absorber table, the soda-limo bottles and. Williams bottles, with just a corner of the blower shown below. The end of the respiration chamber is seen at the extreme right. The apparatus is very well constructed. Finally, by going in one corner of the room, I was able to secure in figure IOl a little greater perspective view of the end of the table, showing the corner of the respiration chamber at the left, and the entire table and the preliminary respiration apparatus chamber, with which he did 3ome work, at the right. This is made of galvanized iron, while the final chamber was made of copper. One cannot see them well, but on the wall are pasted a number of kymograph curves illustrating activity of the children under various conditions of\nrepose","page":223},{"file":"p0224.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"024\n'fhe top of the chamber and the spirometer are shown, as well as a corner of the absorber table and the balance in the\nrear","page":224},{"file":"p0225.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O O\"\n>\nFigure 100. Details of the absorber table used in connection with Dr. Fleming\u2019s respiration chamber for children.\nThe soda-lime and Williams bottles are shown, and a corner of the blower below. At the extreme right one can see the end of the respiration chamber.","page":225},{"file":"p0226.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"o o r:\nFigure 101. Another view of the absorber table used in connection with Dr. Fleming's respiration chamber for children.\nAt the left is seen a corner of the respiration chamber.\nThe entire absorber table is shown near the center of the photograph, and at the right is a respiration chamber with which Dr. Fleming did some preliminary work. On the wall are kymograph curves illustrative of the activity of the children studied.","page":226},{"file":"p0227.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"oo7\ni-w \u2022'-*-< s\nDr. Fleming was having difficulty in closing his soda-lime bottles, but I was able to help him on that. He had a very fine set of brass couplings instead of the ordinary garden hose couplings, couplings that had come from some war salvaged material. His chauffeur was acting as his technical assistant. The whole equipment impressed me very well indeed, and the extreme care and caution that Dr. Fleming used in all his work speaks for the highest degree of accuracy. He is very much interested in problems of rickets and marasmus, since they have a great deal of it in Glasgow. He lays a great deal of stress upon the expected weight of children and the relation of the actual weight at the time they come to the hospital for treatment. This ecpected. weight curve is, in his judgment, of very great importance.\nDr. Findlay we saw only at Dr. Fleming's house and had only general conversation with him, but he also impressed us as a very capable man and full of ideas. Apparently he and Fleming work in perfect accord, which of course is ideal in a hospital of this kind. 7/e were delightfully entertained by Dr. Fleming, and I had the privilege of taking two photographs of those most entertaining men at the breakfast table, showing in both instances Dr. Fleming at the left .and Dr. Findlay at the right.(See figures lo^ and /\u00b02> ).\nEdinburgh, 3cotland.\nInternational \u00fcongress of Physiology.\nAlthough the visit to Glasgow and Aberdeen followed the International Congress of Physiology, description of the Congress has been deferred until this point, ureat interest had been taken in this Congress since, while it was originally planned to be an international congress with all nations participating, in the last congress at Paris (the one reported by Professor Milos), the Germans were not invited and on our tour we heard a great deal\nof discussion pro and con as to the feasibility of holding an international","page":227},{"file":"p0228.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"- Figura 102. Dr. Fleming (at the left) and Dr. Findlay (at the right) of the Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Scotland.\nFigure 103. Another view of Dr. Fleming and Dr. Findlay of the Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Scotland.\nDr. Fleming is at the left and Dr. Findlay at the right.","page":228},{"file":"p0229.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"congress a3 early as this, particularly in view of the very irritating situation which had developed in the Ruhr district. In Paris of course we heard very strong opposition to the Congress. Indeed, it was stated that the French would not attend, but subsequently three did attend with no untoward results.\nAn example of the extremes to which these international complications can develop, even in the innermost circles of scienfitic laboratories, was the rather bitter opposition expressed in Paris to Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer-for having invited the Germans, it being stated that he was himself a German, German born, and that he had invited the Germans on his own responsibility with^consulting anybody else. I was very glad to point out the fact that, in the first place, he could not be German born or a German citizen, because no one is knighted in England who is not British born, and furthermore that Sir Edward Sharpey-Gchafer had lost two sons during the war and to my knowledge was by no means pro-German.\nAll along the line this matter of the International Congress kept coming up, and we finally heard that, due to the instigation of Professors Fredericq and Heger, who, as Belgians, took the invitation of the Germans particularly to heart, the French and Belgian Scientific Societies had passed resolutions, if not forbidding, at least strongly opposing the attendance of any of their members at this Congress. It so happened that finally Professor Richet attended and gave an address at the Congress, also Dr. Laugier of his laboratory, and Dr. Tiffeneau. From Belgium Professor Noyons of Louvain (who, however, was a Dutch citizen) attended.\nThe mastefMlwway in which this Congress was managed under the most delicate international complexities speaks volumes for the personal character and ability of Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer, the president. It was a triumph of international diplomacy. The Germans were invited, but Sir Edward asked a vote of the British Physiological Society as to whether\nhe should or should not invite then, and I was told there was a unanimous","page":229},{"file":"p0230.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O O\n, s\nvote that they should be invited. He did not, I understand, confer with the International Physiological Committee, and on this particular point there may be some theoretical grounds for criticism, but I believe it has not been customary to call this committee together on anything other than to decide the place of the final meeting.\nOn our tour we Kept hearing of different individuals who were to attend, and it was a matter of a great deal of personal satisfaction that I heard subsequently in Edinburgh several, who attended, state that had it not been for my own personal urging and setting forth, so far as I knew, the program, they would not have attended. This was particularly the case v/ith several Oe mans.\n\"Then the Congress began, it was found that about 25 Hermans had accepted and had attended. The difficulties which they had to go through in accepting this invitation may be in part realized when it is told that six of them came from Hamburg to Newcastle on a coal steamer, to save expenses. Others told me it would bo uttorly impossible for them to come because the expense of the trip to and from Edinburgh would cost them more than a quarter of a year's salary. Perhaps one of the most magnificent things that I heard of in Europe was the fact that every Gorman who was invited, received a personal invitation from some private individual in Edinburgh to be his guest during the Gongress. Secondly, all the Germans were offered and I think practically all accepted a sum amounting to about 3 English pounds, to help in travel expenses. V/hen one realizes that hardly a house in Edinburgh has not lost some one of its imnediate family as a result of the war, the forbearance in inviting these men to their houses as guests is marvellous and well worthy of consideration by the world at large.\nIt is interesting to state, furthermore, that the Germans who attended wero most enthusiastic and appreciative of ?/hat had been done for them.\nAs I heard one Goman say, \"'7e have been entertained almost to the limit","page":230},{"file":"p0231.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"of endurance. We have been over fed and over wined and shown every hospitality possible\u201d. I did not hear one discontented note throughout the entire Congress from a German except Frank of Munich, who is notorious as a discontented, complaining individual. On one morning I found him tearing about the corridors of one of the buildings, complaining bitterly because hi3 lantern slides would not fit. He said, \"My lantern slides are German, They are the wrong size. They are all wrong. Gverything German is wrong\u201d. I joked with him with regard to the fact that he was getting unduly excited and I was perfectly certain Professor Barger, who had charge of these affairs, would provide him with a suitable slide carrier, which was of course done. Any one who knows Frank would know this was a common state of mind with him.\nI also heard not one word of unfriendly criticism with regard to the presence of the Germans, except, I am very sorry to say, in the case of Dr. Gathcart from whom for the first time in my European tour I heard the words \u201dBoche\u201d and \u201dHun\u201d. I found subsequently, however, that this was cuite common in Glasgow and Gathcart was simply using the natural phraseology of Glasgow scientific circles.\nThe appearance of Professor Richet was also an international triumph. Although Professor Richet had early signified his intention of attending, as indeed he was almost in honor bound to do, having been the last president in Paris, I was told with every degree of conviction by Professor Heger in Brussels on the last day of June that Richet certainly would not attend the Congress. It may or may not be significant that Dr. Laugier, who wa3 the Chef des Travaux Physiologiques in the Sorbonne, was from Richet\u2019s laboratory, but Tiffeneau was the professor in the College of Medicine in Paris. Professor Tiffeneau wa3 present with\nMadam Tiffeneau,","page":231},{"file":"p0232.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"090\nIn looking through the list of members, one finds, however, other Frenchmen registered. I had no means of knowing how mag/ of these attended, but undoubtedly more than the three I have cited. The important thing is, if no Frenchman but Richet had come, it was sufficient to break the evil spell, so to speak, and the general concensus of opinion was that the French had made a great mistake in their action. It is quite comparable to the mistake made in the foolish patriotic resolution of a body of physicians in the Rhineland, of whom Professor Abderhalden spoke, who had voted not to treat medically either French or Belgians. The important point is that no one noted the absence of the French and it ceased very shortly to become a subject of conversation.\nThe meetings were all characterized by a marvellous harmony, considering the rather smoldering discontent and uncertainty that had been going on all through the year. A very tactful selection of presiding officers was made for various sections, so^here was a sprinkling of all\nS\nnationalities v/ith, if anything, a little larger proportion of Germans than others, there being frequently two or three Germans in the course of a morning session. The German representatives were an excellent group, representing physiology in Germany. Their own papers were well presented.\nThere was no undue humility or undue pride. Everything was as natural and as delightful as could be imagined.\nThe feature of the opening was the masterly address of Professor ISacLeod of Toronto on insulin. Two other general addresses also attracted a great deal of attention, one given on one afternoon by Professor Richet and the other by Professor Pawlow of Russia. Richet\u2019s address was, in a sense, rather unfortunate, because it brought in rather strongly some of his ideas with regard to spiritualism. One illustration that he used, however, could not but appeal to every scientific person, no matter how sceptical\u00bb Richet spoke about the fact there were a great many vibrations\nor currents going on about us all the time, of -which we are entirely","page":232},{"file":"p0233.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"/ . <, \",\nunaware. He said, for example, \"Nobody would for a moment state that there is any music going on in this hall, and yet if one had a wireless set properly attuned, one could without doubt pick up music from various broadcasting stations throughout the world\". It seemed to me this point was admirably well taken. Pawlow\u2019s address on the last day of the Congress v/as read in English by his sou. He reported 30me marvellous experiments on his reflex work, practically pointing to the transfer of generation to generation in rats of some acquired characteristics in the shape of certain reflexes.\n\"he demonstrations were very well arranged in the several lecture rooms and laboratories, and one room, Professor Sha^ey-Schafer's own lecture room, was devoted to motion pictures. Unfortunately the Nutrition Laboratory\u2019s motion pictures could not be used, for the instrument wa3 not the proper size for projection, \"he films shown wore the film of Dr. Krogh (already shown at the Nutrition Laboratory), the film of Sutherland Simpson from Cornell depicting some of his thyroidectomized sheep, and a rather poor and certainly technically unconvincing, if not grotesque, film by Voronoff on some of his gland transplantations.\nProfessor Prank made, to my mind, a rather unsuccessful attempt to project stereoscopically movements of the heart, using a small form of eye-sh\u00e4de that he thought would produce a stereoscopic effect.- This I think fell rather flat.\nThere were a very large number of papers. The sections were handled fairly well, although there were a number of instances where obviously speakers attempted to appropriate too much time, notably, Dr. Murlin, who 3poke for over one hour one morning, much to the disgust of everybody and with the transmission of a relatively small amount of useful information. The presiding officer, Dr. Krogh, was wholly inadequate to compete with the disposition to appropriate time by several speakers.\nAs is common in a Congress like this, some of the most important,","page":233},{"file":"p0234.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u2018>Q 1\nbest results wore obtained by personal conferences outside of the lecture room with various members of the Congress, and this was particularly the case with me. I found a great many old and new friends with whom matters could be talked over, and we were especially fortunate in being at the same hotel with Professor and lira. IJoyons, and hence could carry on our scientific conversations so delightfully begun at Louvain.\nPerhaps one of the most striking features of the Congress was the large percentage of new, active younger men. Of course one saw the \"grosse Piere\", as Professor Starling very aptly put it, such as Richet,\nPawlow, Rubner, Johansson, and others, but the coming younger men were also, to me, very stimulating indeed. Phe presence of Liljestrand, and Vercar, young Zwaardemaker, and Iloyons, to mention only a few of a great many, lent a vivacity to the Congress that was undeniable.\nAt the last meeting, when there was a discussion as to whore the next Congress would be held, we had an excellent speech from Professor Carlson of Chicago, who strongly urged America, but very tactfully requested Americans not to vote, and the greetings to Professor Charpey-Cchafer, particularly the speech of Johansson, were a delight to hear.\nProfessor Johansson is a nan who never fails to astonish one. Here at this public meeting he rose, and with marvellously wall chosen English and with a pronunciation free from any foreign accent, made one of the most charming speeches any one could possibly listen to. Altogether the Congress closed in the utmost harmony, with the feeling not only that 3cionce had profit\u00ead /ery much indeed, but particularly that international amities had marvellously advanced.\nAfter the Congress, there wa3 one day\u2019s excursion to Lock Lomond, which practically amounted to a continuation of the Congress, for one had opportunity to talk to many of the young people,\n?he arrangements throughout were all that could possibly be expected,\nthanks to the marvellous management of Professor Jleakins and Professor Barger","page":234},{"file":"p0235.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"the latter being an unusually good linguist who could nahe announcements in either French, German, English, or indeed Dutch, for that matter, without error. For the most part the weather was very propitious, except the day for the excursion. But one could hardly imagine a more perfect gathering all around. Personally I received a great deal of stimulus and innumerable suggestions, and above all a belief that the most extensive and best founded advancement for international amities could well cone from scientific societies.\nOn the Monday following the Congress we had the great privilege of going to Professor Sharpey-Schafer\u2019s new house at North Berwick and spending the day there with him and his family. Mhis was doubly pleasant for us, for we met Professor Kossel, who had been spending the week end with them, and also Professor Ishihafa from Japan. I took occasion to secure a number of photographs, which illustrate this celebrated savant, Sharpey-Schafer, just after the Congress, and these are of more than personal interest. Figure l\u00b01 was taken in his library and figure (06~also in his library but at a little greater distance.\tOut on the lawn figures !0G\nto lOSr were taken, Figure / <> <o shows from left to right Mrs. Benedict,\nMiss Geraldine Sharp ay- Schaf o r, Lady Sharpey\u00ae Schafer, and Sir Edward Sharpe\u00ff-Schafer. Figure 10'/ shows from left to right Mrs. Benedict,\nMiss Geraldine Sharpoy-Schafer, F. G. B., aid Lady and Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer. Finally, a somewhat closer view in figure \\08r shows Sir Edward Sharpoy-Schafer, Lady Sharjiey-Schaf er, and Mrs. Benedict.","page":235},{"file":"p0236.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"2 26\nFigure 104 Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer of Edinburgh, Scotland, who was President of the Eleventh International Physiological Gongrees.\nFigure 105. Another view of Sir Edward Sharpey-Sehaf\u00f4r of Edinburgh.","page":236},{"file":"p0237.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"9Q1\nFigure 106. Mrs. Benedict, Miss Geraldine Shai-psy-Sehafer, Lady Sharpey-Schafer, and Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer.\nFigure 107. Mrs. Benedict, Miss Geraldine Sharpey-Schafer, Dr. Benedict, Lady Sharpey-Schafer, and Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer.","page":237},{"file":"p0238.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"0 9C\nr %\nFigure 108. Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer, Lady Sharpey-Schafer, and Mrs. Benedict.","page":238},{"file":"p0239.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"CONCLUSION.\nThe problem of making a tour about Europe so soon after the war and with many of the countries still financially and scientifically disorganized seemed to be rather questionable at the start, but I am quite convinced that, taking everything into consideration, the trip was a most successful one, perhaps the most successful one that I have ever had. It was also the hardest. Travelling is not ideal. The police and customs frontier examinations and the pass requirements are very vigorous and trying. But one felt, in the first place, one could see what adversity could produce and thus instill a feeling of humility and conservatism in estimating one's own accomplishments under conditions that might be considered ideal.\nSecondly, one could bring from country to country news as to the exact happenings and the exact temper of scientific people and in many ways smooth out small scientific and international entanglements. Finally, the inspiration derived from such an affair as the International Congress at Edinburgh, with its very far seeing effect upon international amities, was nothing more nor less than magnificent. To have missed such a Congress would have been a very great loss to any one.","page":239},{"file":"z0002.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u00bbit<\u25a0; - [.......-*\u2014\u25a0\u201c\n\u2022 \u2022;* \u2022\nn\u00ab:\u2018\t%* ,-\u00ff;\u25a0??\u25a0\u2022'\t\u2022/..\t\\\t;\u2019\u25a0\tJ,\n3*\u00bb-\nf '. \u25a0\u2022 fr; -\n-, \" \u00a3- \u25a0\n. S\u00e4.: \u00ab\u2022&&#\u00bb\t. 4\nW &\t' *\u00ab..\n'\u25a0 \u25a0'\u2022\u00ab fe\u00c4fi\n'i1 *\t> (f\nSi |pk\nS\u00abi\u00bb\nr '\u2022\u2022 *A \u2019 -\n\u2014i\u2014\n\n\u2018 SS 1 V\" \u00aby T\n;T $\nr,V.;r *\n' -\t' \u00e0#. <\u2022>-$;- - ^ # *r* / A ?\u25a0 .,\t. ,-\nV . - S*\tk*V * * : r&\nM . \u2022ft-*,*'- gpfg i\u00bb .\n\n? V Ay'vyf~r^ A t\t4'\n-** '-. -\t' \u2022' V: loti\nL \\\t\u2018 V v\u2018\"'V\ngal |||:\t||| \u00bbJll\n\u2019ASSIS\nU igi li& vf^iy | !\nI I \u2018 l\u201c * ! < 1 I 1\t:\n111mm14;4\"it \u00a3 I\nA-:AAt\t: \u2018\u2018A.jsrAiA\nH\nHHeH","page":0}],"identifier":"lit39747","issued":"1907-1933","language":"en","title":"Reports of Visits to Foreign Laboratories, vol. 4 (1923) [Illustrated Typoscript in 7 volumes] Reproduced with the kind permission of Dr. Cecil E. Leith","type":"Manuscript","volume":"4"},"revision":0,"updated":"2022-01-31T12:59:12.651305+00:00"}