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{"created":"2022-01-31T12:55:49.171677+00:00","id":"lit39748","links":{},"metadata":{"contributors":[{"name":"Benedict, Francis Gano","role":"author"}],"fulltext":[{"file":"a0003.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":":SM : re<s-\n","page":0},{"file":"a0005.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I liiiiijr jnnnwiii","page":0},{"file":"a0006.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"T\nREPORT OF A VISIT TO FOREIGN LABORATORIES JULY 1926 TO JANUARY 1927\n\nBy\nFrancis G. Benedict\n\n\nNutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington\nBoston, Massachusetts 1927\nJ","page":0},{"file":"a0006verso.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"jp) y c h i y \u00ab S\n& A\nV e / *","page":0},{"file":"a0007contents.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ITINERARY AND INDEX\nCity\nGotheborg\nLapland\nStockholm\nLund\nCopenhagen\nInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPage\nIntroduction\t\t1\n\tWassen\t3\n\tLaurell\t3\nA short tour in a bit of Lapland\t\t5\nXllth International Physiological Congress\t\t17\n\tSonden\t29\nNobel Institute\tArrhenius\t31\nAgricultural College\tEdin\t32\nClinic of Petren\tMalmros\t33\n\tEnghoff\t43\n\tPetren\t53\nKarolinska University\t\t\nPhysiological Institute\tThunberg\t55\nDepartment of Medicine and Physiol-\tWidmark\t60\nogical Chemistry\t\t\nGeneral conclusions with regard to Lund\t\t61\nUniversity of Copenhagen\tA. Krogh\t62\nLaboratory of Zoophysiology\tM. Krogh\t62\n\tHagedorn\t67\nCarlsberg Laboratory\t\t\nDepartment of Biochemistry\tSorensen\t68\nUniversity of Copenhagen\t\t\nLaboratory for the Physiology of Gym-\tLindhard\t70\nnastics\t\t\nAgricultural Experiment Station\t\t\nDepartment of Physiology\tMjillgaard\t71","page":0},{"file":"a0008.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPage\nMunich\tUniversity of Munich\tF. Muller\t75\n\tSecond Medical Clinic\tFelix\t77\n\t\tBraun\t77\n\tKrankenhaus Schwaben\tNeubauer\t81\n\tUniversity of Munich\t\t\n\tDepartment of Hygiene and Bacter-\tGruber\t82\n\tiology\t\t\n\tHygienic Institute\tIlzhoefer\t84\n\tDepartment of Physiology\tFrank\t85\nPinzwang\t\tRubner\t88\nVienna\tUniversity of Vienna\t\t\n\tKlinik f\u00fcr Kinderkrankheiten\tPirquet\t90\n\t\tWagner\t90\n\t\tDurig\t93\nBudapest\tUniversity of Budapest Physiological-Chemical Institute\tHari\t94\n\t\tAszodi\t94\n\tDepartment of Physiology\tFarkas\t112\n\t\tTangl\t112\n\tAgricultural Institute\tWeiser\t113\n\t\tVerzdr\t114\n\tUniversity of Budapest\t\t\n\tFirst Medical Clinic\tErnst\t115\n\tClinics of B\u00e4lint and Koranyi\t\t117\nZurich\tUniversity of Z\u00fcrich\tFleisch\t118\n\tPhysiological Institute\tHess\t122\n\tAgricultural Institute for Feeding Do-\tKleiber\t126\n\tmestic Animals\t\t\nBerne\tUniversity of Berne\tAsher\t131\n\tPhysiological Institute\tCurtis\t131\nSurgical Clinic {de Quervain)\n138","page":0},{"file":"a0009.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\t\tPage\nGeneva\tGeneva Medical Society\tBesse\t139\nLe ysin\tRollier Clinic\tDillon\t140\nBasel\t\tJaquet\t142\n\t\tStaehelin\t142\nHeidelberg\tUniversity of Heidelberg\tPutter\t\n\tDepartment of Physiology\t\t144\n\tFirst Medical Clinic\tKrehl\t145\n\t\tHansen\t145\n\tMedical Polyclinic\tThannhauser\t146\n\t\tKraus\t146\n\t\tKossel\t149\nFrankfurt\tPrivate Clinic\tVon Noorden\t151\na. Main\tUniversity of Frankfurt\t\t\n\tDepartment of Social Hygiene\tAscher\t154\nWurzburg\tUniversity of Wurzburg\t\t\n\tPhysiological Institute\tVon Frey\t155\n\tMedical Clinic\tGrafe\t160\n\t\tStrieck\t160\nLeipzig\tUniversity of Leipzig\t\t\n\tLaboratory of Physiological Chemistry\tThomas\t172\n\tPhysiological Laboratory\tGildemeister\t178\n\tAgricultural Institute\tScheunert\t181\nLeipzig- M\u00f6ckern\tAgricultural Institute\tFingerling\t185\nHalle\tUniversity of Halle\tAbderhalden\t198\n\tPhysiological Institute\tWertheimer\t198\nBerlin\tVeterinary High School\t\t\n\tPhysiological Institute\tCremer\t207\n\tVereinigte Fabriken f\u00fcr Laboratoriumsbedarf\tDethloff\t209\n\t\tZuelzer\t212\n\t\tFriedberger\t212","page":0},{"file":"a0010.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPage\nBerlin\tUniversity of Berlin Physiological Institute\tRubner Steudel\t213 213\n\tFirst Medical Clinic\tHis\t217\n\tSecond Medical Clinic Charit^-Krankenhaus\tArnoldi\t219\n\tKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie\tAt z 1er\t223\nBerlin- Dahlem\tKaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften\t-..Z;\t\\8, .\t239\n\tKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr physikalische Chemie\tHaber\t239\n\tKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Faser-stoffChemie\tHerzog\t241\n\tKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Biologie\tMeyerhof Warburg\t241 241\nHamburg\tUniversity of Hamburg Physiological Institute\tKestner Groebbels Plaut-Liebe- sch\u00fctz Schadow\t244 248 248 248\n\tAllgemeines Krankenhaus Eppendorf\tBrauer\t252\n\t\tPoll\t255\n\tSt. Georg Hospital\tBornstein V\u00f6lker\t256 260\n\tCity Hospital at Altona, Medical Division\tLichtwitz\t261\n\tInstitut f\u00fcr Schiffs- und Tropenkrankheiten\tF\u00fclleborn\t262\n\tCarl Hagenbeck's Tierpark\tZukowsky v. Uexkuell\t267 267\nGroningen\tUniversity of Groningen Psychiatric-Neurologic Laboratory\tWiersma\t270\n\tPhysiological Institute\tBuytendijk\t273","page":0},{"file":"a0011.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPage\nUtrecht\tUniversity of Utrecht\t\t\n\tPhysiological Institute\tH. Zwaardemaker\t275\n\t\tJ. B. Zwaardemaker\t1 278\n\tAgricultural College\tSjollema\t280\n\tDepartment of Hygiene\tEijkmann\t282\n\tPharmacological Institute\tMagnus\t283\n\tPhysical Laboratory\tMoll\t285\n\t\tBurger\t285\nAmsterdam\tNederlandsch Institu\u00e2t voor Volksvoeding Van Leersum\t\t286\n\tEuropeans travelling in America\t\t289\nLeiden\tUniversity of Leiden\t\t\n\tPhysiological Laboratory\tEinthoven\t290\n\t\tvan der Hoeve\t294\n\t\tKuenen\t294\nCambridge\tAddenbrooke Hospital\t\t\n\tDepartment of Biochemistry\tWolf\t295\n\tInstitute of Animal Nutrition\tDeighton\t296\n\t\tCapstick\t296\n\tUniversity of Cambridge\t\t\n\tDepartment of Biochemistry\tHopkins\t302\nEdinburgh\tUniversity of Edinburgh\t\t\n\tDepartment of Physiology\tSharpey-Schaf er\t303\n\t\tAshworth\t304\nGlasgow\tUniversity of Glasgow\tCat he art\t305\n\tPhysiological Laboratory\tPat on\t305\nSheffield\tUniversity of Sheffield\t\t\n\tDepartment of Pharmacology\tMellanby\t307\nLondon\tGuy's Hospital Medical School\t\t\n\tPhysiological Laboratory\tPembrey\t309\n\tUniversity of London\t\t\n\tDepartment of Physiology\tA. V. Hill\t310","page":0},{"file":"a0012.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPage\nOxford\tUniversity of Oxford\tSherrington\t311\n\tDepartment of Physiology\tDouglas\t313\nLouvain\tUniversity of Louvain\t\t\n\tDepartment of Physiology\tNoyons\t314\nBrussels\tLecture at the Solvay Institute\t\t327\n\tMilitary Laboratory for Physical Study\tGovaerts\t328\nParis\t\tLapicque\t329\n\t\tGley\t331\n\tColl\u00e8ge de France\tP\u00e9zard\t\n\tStation Physiologique\t\t334\n\tLaboratory of General Biology\tGley\t335\n\tUniversity of Paris\t\t\n\tClinic of General Pathology and\tLabb\u00e9\t336\n\tTherapeutics\tJanet\t337\n\tSoci\u00e9t\u00e9' Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimen-\tAlquier\t338\n\ttaire\tLef\u00e8vre\t338\n\tLaboratory for Agricultural Research\tAlquier\t357\n\t\tJoltrain\t360\n\t\tMaignon\t361\nStrasbourg\t\tBlum\t366\n\t\tFontes\t366\n\t\tSchaeffer\t367\n\t\tAmbard\t369\nParis\t\t\t370\nSummary\tLectures\t\t371\n\tSalient problems arising in discussion\t\t382\n\tMuscular work\t\t382\n\tMetabolism of ruminants\t\t383\n\tAlcohol\t\t384\n\tThe automobile and alcohol\t\t385\n\tInternational Amities\t\t386","page":0},{"file":"p0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"INTRODUCTION\n1\nIn the latter part of 1926 a tour of European laboratories and clinics was made. The main object of this tour was, as formerly, a study of methods, techniques, and results of investigations in hand in these various laboratories. In accordance with a plan successfully introduced in 1923 by a former staff member, Professor Walter R.\nMiles, a lecture embodying the most recent, unpublished researches of the Nutrition Laboratory was prepared and given in about twenty-five, different places. By this means one could enter an institute carrying something in the hand, so to speak, and not simply be a visitor to absorb what it was possible to get from the laboratory. As in previous years, not the slightest difficulty was experienced in securing entrance into all the laboratories visited. Staff members or representatives of the Nutrition Laboratory are certainly unusually welcome in foreign institutions. The usual good aftermath of the visits of Professor Miles and Dr. Carpenter was found.\nAs in previous years, those researches bearing particularly upon the immediate problems of the Nutrition Laboratory received the most attention. Opportunity was also taken to discuss with many investigators the work of the Nutrition Laboratory since its beginning and the possibilities of its expansion, and an effort was made to secure suggestions as to what particular line of development it was thought would be best to follow. The re-establishment of international amities in the various institutions, made this tour particularly favorable, for nearly all the countries of Europe were visited. Greetings could be brought and carried away, discussions of various research problems could be entered into, and indeed, on every occasion special effort was made to facilitate in all ways the questions of international rela-","page":1},{"file":"p0002.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"2\ntionships. This year, as the tour began with the great International Congress of Physiology at Stockholm, where nearly 700 guests were greeted, it became possible to establish contacts rapidly, to prepare the way for subsequent visits, and to make appointments. On the whole, looked at from the standpoint of a scientific mission, a lecture tour, or an emissary for furthering international amities, the tour was most successful. The avidity with which the Nutrition Laboratory's activities were absorbed was astonishing, and the interest in the lectures exceeded that of three years ago.\nAmong the various problems for the future, special attention was given to the possibilities of studying racial metabolism and the metabolism of the fetus. It was the unanimous opinion that the best activity of the Laboratory could be obtained by following its already determined field of activity. The possibility of employing its methods, particularly in disease, and the necessity for each country almost to establish its own standards made it clear that for a considerable time to come no material change in plans should be considered.","page":2},{"file":"p0003.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"G0THE30RG. SWEDEN.\nDr\u00ab Wassen and Dr\u00bb Laureil.\nWhen we arrived at Gotheborg, Dr. Anders Wasson and Dr. Laurell came to the steamer to meet us. These men were formerly students of Professor Petr\u00e9n. The main object of visiting Sweden prior to the International Congress was the possibility of securing further information with regard to the peculiar nomadic tribe, the Lapps. So immediately I began questioning the medical men about them. A visit to the experimental laboratory of the City Hospital, which was presided over by Dr. Wass\u00e9n, showed a modern, most marvellously well-equipped laboratory. There was an artificial ice machine, an English-made machine called \"Electrolux\", which had no movable parts and which used a relatively small amount of cooling water per day and about three watt3 for ten hours per day. The question of the Nobel prizes came up, and I stated that I felt it was a pity that Nobel did not leave these funds for Sweden or at least for Scandinavia. Dr. Wassen compared the Nobel fund to the fund left by Jacobsen for the CarlBberg Laboratory in Copenhagen. Subsequently we found that the funds in Copenhagen were most unwieldy. Later Professor Petr\u00e9n stated that he was glad to have a person who was not a Swede make such a statement as I made, because the Swedes obviously could not discuss this matter. Dr. Wassen was much occupied in the relief work in connection with the Volga famine a few years ago, and had had most extensive experiences in Russia.\nTwo small photographs were secured of Dr. Wass\u00e9n and Dr. Laurell, which are shown in figures 1 and 2.","page":3},{"file":"p0004.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Hr. Benedict, Mrs. Benedict, and Hr. Wasson of Gotheborg, Sweden, are shown in figure 1; Hr. Laurell, Mrs. Benedict, and Hr. Wass\u00e9n in figure 2.","page":4},{"file":"p0005.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"A SHORT TOUR IN A BIT OF LAPLAND.\nIn the study of racial metabolism the study of pure racial factors is complicated by the fact that many different races live in different climates, eat different foods, and have altogether different life activities. The question will always arise, MHow do these extraneous factors, such as climate, diet, and physical activity, affect the basal metabolism of individuals?\" Consequently the study of different races may frequently be a study only of the effect of climate and food, and not a study solely of racial differences. On the other hand, with a nomadic tribe one would have the maximum change in environment, and possibly in food and in daily activity, with the racial factor remaining the same. About the only truly nomadic race, easily accessible for study, are the Lapps. Professor Karl Petre'n of the University of Lund had visited Boston several months before my departure, and I had had a talk with him about the nature of the life of the Lapp. Although they are reticent, perhaps indeed temperamental, I thought they might be studied. Therefore, when he kindly invited us to make an automobile tour through Southern Lapland, the week prior to the Congress, his invitation was especially acceptable.\nPassing by train from Sotheborg to Vannas, we met there Professor Petren and Dr. Laurin, the head of the hospital at Vannas. To my great regret Dr. Odin, the head of the hospital at Ume\u00e2, was not there, for it is with him that we may expect to establish our base connections with the Lapps. Entering an automobile at Vannas, we toured due west (about 64\u00b0 latitude) across Sweden and Norway to a town called Steinkjer, making several stops on the way. Thus a most important conference was held with the provincial physician, Dr. John Ericson at Asele. During the winter the Lapps move on from the mountains with their herds of reindeer, and the little village of Asele is quite in their midst. We heard most extraordinary reports of the hardihood of the Lapps. Apparently their endurance is almost incomprehensible. Thus,","page":5},{"file":"p0006.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"if a bear ofwolf attacks their herd, the Lapps will start out with a spear. They will not eat or sleep, and as they follow up the animal they will discard their clothing, and there is no rest until they get the wolf. Dr. Ericson told us of a woman who had a cancer of the breast and was told that she would die. What would she do? She wanted to go home. She started out and walked 300 kilometers on skis, and died subsequently.\nIn another instance a doctor was passing along a road and saw a Lapp carrying a bundle. The doctor had a small trunk and asked the Lapp to carry it. The doctor asked him where was he bound for, and found he was going to the hospital sind the doctor said he was also. After they got there, the Lapp asked the doctor to set his dislocated shoulder.\nThe life itself is very difficult. The reindeer cannot be controlled. They migrate, and the Lapp simply must follow them. This tells upon the Lapp, so that very few men can follow the reindeer after fifty years of age. Their lives are determined by the reindeer. No one but a Lapp could live in the mountains as they do.\nThe center for the Lapps is at Are. There are 3,300 Lapps all told, but they wander over a territory more than one thousand miles in length.\nThe government has had much difficulty to get them together and educate the children. Rarely do they break away from the tribal life. A man may lose all his reindeer by wolves, and then often he will begin again outside the tribe by going to the cities. They seldom marry outside of the race, this being considered more or less a disgrace, and hence the race is still very pure. Although relatively few Lapps were seen, several postcards and photographs (see figures 3 to 14) showing their methods of living were obtained by friends who had been in their encampments.\nSubsequent correspondence with Dr. Odin brought out the fact that he is just now finishing the writing of a book,on diabetes I should judge, in connection with his former master, Professor Petr\u00e9n. (Book received at the Nutrition Laboratory in June, 1927) He is much interested in the possibi-","page":6},{"file":"p0007.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"7","page":7},{"file":"p0009.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"9","page":9},{"file":"p0010.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"10\nFigure 7.\nFigure 8.\nLap types.\nLap types.","page":10},{"file":"p0012.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"FWn^U 'iliiiimilllPipJ\t11 IUI 11JI I 11 LU II ^\nFigure 10. A Lap infant with tne daughter of one of\nthe Congress people.\nFigure 11. A Lap and his son, with Mrs. Uoyons of Louvain, Belgium, and a visiting physiologist","page":12},{"file":"p0013.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 12. Corner of a Lap dooryard.\nFigure 1?. k primitive Lap dwelling. Mrs. Soyons of Louvain, Belgium, is standing near the door.","page":13},{"file":"p0014.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 14. The of the Laps is\npyramidal copied by\ntype 'of the rude architecture the architect in this church.","page":14},{"file":"p0015.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1\nlity of studying the metabolism of the Lapp, and I have had a good deal of correspondence with him and Professor Petr\u00e9n on this point. Both see no reason why this study should not be inaugurated, and Professor Petren speaks most enthusiastically of Dr. Odin and his scientific bent. Indeed, Professor Petren hinted he was too enthusiastic for his own good and tried to take on too many things.\nThe journey ended at Trondjheim and a train was taken back to Stockholm. An opportunity was given, however, to look at the Storlein which is the great consumptive cure for Sweden, being fairly well up in the mountains between Sweden and Norway. During the journey five snapshots, chiefly of Professor Petrel, were secured. (See figures 15 to 19.)\nIt would be a great mistake to end this description without commenting on the extraordinary opportunity for living, for about a week, with Professor Petre'n. The lively discussions with him on various points will always remain as one of the most important, stimulating features of this tour. A finer man never lived.","page":15},{"file":"p0016.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 1$.\tFigure 16.\nFigure lp. Professor Petren of Lima, Sweden, reading on the boat\nenroute through southern Lapland.\nFigure 16. Professor Petren and Mrs. Benedict in the forest at Jorm.\nFigure 17.\nFigure 18.\nFigure 17. Professor Petren and Mrs. Benedict at tne falls at daddede. Figure 18. Professor Petren and guide at Trondjheim Cathedral.","page":16},{"file":"p0017.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"STOCKHOLM. SWEDEN.\n1\ni\nXllth International Physiological Congress. August 3-6, 1926.\nDuring the week of August 3-6 Stockholm was the Mecca for the physiologists and many clinicians of Europe. With a hospitality wholly unexcelled, the Swedes had planned with the aid of the city a program of scientific and social activities that would tax the strength of almost any one. Approximately six or seven hundred registered and were numbered, including a number of women. Most of the ladies were there simply as guests with their husbands.\nStockholm is an ideal city for such a Congress, with good hotels and large meeting halls, and although the laboratories are rather small and the meeting rooms in the laboratory quite inconvenient, but little discomfort was felt. Both Mrs. Benedict and myself were members of the Congress and participated in all of its activities, including the presentation of a joint paper representing some very recent work that we carried out at the Nutrition Laboratory on the insensible perspiration. It is a bad plan to visit the laboratories in a city where a Congress is going on, because at that time the various research workers have all stopped research and have become active and efficient committee men. We saw Professor Johansson, although he was President of the Congress, and Dr. Liljestrand. Both were heavily laden with administrative cares. Visits had to be confined to the various demonstrations with numerous sessions and sub-sessions.\nOne German (Professor 0. Frank) wittily remarked that he thought there was more \"Gesellschaft\u201d than \"Wissenschaft\u201d but I think that few regretted this phase of the Congress, for it was the first pure International Congress since the war. At the time of the Edinburgh Congress in 1923, the French physiologists, although invited to attend, felt with but one or two exceptions that the time was not quite ripe to re-establish complete international connections. At the Stockholm Congress all traces of international dis-\ncord had disappeared","page":17},{"file":"p0018.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"!\nThar\u00a9 were no outstanding papers or presentations to correspond, for example, with that on insulin at the Edinburgh Congress. Dr. F. G. Hopkins gave a biochemic address and fortunately the audience had been provided with the complete English address; otherwise they would have got nothing, as Professor Hopkins' voice could not be heard in the hall. Professor Barcroft's demonstration attracted much attention. Otherwise there were no outstanding demonstrations or discussions.\nInnumerable European friends were met. Men who a few years ago faced each other in the trenches sat at table and drank each other's health. Subsequently we were at table with Germans, English, Belgians, and French, although the Belgian physiologists, as a whole, were reticent and did not attend in such a large proportion as was hoped for, owing to an anti-German propaganda advocated more especially by Professor Demoor of Brussels.\nA very interesting incident, and one showing the masterful diplomatic hand of Professor Johansson, was the presence at the Congress of the foremost French representative, Professor E. Gley, and the German representative, Professor Frank of Munich. Whereas the former is perhaps the foremost scientific diplomat in France, if not in Europe, the latter is first and foremost a laboratory man with extraordinary skill and painstaking care, but with little time given to social activities and perhaps somewhat hostile. Professor Johansson entertained Professor Frank himself, and Professor Gley was domiciled in the apartment below with a friend of Professor Johansson.\nEach morning, throughout the Congress, these gentlemen breakfasted at Professor Johansson's table, and I have it from both gentlemen that their relationships were most cordial.\nAt the banquet given by the City of Stockholm it was a frequent sight to see the Germans and French toasting each other. All in all, the entire Congress was a triumph of international diplomacy. Friendships and respect were renewed among men who had been at sword's point. Forty nations were represented at the Congress by 600 members, with four official languages.\n\n","page":18},{"file":"p0019.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1\nProfessor Gley made the great oration at the banquet in the City Hall, on which occasion there were 700 guests at the tables, and aside from the fact that the oration was too long, it was a masterful diplomatic utterance. The only discordant note that I heard was at a discussion about the cost of books, in which some American representatives rather roundly berated the Germans for the high cost of their books. Even this was, however, regarded by the Germans as simply a misunderstanding of the facts of publication and the very small number of subscribers.\nProfessor Noyons took a series of photographs of various people attending the Congress and kindly gave me prints of them (see figures 20 to 30).\nI also secured two small snapshots (see figures 31 and 32).\nw","page":19},{"file":"p0022.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":".Figure 22. Professor Johansson of Stockholm, Sweden, at the Congress meeting at Upsala. Professor Gley of Paris is seated at his right.\nFigure 23. Professor Alexander Forbes (standing) of the Harvard Medical School and Professor Barcroft (seated) of Cambridge, England, at trie Congress meeting at Upsala.","page":22},{"file":"p0023.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O O kJ\nFigure 24. Professor Petr\u00e9h (with, the Derby hat) of Lund., Sweden, and Dr. Boothby (seated next to him) of Bochester, Minnesota, at the Congress meeting at Upsala.\n\n\nFigure 25. Professor Henscnen (left) of Stockholm, Professor Magnus of Utrecnt, and Dr. Liljestrand of Stockholm, at the Congress meeting at Upsala.","page":23},{"file":"p0024.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 26. Professor Max Gremer (at rignt) of Berlin and Professor Prank (in center) of Munich at the Stockholm Congress.","page":24},{"file":"p0025.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"orj\nFigure 27. Mrs. Noyons (left) of Louvain, Belgium, and Professor and Mrs. Alexander Forbes of Boston, at Stockholm, August, 1926.\nFigure 28. Professor Noyons of Louvain, Belgium, busy on his automobile at Stockholm, August, 1926.","page":25},{"file":"p0026.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 29. .Professor Abderualden of Halle on tiie trip to Abislco.","page":26},{"file":"p0028.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 31. Snapshot of luncheon of Congress in Upsala. Professor Hoyons of Louvain, Belgium, standing taking pnoto-graphs.\nFigure 32. Luncheon of Congress in Upsala. The man in black bowler in tne foreground is Professor Petren of Lund. Over his left shoulder, facing front, is Professor Jonansson of Stockholm. Others may be discerned with a lens.","page":28},{"file":"p0029.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Hi\n\u2022>\nD\nSTOCKHOLM. SWEDEN.\nDr. Klas Sonden.\nDr. Klas Sonden (see figure 33) was away during the Congress, but I called upon him after the Congress and found him at his new laboratory at Vasagatan. Although he had been carrying out his hygienic work for the Board of Health in his careful manner, there were no results of importance to the Nutrition Laboratory. I remembered the studies on the composition of outdoor air, and I asked him his opinion with regard to the high values of 0.05 per cent for carbon dioxide found by Professor Krogh and his associates in Iceland and Greenland. Dr. Sonden believes, as I do, that this is altogether too high. In his laboratory I saw a Krogh apparatus, which was being used by Mrs. Dr. Sveaberg, who, I believe, had no other laboratory and was more or less on sufferance there. She is working chiefly on children, I understand.","page":29},{"file":"p0030.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 33. Figure 34.\nFigure 33*\tFigure 34.\n/\nDr. Klas Sonden'of Stockholm, Sweden.\nProfessor Svante Arrhenius of Stockholm, Sweden, pouring tea.\nFigure 35\u00ab\tFigure 36\u00bb\nFigures 33 and 36. Mrs. Benedict and Professor Svante Arrhenius\nin his garden at Stockholm, Sweden.\n","page":30},{"file":"p0031.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"31\nSTOCKHOLM. SWEDEN.\nNobel Institute.\nProfessor Svante Arrhenius.\nAlthough we were told that Professor Arrhenius was very ill, indeed so ill that he could not be seen, after the Congress we went out to call upon him and found him far from in the deplorable condition we had been told. Indeed, we had a pleasant chat about the past and the future, and found him up to his usual intellectual keenness. Professor Arrhenius (see figures 34, 35, and 36) talked freely of the arrangements in some of the universities. With regard to filling the position by Widmark in\nV\nInnd, he states that the Swedes do not want to have foreigners introduced as professors in the Swedish universities. It was interesting to see how enthusiastic he was. He is planning a congress of research workers in 1929, which he expects personally to attend. We had been told that he had high blood pressure and had had a slight shock. Consequently when he insisted on running down the walk to stop the bus for us, we were both thoroughly scared, but apparently it did him no injury.","page":31},{"file":"p0032.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN.\nAgricultural College.\nDr. H. Edin.\nDr. Edin had been in America and had visited at Durham, and Dr. Carpenter saw him in 1925. I went out to the institute and had a talk with him, particularly with regard to his method for determining the amount of undigested feed in feces of ruminants, using the method of chromium trioxide. The filter paper or cellulose that he used was manufactured by a company in Sweden and was impregnated with the chromium. This is fed in different amounts with the food. He used 20 grams of feces. A sample is dried and fused in a silver crucible. He can estimate 20 mgm. to one tenth of a mgm., that is, one-half of 1 per cent. He maintained that with eight days of constant feeding there was equilibrium, and he believes that one might study day to day variations. As yet no respiration experiments\nhad been made","page":32},{"file":"p0033.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"33\nLUND. SWEDEN.\nThe main attraction in this small town is the clinic of Professor Petren and particularly the personality of Professor Petren. One of his assistants, Dr. Malmres, I had met at Stockholm, and although Professor Petrdn himself was supposed to be on his vacation and was living at the seaside about ten kilometers from Lund, I thought it worth while to spend some time in the clinic to see the diabetic patients and to see the Hagedorn respiration apparatus which was in current use by Dr. Malmros. Visits to the most stimulating Professor Thunberg and Professor Widmark were also made.\nClinic of Petren.\nThis clinic, which I had previously visited in 1923, was, as usual, clean and in extremely good order. As a matter of fact, the hospital looked more like a first-class hotel than a hospital, everything was so clean and in perfect order.\nThis important clinic has dealt much with diabetes. I saw one of Petr\u00e9n's diets, which consists of a large amount of bacon, either raw or cooked, butter, cabbage, and pickles. I was surprised that some of the people preferred the bacon to the butter, although given free choice.\nTheir object was to use insulin as little as possible. The units are four times the American unit. An interesting feature to me was the appearance everywhere of bottles of \"Ramlosa\" mineral water.","page":33},{"file":"p0034.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"*\nLUND. SWEDEN.\nClinic of Petren.\nDr. H. Malmros and the Hagedorn respiration apparatus.\nThe Hagedorn respiration apparatus is in Petren's clinic, and I spent most of my time with Dr. Malmros (see figure 37), a very clever and interesting man, going over the details of this apparatus. The Hagedorn apparatus consists of two circular meter drums mounted on the same axis and connected with two wedge-shaped spirometers of the Krogh type. Of course, with each revolution there is not perfect uniformity in the movement of the drums, for each drum has four chambers or divisions and it is impossible to make each division absolutely the same. Hence there are slight changes in the volume#of air drawn through and there is a slight wave in the spirometer curve.\nThe Hagedorn apparatus has no superiority over an ordinary Krogh spirometer apparatus, other than that it supposedly permits the measurement of carbon dioxide as well as oxygen. The only value in determining the carbon-dioxide production along with the oxygen consumption is obviously to secure the respiratory quotient. On the other hand, it is useless to determine the respiratory quotient unless it can be assumed to represent the ratio of carbon dioxide produced inside the body to the oxygen consumed at the same time. Any extraneous factor which so affects the mechanics of respiration as to result in a disturbance of the carbon-dioxide exhalation, so that the exhalation is not directly proportional to the production, renders the entire procedure, in my judgment, abnormal. A patient, before being attached to the respiration apparatus, is breathing as ordinarily and has his respiration adjusted to a definite dead space, corresponding approx\u2014 imately to the volume in the respiratory passages representing the distance from the exit of the nose to, for example, the bifurcation of the trachea.","page":34},{"file":"p0035.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 37 \u2022 Dr. H. Malmros of Lund, Sweden","page":35},{"file":"p0036.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"3 G\n'When any change is made in this dead space, the mechanics of respiration are disturbed* For some unaccountable reason Hagedorn (presumably with the advice and at least the inspection of Krogh.) had left between where the mouth of the subject is attached and the circulating air current a length of corrugated rubber hose, which I estimate would have a volume of not less than 60 c.c. This increased dead space undoubtedly alters the mechanics of respiration; direct proof of that was shown in an experiment which I made with Dr. Malmros. Malmros said that he had often spoken about it to Hagedorn. Subsequently I spoke to both Hagedorn and Krogh, and, singularly enough, neither of them considered it of importance, although Hagedorn did say that he was going to check it out immediately.\nI noticed that Dr. Malmros dusted off the spirometer bells very carefully. This was to insure perfect equipoise. He also uses Waterman\u2019s Ideal Fountain Pen Ink, green and red, and uses small glass pens with two small strips of flat brass spring with a hole through them. (See figure 38). ^^\u25a0P&^sion of the springs holds the pen in place. I thought this very practical. The ink pens write a very fine line about l/3 of a millimeter thick. :his points to the faot that these pens could not clog with the Waterman ink used. At the start of each experiment he touched the end of the pen with a bit of filter paper to start the ink flowing.\nAlthough the '\u2019student\" mouthpiece has been carefully described, it was amusing to see Dr. Malmros\u2019s independent making of the metal part of the student mouthpiece. There was enough brass in it to run a foundry. Another small point I noticed was the use of tinned flower wire, or florist's wire, for making rubber joints tight. The pieces of wire were about 10 inches long,and, I should judge, about No.20 wire.\nAlcohol check experiments with the Hagedorn apparatus. I was much pleased to think that Hagedorn had appreciated the importance of having the user of his apparatus make alcohol check tests. They have been able to secure","page":36},{"file":"p0037.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"2\n\u00c6>a l\u00c2iJi ~tokfl- \u00a3*~'\n4s~jjU. \u25a0\nL\nL U teb.\nT^JU^Cy (LcU T&\u00ef e*^-U t/ i) \u00abAU Ce jf^cA^x y\n^ %L^<\nJUXX^\nin\nFigure 38. Small design for holding writing point\u2014 at Lund, Sweden.","page":37},{"file":"p0038.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"some excellent alcohol checks, but not as good as Hagedorn had predicted.\nThe alcohol burner and combustion chamber had been furnished by Hagedorn.\nhe alcohol burner (a quartz tube) was about 4 mm. in diameter and 8 cm. long. The alcohol was in a burette which was closed at the top. (See figure 39.) Air is\tadmitted through\ta fine jet at the bottom,\tbubbles\nthrough the alcohol\tin the bottom of\tthe burette, rises to the\ttop, and\tthus\nalters mechanically\tthe level of the\talcohol. The pressure to\tovercome\tthe\nalcohol level was secured by having a rubber bag, an air pillow, lying on the floor, with some bags of sand on top of it. The adjustment of the flow of air, and consequently the change of flow of the alcohol, was easily controlled. The burette was a 5 c.c. burette, divided into 0.05 c.c. A photograph was taken of the apparatus (see figure 40), showing an alcohol check test in progress. Dr. Malmros computed results of an alcohol check test in the evening, and seemingly the results were satisfactory. Although Malmros has obtained very good alcohol checks, as have Hagedorn, Barr, and others, recently Mr. Coropatchinsky has hit upon a difficulty that it seems to me is not properly taken care of by a simple alcohol check with this form of apparatus, i.e., one determining simultaneously with two spirometers the carbon-dioxide production and the oxygen consumption. We find that if we introduce the small hand spirometer or our so-called \"copper lung\" (which is raised and lowered automatically to simulate ordinary respiration), the balance between the two spirometers may be completely upset. At the moment of writing (July, 1927) I am by no means sure that even with as perfectly balanced, controlled, and tested a Hagedorn apparatus as exists in Professor Petren\u2019s clinic, the use of a hand spirometer simulating lung movements corresponding to 400 c.c. per respiration at 15 times per minute, would give normal respiratory quotients. ,Ve have found with an apparatus that we are now working with at the Nutrition Laboratory seemingly very good quotients","page":38},{"file":"p0039.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"figure 59. Design for alcodol ciieck on Hagedorn apparatus at\nLund. The drawing is not to scale.","page":39},{"file":"p0040.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"J\nFigure 40.\nHagedorn respiration apparatus in Petren*s clinic, arranged for an alcohol check.","page":40},{"file":"p0041.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"41\nwhen the apparatus was, so to speak, in repose. But by simply introducing the artificial lung movements, the balance was upset. All the more difficult would this be with very irregular and spasmodic respirations, as of a temperamental patient. It is a fundamentally important point which I believe must be settled before one can accept unqualifiedly the quotients obtained even on this splendid apparatus.\nCriticism of the Hagedorn apparatus. My main criticisms of the Hagedorn apparatus are, (l) it is very expensive; (2) it is provided with an aluminium spirometer which, I fear, will ultimately pit; (3) the most delicate equipoising is necessary; (4) the most critical objection, which is easily remedied, is the astonishing addition of an arbitrary dead space by means of corrugated hose. When these defects are remedied, there still remains the inevitable physiological fact that most people alter their mechanics of respiration when breathing through a mouthpiece or mask. Thus all respiratory quotients are questionable, and it is debatable to what extent such an apparatus is useful in a clinic. Undoubtedly with a well-trained subject normal respiration can be secured, but the average patient in the clinic cannot give normal respiration. As an instrument for studying scientific research problems, it should have a definite place. Indeed, it is with this in mind that I am at present developing an apparatus for exactly the same purpose, an apparatus which has been in my mind for several years. But in spite of the successful operation of the Hagedorn apparatus, I still feel that the only logical method for determining the respiratory quotient - with patients certainly and also with all normal people, except the long-experienced well-trained subjects - is in a respiration chamber.\nI understand that at present there are about four Hagedorn apparatus in existence,- one in Lund, one with Professor Barr in St. Louis, and two in Copenhagen.","page":41},{"file":"p0042.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I found Malmros a very clever fellow and I consider Professor Petren a lucky man to have him, and Malmros is still more lucky to be with Petren.","page":42},{"file":"p0043.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LUND. SWEDEN.\nClinic of Petren.\nDr. H. Enghoff and his pneumograph.\nDr. Enghoff is an assistant of Professor Thunberg, and also works in Petren*s clinic. The first day I visited the clinic they were working with a new pneumograph of Dr. Enghoff. This pneumograph has been described in the Skandinavisches Archiv fur Physiologie, 1926, 48, pp. 95-98, and was discussed somewhat at the Congress. Off hand, I did not see how this extraordinarily complicated apparatus really gave much more of a quantitative picture than would, for example, three Porter pneumographs placed around the trunk at three different points and leading to a 3-way tube. The design of the pneumograph shows a great deal of ingenuity, but I was unconvinced as to its real significance.\nThis pneumograph is mechanically very complicated. It seems to me heavy, but well made. The idea was to measure the resultant of the movements of the chest wall and abdomen in one expansion chamber. It was applied to the chest, weights equalized the standard traction, and undoubtedly the pneumograph recorded any marked changes in the mechanics of ventilation. On a student subject they were using the apparatus to test the effect of normal breathing and the effect of putting a mouthpiece in and also using a nose-clip, .'lien the subject was connected with the Hagedorn apparatus, there was a great change in the mechanics of respiration, which continued all the time the man was on the apparatus, but the respiration slowly returned to the original condition after the breathing appliances were removed. They were to repeat the experiment, as the subject said that the air in the Hagedorn apparatus was 'not good.\u201d In what way it was bad, I could not make out.","page":43},{"file":"p0044.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"44\nOn the next day the subject (the same man as before) was being read to, but it appeared to me that the apparatus was so complicated and the movements so pronounced that it was impossible for the subject to fail to be attracted by the mechanism of the pneumograph. A large alteration in the curve took place when the subject swallowed saliva. What is the effect of traction on the three tapes? Later Enghoff claimed that these were equalized by balanced weights.\nThe subject was clearly a mouth breather. There were no visible movements at the upper chest. \u2019What determines the position in which the apparatus is placed? Is there any effect of exposure? The subject lay for two hours or more nude to the waist, with the room temperature 20* C. A fly in the room did not help the repose.\nihe kymograph (Blix) speed was 0.5 mm. per second. The pneumograph was designed primarily to measure the mechanics of respiration inside of the new apparatus of Thunberg, called the \"Barospirator.\" (See figures 41 and 42.) This Barospirator had just been installed and was hardly ready for use. In this Barospirator there is alternately a decrease and an increase of 50 mm. of mercury pressure. The pneumograph must be connected to a tambour outside; hence special construction was necessary. I think that Dr. Enghoff is extremely ingenious,and probably all the complexities I saw in the technique are necessitated by the difficult conditions under which he must use it, i.e. in the Barospirator.\nWhat is the proof that the final curve is a quantitative proportion of the three pistons? Later Enghoff said that he had measured the volume of expiration and secured close correlation between that and the pneumograph curves. I was not at all sure that the three pistons compensated or rather that the final curve was a component equally proportioned. From a superficial observation, it seems as if the abdominal movement began before the \"take up\u201d in the apparatus began to register. Hence, off hand, it would seem that the","page":44},{"file":"p0046.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"46\nfigure 42. Dr. Enghoff standing in^ the interior of the \u00efhunberg barospirator in Petren\u2019s clinic at Lund, Sweden.","page":46},{"file":"p0047.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"47\nPorter pneumograph would be more efficient to cover the whole or the larger part of the circumference of the abdomen.\nOn this particular day the experiment involved the use of a nose-clip and a mouthpiece, with an extension consisting of a rubber tube about 35 mm. long, having a large diameter of 20 mm. Thus, the dead space was extended a very little. The head was held in a vertical position with the nose pointing directly up, as in our ordinary experiments. The day before, the head was turned half way onto one side. I asked why the experiment was made with the head in this position, and Malmros told me that when the head is turned to one side, the saliva flowed better back into the throat without catching. He uses this position in all his work, but did not know whether it was used in the surgical clinics, and did not recall where he got the idea, certainly not from Hagedorn. After a period with the mouthpiece and nose-clip, the subject was connected to the Hagedorn apparatus, but without the corrugated tube. Under these conditions the dead space outside of the mouth will be about 10 cm. long and 20 to 25 mm. in diameter. There was some effect on the respiration curve in the sense of a deeper respiration. I did not get the respiration rate, nor what the total volume was, but there was an increase of perhaps 30 per cent in depth of respiration over the conditions where the mouthpiece and nose-clip were used alone.\nAfter ending the experiment, the subject lay quietly without mouthpiece or nose-clip, and he was read to for about fifteen minutes. The curve from the pneumograph showed almost no change. The assistant said that Dr. Enghoff had compared the pneumograph curve with the air expired into a spirometer, and the combined pneumograph curve really does give a proportionality.\nThe apparatus is set on the chest, so as to get the three places of measurement, and it can be adjusted for people of different sizes. I could","page":47},{"file":"p0048.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"48\nnot see the quantitative feature of the apparatus, although it may be extremely clever for the barospirator test.\nIn this particular experiment, inasmuch as the corrugated rubber tube made the connection more easy, the head was nearly in the vertical position and there was not much change in the respiration curves, as the dead space was not much increased. It would seem to me as if there is much to take into consideration in the interpretation of such curves. The subject was awake.\nHe was not interested in the reading, but he could have heard what was said if he had paid attention. He was not cold, although he felt cool to the hand.\nHe had been much trained for outdoor exposure.","page":48},{"file":"p0049.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LUND. SWEDEN.\n40\nClinic of Petren.\nExperiments..with, F\u00ab. C.B,\u00bb, with the Enghoff Pneumograph, the IWrWn\nrespiration apparatus, and the Thunberg Barospirator.\t\u201c\nOn August 13, 1926, P. G. B. acted as subject for the pneumograph test of the respiratory activity as affected by normal breathing, by the use of the mouthpiece and nose-clip, and by connection with the Hagedorn apparatus.\nA determination of the basal metabolism was also made and especially of the respiratory quotient as determined by the Hagedorn apparatus. P. G. B. was also inside the large Barospirator. (See figures 43 and 44.)\nI came to the laboratory without breakfast and lay down in the clinic at 8.05 a.m. Later on the pneumograph of Dr. Enghoff was put in place. I could not state that the breathing was affected by the weight. One of the points resting on the chest was distinctly noticeable and a bit uncomfortable. The experiment went well, although the connection with the Hagedorn apparatus was rather rigid, as we took off the corrugated hose. The air seemed to be pure and easy for breathing, but perhaps was dry, as my mouth felt dry. I was connected with the Hagedorn apparatus for one period with the pneumograph and later two successive periods without the pneumograph.\nLater I went into the Barospirator in the clinic, in which there is a change in pressure from minus 50 to plus 50 mm. of mercury. The noise I considered terrific. I had a slight discomfort in the ears but no sensation of giddiness^ which is \u00a9xp\u00a9ri\u00a9nc\u00a9d by n\u00a9\u00fb.rly \u00a9very on\u00a9\u00ab\nThen Dr. Enghoff put a young doctor into the apparatus with the pneumograph, and in a very few minutes the man actually ceased to breathe. I did not reach the point where respiration stopped, but this man did. When the experiment was stopped there was first a large, abnormal respiratory excursion with rather rapid recovery. The whole thing was very interesting.\nThe possibility of ruling out all the work of respiration and thus,","page":49},{"file":"p0051.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"figure 44. Another view (engineer\u2019s photograph) of the large Thunberg Darospirator in Petr\u00e9n\u2019s olinio at Lund, Sweden.\n","page":51},{"file":"p0052.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"perhaps, get a metabolism lower than basal, that is, the ordinary basal metabolism less, the work of respiration seems to me very significant, and it would seem as if a new chapter in respiratory physiology had been opened. The Baro-spirator in the clinic cost $4,000. It had been patented, and the engineers had done a lot of work and taken much interest in it. Evidently all these Lund people work very well together.","page":52},{"file":"p0053.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LUND. SWEDEN.\n5\n*>\n*\u00ee\nProfessor Karl Petren. and discussion on diabetes.\nAs Professor Petrin is extremely interested in diabetes, it was only natural that on many occasions problems in diabetes should have been discussed. Thus, at a dinner at his summer home just before we left, there was considerable discussion on this subject, in which Dr. W. M. Boothby (who was there as a guest) participated. The discussion centered about Professor Petre'n's low figure for nitrogen per day. Dr. Boothby continually referred to a value of 0.9 gm., but we looked up Professor Petren\u00bbs book and could not find such a low value. On the other hand, Professor Petren says that he has really secured lower values now than was shown in his large book. He objected strongly to the use of any individual nitrogen figure for any: day, and said that Friedrich M\u00fcller told him that when an assistant brought him figures showing a uniform nitrogen output per day, he always told him the figures were false. On the other hand, Boothby thought that one could get such figures from day to day.\nIn discussing the experiences of Newburgh, Petren said that although Newburgh undoubtedly worked wholly independent of him, he (Petren) was years ahead of Newburgh. At Dr. Joslin\u2019s request I asked him about the incidence of arteriosclerosis, but he stated that perhaps, as his patients lived longer on a low protein, high-fat diet, he had seen it oftener, but he did not see it in young people and there was no hint of an early onset of it. He thought that the diabetic would get to a lower nitrogen intake balance than normal, and I suggested that before they came to this level they were undernourished and this means that they had already lost a lot of nitrogen.\nProfessor Petren was very enthusiastic about Dr. Joslin. He said that he reminded him of his own professor, and he considered that he had the ideal gift of a teacher. He also told me that Naunyn died of heart rupture, but on autopsy he was found to have cancer of the prostate, although he had had no symptoms, and so he had an ideal death.","page":53},{"file":"p0054.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"54\nThere was much discussion of Schaffer\u2019s ratio. Boothby thought that Dr. Joslin is much too conservative. He waits a year before adopting a new thing. A Dutchman, Van den Bergh, in Utrecht has just written a monograph on medicine, and he gave a great deal of p^se to Dr. Joslin for finally coming to Petren's diets. An amusing incident occurred when I spoke about the fact that Dr. Joslin's servants had become so much attached to him that they would not leave him. Mrs. Petren asked if they were diabetics!!!\nFor snapshots taken of Professor Petre'n during the Lapland trip see figures 15 to 19, page I &-","page":54},{"file":"p0055.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LUND. SWEDEN-Karolinska University.\nPhysiological Institute.\nProfessor Torsten Thunberg and his Barosoirator.\nThunberg's Barospirator for artificial respiration has been recently described in the Skandinavisches Archiv f\u00fcr Physiologie, 1926, 48, pp. 80-94.\nIn his laboratory Thunberg has a large Barospirator (see figure 45) and also a small one for rabbits, (see figure 46) which have a rapid respiration. The respiration chamber in the large apparatus has a pressure varying from minus 50 to plus 50 mm. or more. Some people rapidly become passive in respiration. Under these conditions there are no chest movements. I saw many curves of the pneumograph showing that there are some chest movements, but in a few cases none. After shutting off the pump, there was usually apnea for 30 seconds.\nThen the subject began regular breathing again. On several occasions I heard Professor Thunberg speak of a case in which the respiratory muscles were badly paralyzed. The subject was very cyanotic and in distress. He was in the Barospirator 48 hours and died afterwards, but it was emphasized that he did not die of suffocation. In such a case one rarely lives for 48 hours, and perhaps the disease spread more rapidly.\nThunberg thinks that action of the respiratory muscles is not necessary for good circulation. There were no effects on the epiglottis, there was no excessive pumping out of carbon dioxide, and there were no convulsions in all of their experiences as yet. An interesting problem would be, - If you cut out the work of respiration, will the basal metabolism be lowered? Thus there is a fine opportunity to get the real work of respiration, or at least to get the basal metabolism less the respiratory work. This is, in a sense, a new field to physiology.","page":55},{"file":"p0056.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"56\nFigure 45. Ebunberg\u00bbs barospirator in bis\nlaboratory.","page":56},{"file":"p0057.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 46. A small Thunberg barospirator small, rapidly breathing animals.","page":57},{"file":"p0058.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"5 8\nI asked Thunberg if Meitzer*s insufflation method has ever been applied to man, but Thunberg said never. It occurred to me that it would be important to see how this could work, perhaps with high oxygen; it might possibly be successful and not dangerous.\nAs yet nothing has been done with the Barospirator on the alveolar air or the chemistry of blood gas, although the subject coming out of the apparatus looks very satisfactory. Thunberg was enormously interested in our observations on little Miss Macintyre of Mount Holyoke College. He wanted to know what her red blood corpuscles showed. He said he would suspect some blood changes.\nAlthough I experienced no difficulty when I was in the apparatus at the clinic of Petren, Professor Pierce of Columbia, who was the subject in Thunberg 's laboratory, complained of headache and ear symptoms. There were no signs of apnea with him but there was a much diminished movement of the abdomen and chest. We had considerable discussion with regard to the noise,- one might say frightful noise. They had a plan of using sodium-hydroxide to absorb the carbon dioxide inside the chamber, but I suggested that he use soda-lime and have a supplementary ventilation with soda-lime bottles. I also suggested the use of a Haldane apparatus for carbon dioxide. Much of this discussion was with Dr. Enghoff (assistant to Thunberg), a very clever fellow. I also saw the large Barospirator in the clinic.\n,n the next day, Sunday, August 15, I showed a group of younger men the lantern slides of my European lectures and we entered into active discussion of Dr. Enghoff*s pneumograph and the possibilities of the Barospirator.\nA photograph was taken of Professor Thunberg and his family on their lawn.\n(See figure 47. )","page":58},{"file":"p0059.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 47. The Thunberg family on their lawn; Mrs. Benedict at left, Dr. Boothby at right, and Dr. Ahlgren sitting.\nFigure 48. Professor Widmark of Lund at his desk.","page":59},{"file":"p0060.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"60\nLUND. SWEDEN.\nKarolinska University-\nDepartment of Medicine and Physiological Chemistry .\nProfessor E. M. P. Widmark.\nSince we were here three years ago Professor Widmark (see figure 48) has a new laboratory, which is combined, in part, with Professor Overton's laboratory in pharmacology. The building is extremely modern and contains many features in construction and planning that could well be copied in many other laboratories. Professor Widmark exhibited at the Congress an interesting shaking machine for extracting liquids with various liquids. This seemed to have great importance, for I heard people referring to it later on.\nWidmark was, as usual, very serious and discussed his problems and takes his whole position there in a very intense way. He was much interested in the problem of milling wheat in the bread proposition. Thus, he felt that Rubner did not realize that although he feeds animals the remaining part of the wheat, it really costs the animal a considerable amount just to grow. \u2019Widmark thinks that this is not reasonable. He told me that there was a great deal of work being done in Sweden in agriculture. They have established special experiment stations for developing wheat, so as to extend the area of its cultivation always farther and farther north. At the present time the lower part of Sweden, Sk\u00a3ne, is devoted in large part to wheat, and they expect ultimately to grow all of their own wheat. I was sorry not to have spent more time with Professor Widmark,for, although he is doing no work exactly along our line, he is a man of stimulating ideas and well worth visiting.","page":60},{"file":"p0061.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"61\nLUND. SWEDEN.\nGeneral conclusions with regard to Lund.\nThis small city and small university must be visited frequently. Unfortunately Lund has one of the worst, in fact, the worst hotel in Europe (Grand (?) Hotel), but between Professors Fetr\u00e9n, Thunberg, and Widmark, and the younger string of men like Malmros, Enghoff, and Ahlgren, one is always sure of a stimulating conference. The possibilities of the Hagedorn apparatus will surely be well worked out there, but perhaps of most vital importance is the potentiality of the Barospirator not only as an agent in the hospital to combat disease, but likewise as an important agent in studying the physiology of respiration. They want to know how one can measure the exact amount of air passing through the trachea when a person is in the Barospirator.","page":61},{"file":"p0062.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"COPENHAGEN. DENMARK.\nUniversity of Copenhagen.\nLaboratory of Zoophvsiologv.\nDr. August Krogh and Dr. Marie Krogh.\nDr. August Krogh and his wife, Dr. Marie Krogh, are always well worth visiting. In some ways Mrs. Krogh is one of the most remarkable women in Europe. Just now both are intensely interested in the planning and construction of a new laboratory, in part financed by the general education board (Rockefeller). In this building are to be housed not only the Department of Animal Physiology, but likewise the Department of General Physiology and two other departments. There seemed to be a question in regard to dwelling places or houses for Professor Krogh and Professor Henriques. There was much objection to having houses attached to the laboratory, as the committee felt the house should be detached. Krogh told them that if they put the house away from the laboratory, he would move into the laboratory.\nHe was modifying some gas-analysis apparatus to make determinations of methane and combustible gases. A micro-quartz tube was to be used and especially prepared copper-oxide. The principle was to burn the substance in oxygen and have the copper-oxide help in the combustion, and at the end of the experiment have the copper-oxide in the same condition of oxidation as at the start and thus be able to determine in the substance the carbon dioxide, the oxygen and the nitrogen. He had placed everything in a water bath. Obviously this technique is solely for small amounts of substances.\nKrogh argues that mercury gets dirty from the oxidation and not from the rubber or fat. He states that if you keep nitrogen over mercury and run it back and forth, it does not get dirty, but unfortunately one cannot escape the use of oxygen. In discussing the Hagedorn apparatus, he admits that the dead space would affect the respiration, but he did not think it would affect the respiratory quotient after a preliminary ten minutes. Krogh stated that he\nI","page":62},{"file":"p0063.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 4S. Special pyrogallic acid, pipette for gas analysis in Krogh\u2019s laboratory in Copenhagen.\nA ball check valve is at the bottom of the large pyro reservoir. A side tube connects with two pieces of rubber tube and a glass U-tube with a series of bulbs. As air is forced into the bulbs, the pyro rises through the check valve, for a pinchcock shuts off the rubber and glass U-tubes. On drawing air out of the pipette, the screw pinchcock is opened, and as the glass ball seats itself fresh pyro is drawn from the top of the reservoir, enters the upper bulb, and trickles down through the gas. This makes for very rapid absorption. Unfortunately the name of the designer of this clever pipette is not, at the time of writing (July, 1927), known to me. Professor Kro^i said it was a professor in one of the Copenhagen high schools.","page":63},{"file":"p0064.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"64\nwould talk with Hagedorn about the dead space. This dead space is really undesirable with the Hagedorn apparatus, which is only for the respiratory quotient (the Krogh apparatus is for oxygen only), and the Hagedorn apparatus should avoid every criticism.\nI was much interested in the pigmentation of the skin of a frog as affected by pituitary extract. The color on one leg was compared with the other. On the micro photographs he found that there was more pituitrin coming from the jugular vein than from anywhere else.\nA small rotatory pump called the \"Putz Pump\" was in use in Krogh*s laboratory. In this pump a steel or metal roller rolled along a circle of rubber tube, \"squeezing\" the air ahead of it. This delivered about 3 c.c. per revolution. Krogh used it a great deal. It was designed by Professor Putz, a professor of physics in the University, but was made by Krogh*s mechanician.\nOne of the most interesting points which I noticed in Krogh*s laboratory was a new pyrogallic acid scheme for absorption. This scheme was devised, he said, by a Danish professor in some high school. The usual pyro-pipette and the reservoir were connected in such a way that when the pyro was pushed back into the reservoir a glass ball fitted as a valve at the bottom of the reservoir. When pyro was drawn back into the pipette, it could be taken from the top portion of the pyro in the reservoir and be discharged into the top bulb of the pipette, thus allowing the pyro to flow down over the walls of the pipette.\nThis gave a very active surface for energetic absorption.\nI made a rough sketch and took a photograph of the apparatus (see figure 49), and I communicated immediately with Dr. Carpenter about the apparatus. He has taken steps to attach it, if satisfactory, to his apparatus. I was able to give the scheme to other workers in Europe, and one person at least, Dr. Strieck in Wurzburg, has already applied it successfully. It seems to me a very clever and successful thing.\nProfessor Krogh said that the Siebe-Gorman nose-clip is the best. Mrs. Krogh","page":64},{"file":"p0065.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"65\ntold me that there was not the slightest difficulty in Denmark in giving normal children small amounts of chloral to keep them quiet during respiration experiments. When I told them that in America there would be a tremendous howl about it in the papers, they stated that the papers of Denmark would not have the slightest interest in this matter.\nThe laboratory was naturally quiet for, in the first place, it was just at the end of the vacation season and the workers had not all returned and, secondly, they were holding everything in abeyance waiting for the new building. On any tour of Europe, if one visits this small country of Denmark, one certainly must see the Kroghs.\nProfessor Krogh now feels that they will find a low carbon-dioxide percentage in the air in Greenland and not the 0.05 per cent as reported before. He demonstrated at the Congress a new titration method which runs from 0.060 per cent to 0.001 per cent. This takes about 15 minutes. He thinks that the range can be extended by changing the volume of air or by changing the strength of the solution. Abstracts of the method are given in the report of the Congress.\nA photograph of Professor and Mrs. Krogh and Mrs. Dr. Hagedorn was taken in the Krogh salon. (See figure 50).","page":65},{"file":"p0066.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 50. From left to right, Professor A. Krogh, Mrs. Dr. Hagedorn, Mrs. Benedict, and Mrs. Marie Krogh in the Krogh salon in Copenhagen.","page":66},{"file":"p0067.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"67\nCOPEBHAGBH. IMMUliK\nDr. H. C. Hagedorn.\nWe saw Dr. Hagedom at Dr. Krogh's and later at the Carlsberg Laboratory.\nHe is now continuing researches, particularly on obesity, in three different places. He brings in a patient to these various laboratories. I talked with him about the matter of dead space in his apparatus, and he was going to check it up. He is working in large part on diabetes. As before, Hagedorn impressed me as being a serious, careful worker and evidently of altruistic motives.\nFor example, in discussing his medical practice, Mrs. Hagedorn stated that his net income for the year was less than one kronen for, like Dr. Joslin, he spends practically all his income to maintain his medical practice and research. Unfortunately Dr. Holten, who had used his apparatus in the hospital, and also Dr. Moeller (both had published monographs) were away, so I could not see them, although I should have liked to talk with them about their two extensive studies using the Hagedorn apparatus.\nProfessor Barr of St. Louis, Missouri, has a Hagedorn apparatus and the agent in Chicago, H. N. Elmer, has one. Elmer has had much trouble with it, due he admits to his stupidity. It is not a simple apparatus.","page":67},{"file":"p0068.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"COPENHAGEN. DENMARK.\n68\nCarlsberg Laboratory.\nDepartment of Biochemistry.\nProfessor S. P. L. SCrensen.\nA visit to this wonderfully clean laboratory was, as usual stimulating.\nAs I said to Professor SCrensen, it seemed to me that here was the one place in the world where biological chemistry was carried out with the accuracy and cleanliness of atomic weight determinations. The Carlsberg Foundation was established by a brewer, Jakobsen. Carlsberg was a small \"mountain\" in that part of the town. There were two breweries and the capital sum is now thirty million kroner plus the two breweries, making the sum larger than the Nobel Foundation. This was subdivided into four parts, first, the Carlsberg Laboratory, second, I should judge, a museum at Fredericksberg, and two other subdivisions the names of which I did not get. There was also a subdivision set aside to accumulate funds to compensate for the \"decrease in the purchasing power of gold.\" The committee rooms were rather impressive, with fine portraits of committeemen, including Henriques, SCrensen, and Kjeldahl.\nIn discussing the alcohol question, SCrensen felt that the great trouble was the nature of saloons. But as near as I could make out, they had in Copenhagen their so-called \"Bodega\", which seems to me as near as possible to our old saloon. One gets the impression in this laboratory that everything is done extremely accurately. It is a Mecca for many students.\nThree photographs were secured of Professor and Mrs. SCrensen in their garden at the Carlsberg Laboratory. (See figures 51, 52, and 53.)","page":68},{"file":"p0069.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n69\nFigure 51. Professor Sorenson in tneir garden Laboratory, Copennagen,\nand Mrs. 3. P. L. at tne Garlsberg\nFigures 52 and 53. The Sorensens and Benedicts in tne Garlsberg garden at Copenhagen.","page":69},{"file":"p0070.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"COPENHAGEN. DENMARK.\n70\nUniversity of Copenhagen.\nLaboratory for the Physiology of Gymnastics.\nProfessor J. Lindhard.\nAs is the oase with Professor Krogh, Lindhard is waiting for the new building, as he is to have a certain section of the Krogh Laboratory for his own work. He certainly needs it. His working laboratory is very well planned for muscular work, I think, inasmuch as he has one very large room. This idea of one large room with several workers I found again used by Magnus in Utrecht. It seems to me that this has a great deal in its favor in a research laboratory, particularly where teaching is not done. There should be no locked doors in a research laboratory, and the men should all be free to see what other people are doing. Certainly in experiments on muscular work where absolute quiet is not necessary the large room affords an opportunity for observation of what is going on and, likewise, an opportunity for much better ventilation when the subject is working severely and perspiration appears. I think, however, in his new building Professor Lindhard is not going to adopt this idea of a large central working room.\nIn the lecture hall in the University I gave my European lecture to the staff and others. Lindhard was, of course, more interested in the work of Mount Holyoke College, than in anything else.","page":70},{"file":"p0071.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"COPENHAGEN. DENMARK.\n71\nAgricultural Experiment Station. Department of Physiology.\nProfessor H. M^lleaard.\nM^llgaard, in my judgment, is one of the most remarkable men in Europe.\nHe is, of course, keenly interested in the chemotherapy incidental to his discovery of the gold salt, \"sanycrosin\", used in the treatment of tuberculosis. We went, first, to the laboratory where the sanycrosin is manufactured and apparently tested. On going there, I found the most noncommittal secretary in Europe, who informed me that Professor M^llgaard was not to be found and she did not know where he was. This happened to be a lie, but was a good protective measure. Subsequently, by appointment, I saw him at his Institution, the Agricultural College, and later we dined with them. Perhaps one of the most remarkable features of my two conferences with him was the fact that but once during the conference was \"sanycrosin\" mentioned, and only as we were signing the guest book at his house did Mrs. M/rfllgaard point out that a Japanese visitor had written the word \"sanycrosin\" in Japanese.\nMy first visit at M^llgaard's agricultural laboratory was when he was away, and I saw only his assistant, Mr. Lund, but took no time to go over the apparatus at that time. Mr. Lund assured me that there had been no changes.\nI find an error in my notes, in which I stated that M^llgaard did not mention sanycrosin. He did say that he had had several communications from Paris from M. Alquier, from the Pasteur Institute, and from a Dr. Calmette, in which they said they had tried to make this sanycrosin in France but had not had good success. Mfillgaard offered to tell them how to make it under restrictions, but they preferred to work it out alone for \"the glory of France\". What they wished to do was to imitate his method of making it, but M^llgaard said he would be much pleased to have them make it in some other way, thus opening up the possibility of securing a better product or a better yield. To show some of the difficulties they had, he said that they found a number of cases of","page":71},{"file":"p0072.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"nephritis with doses whioh could not possibly have caused nephritis in the case of his own product.\nM^llgaard* s budget is 16,000 Kroner, a very large one for Denmark, but not at all flexible. Thus it would be impossible for him to send his assistant,\nMr. Lund, to America. M^illgaard was very anxious to have Professor Ritzman visit him. The financial condition in Denmark is such that a professor cannot live on his salary without private means, Mpfllgaard says.\nIn discussing the alcohol question M^llgaard took the ground, as every one else in Europe and specifically in Scandinavia, that spirits are one thing and wine and beer are entirely different. M^llgaard had been the author of a law which had practically driven spirits out, by raising the tax to an impossible figure during the war. He states that one seldom sees a drunken man in Copenhagen. On the other hand, you can get hard liquor by means of a so-called liquor card. I think that the Danes do not, as a whole, drink as much as the Swedes.\nM^llgaard*s respiration experiments and feeding observations. Naturally, to us the most important features of M^llgaard\u2019s scientific activities are his experiments with his magnificently equipped respiration chamber. This I again looked over carefully, but saw no material alteration in it since my visit of three years ago. The method of sampling and sub-sampling the air current is extraordinarily complicated, especially in the sub-sampling features. Most of our discussion, however, dealt with the results of his experiments rather than with his technique. He maintains that one should determine a net energy value always above the maintenance ration, so as to avoid the effect of undernutrition. He argues that one cannot use an isolated foodstuff, but it can be added to a basal ration. He found that the milk production is profoundly affected by the nitrogen intake, for if there is a drop in nitrogen intake, then the fat content of the milk will drop from 4.5 to 3.2 and still there will be no change in the total weight of the milk for, perhaps, several months. This is a great","page":72},{"file":"p0073.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"72\ndifficulty to the farmer, for he does not know that the fat content has dropped, as there is no sign of a loss in the total amount of milk. M^llgaard suggested that one might still determine the net energy value of a ration by noting the difference in metabolism between a maintenance ration plus 3 kg. and a maintenance ration plus one kg. of hay. But one should not wait too long before the change, for there may be just as great an error in the over-nutrition stage as in the under-nutrition stage. It seems to me a point that Professor Ritzman and I should try out.\nMilliard and the Pennsylvania Institute of Animal MHMnn M|611gaard was astonished at a communication he had had from Dr. Forbes. M^llgaard is inclined to have a much better opinion of Fries than we do, perhaps basing his judgment upon his value more as a technician. He stated he thought that Forbes had written several childish things. Thus, he wrote that Fries was writing a paper for Oslo, for which the Pennsylvania Institute would assume no responsibility. M^llgaard was likewise astonished that Forbes would write in this way to an entire stranger.\nMy private opinion is that M^llgaard is really a very extraordinary man. There is much discussion of his sanycrosin. All over Europe I heard of sany-crosin and the poor success in its use. On the other hand, Professor K. Faber has been very successful in using it. When I cited this in the various European clinics, there was a shrug of the shoulders and the statement that Faber was a Dane\" and would be, therefore, predisposed towards a Danish product. So strong is Faber\u2019s belief in the possibility of this chemotherapy, that when I met him in Paris in December, 1926, and talked with him about his experiences, he told me he believed it was used very unwisely and that one must be careful and use it only in certain cases. He also told me with much delight that the celebrated biologist of Copenhagen, Professor Madsen, had just published a report on some extraordinary findings he had had with sanycrosin and guinea pigs. A copy of this report Professor Faber sent to our hotel. It is useless to\nsay that Faber","page":73},{"file":"p0074.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"74\nis disposed to find success in a Danish product. This experience with saqy-crosin is quite in line with the fact that in other laboratories one frequently finds techniques that no one outside the laboratory can use, notably the experiments of Zwaarderaaker in Utrecht.\nEntirely aside from the sanycrosin Mjtfllgaard impresses one as a man of extraordinarily good judgment, positive in his beliefs, and well grounded in his science. His argument for not simplifying his complicated respiration apparatus is a good one. For example, he stated that he started on a certain experi mental technique to solve a certain problem. He admitted that his apparatus is complex, but it is satisfactory, and his idea is to complete, first, the series of experiments with every precaution and establish certain basic fundamentals. Then after that he can change the equipment. But until that time he must have all of his data on the best basis for fundamental comparisons and prove his theories. 1 think this is fundamentally a good line to follow, but he should have done as Armsby did and measure the heat directly.\nIt is clear that no one working on animal metabolism can fail to derive benefit by visiting this laboratory. The connection between the sanycrosin and the experiments was brought out by Mr. Lund, who feels that if M/illgaard was not making tubercular tests on cows with sanycrosin, he would rarely come to the Agricultural Experiment Station. Formerly it was necessary to give an antitoxin serum with the sarycrosin, but now it is rarely used save in occasional tests with animals. M(6llgaard is very luck in having as good a man as Lund, his assistant.\nI took up one other point regarding the printing of his material. Danish is a language that few workers in metabolism can read. I told him he ought to give at least the table headings and column headings in English. If it is necessary to print it in Danish for his own people, he ought, if possible, to print the text again either in English or in German.","page":74},{"file":"p0075.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"MUNICH. GERMANY.\nUniyersitx. of Munich. Second Medical Clinic.\nProfessor Friedrich Muller.\nProfessor M\u00fcller is against Meyerhof because a frog's leg does not interest him. He believes that A. V. Hill is very good, but he does not speak his language any more than he speaks the language of Einstein. His conception is that the lactic acid theory is no good, for he said, \"If I walk up a mountain, then I have so much lactic acid, and one cannot live.\" He emphasized it by saying, \"I have a long nose, which I use much in my medical practice.\nI should smell, and my experience is that after such work one does not smell of lactic acid.\" He has a very open mind, and says he could always change his mind and may do so later. He was going to New York to discuss specific dynamic action and also vitamins. He believes that animals go to the ground too quickly after the vitamins are removed, for this result to be accounted for by mere hunger or fasting.\nHe told me an interesting incident about Professor Atwater. When Professor Atwater arrived in Munich and went to Voit's laboratory, he asked to work on fishes. Voit was astonished because Munioh does not like fish, and of course told the story of the Diener who could not eat fish but who was irritated and angered by criticism of the Kaiser till he did eat it. Nowadays they do not tell the whole of the story.\nProfessor M\u00fcller says that at the present day we believe that if we put on more fuel the fire will burn more, but it does not work with fat. He laid great stress on the point that if there is increased heat production then there must be a higher body temperature, for he argues that the loss is constant with ordinary olothing, even more so in bed, and if there is increased heat production then there must be an increase in body temperature. Professor M\u00fcller said that he did not believe in Johannson's treatment of metabolism in his recent\ncomprehensive article. In this article Johannson emphasizes that \"Die Stoffe","page":75},{"file":"p0076.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"7G\nare more important to the cells than calories. This article was discussed quite a little in my tour about Rirope. He showed me three Nutrition Laboratory books in the library at his house and stated that if we only had not allowed our Springfield students to have those free Sundays, we would have obtained much more pronounced results, that is, a still lower metabolism. I had the pleasure of meeting Jensen, who worked also on undernutrition.\nI regretted extremely that Professor M\u00fcller\u2019s immediate departure for America made it impossible for me to discuss more with him. Subsequently I saw him for several minutes at the banquet in memory of Laennec in Paris, and at a dinner given by Gley after his return from America, but we could not discuss scientific matters. He is in many respects the most stimulating old war horse in Europe, and I like his brusqueness and honesty of statement. When I spoke to him about the specific dynamic action of hay in the case of oxen he stated,\n\"I am a physician to men and not a veterinarian.\"","page":76},{"file":"p0077.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"7\nMUNICH. GERMANY.\nUniversity of Munich. Second Medical Clinic.\nDr. K. Felix and Dr. Hans Braun.\nIn the clinic of Professor M\u00fcller one finds always considerable activity. Dr. Felix, who was formerly an assistant to Professor Kossel, is primarily the biochemist, but Dr. Braun is interested in respiratory work. He had devised a closed-circuit apparatus, employing a spirometer with soda-lime. The soda-lime container is weighed inside of the spirometer, and they attempt to get the respiratory quotient thereby, using calcium chloride to dry the air. The scheme seemed to be practical, except that there is, of course, much discussion as to the point of turning the subject in and turning him out. They also had a device for writing on a dial the upward and the downward movement of the pointer and from these two computing the carbon-dioxide production and possibly the respiratory quotient. It seemed to me at the time that this might be worth while following up. Since that time I have feared that the expired air passing along the tubes might be saturated to such an extent as to have always an absorption of both carbon-dioxide and water vapor, which would complicate matters. All the water in the expired air is taken up by two calcium-chloride tubes, which do not give any resistance to breathing, for I tested it myself. The soda-lime was placed in a cotton bag in the bottom of a soda-lime container of a \"Roth\" apparatus, and calcium-chloride was placed in a bag on top of it, the air leading to the ordinary Sadd valve on top of the can. After the air left the valve, it went back to the mouthpiece, but as the air left the mouthpiece it passed through a calcium-chloride tube. They had no definite experiments which showed the accuracy of this, when I was there.\nBoth of these young men impressed me very well indeed. Later I had the opportunity of seeing Dr. Felix in Zurich, at the home of his father (Professor W. Felix, Professor of Anatomy in the University of Zurich), and my first","page":77},{"file":"p0078.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"7a\nimpression of him was emphasized. He certainly is a capable, fine young man, and he made a fine impression at the Congress in Stockholm. Dr. Felix devoted much time to us while we were in Z\u00fcrich, and I got a better chance to study the mentality of this rather singular young man. He seems to be interested only in biochemical problems and, naturally, metabolism. But I found, on the other hand, that he asked many most intelligent questions when we were discussing the various problems of metabolism, muscular work, and the use of ruminants, etc., and showed that he had a very fine mind. He spoke of a couple of amusing incidents in connection with his former association with Professor Rossel. I remarked that Professor Kossel seemed to be such a pleasant person, I supposed he never got angry. Dr. Felix said he had seen Professor Kossel when he was very angry, but it was evidenced only in absolute quiet. Dr. Felix was Kossel's private assistant for many years. He also remarked that the old Diener at Heidelberg, who had been brought to Heidelberg from Marburg by Kossel, always talked about the time when \"we\" got the Nobel prize.\nA few snapshots were secured of Dr. Felix, both in Munich (see figures 54 and 55) and in Z\u00fcrich (see figures 56, 57, 83 and 84).","page":78},{"file":"p0079.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 54.\nFigure 55.\nFigures 54 and 55. Dr. K. Felix of the Second Medical clinic, University of Munich","page":79},{"file":"p0080.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 57.\nFigures 56 and 57. Professor W. F\u00e9lix, Dr. Z. Felix, Madam Felix, Sr., the Benedicts, Mrs. K. Felix and her two children at the home of Professor Felix, Sr., at Z\u00fcrich.","page":80},{"file":"p0081.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"MUNICH. GERMANY.\nKrankenhaus Sobwaben.\nDr. Otto Neubauer.\nI went out to the hospital to see Dr. Neubauer,(see figures 58 and 59) and had a pleasant visit with him, but found that he is so occupied with regular hospital business that he has no time whatsoever for research.\nHence he is practically lost to research. The organization of his hospital is of interest to those who contemplate building.","page":81},{"file":"p0082.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"MUNICH\nGERMANY.\nUniversity of Munich.\nDepartment of Hygiene and Bacteriology.\nProfessor Max Ritter Gruber.\nIt is always a pleasure to meet this delightful gentleman. He has retired now but is still actively occupied in literary work. He told me he had been an abstainer from alcohol for thirty years. He thought it was a great economic crime. I suggested that he should get in touch with McDowell and with Richter and get their experimental work. Representing one of the old school investigators, he is one of the most interesting men that one could meet in Europe. (See figures 60 and 61).","page":82},{"file":"p0083.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 53.\tFigure 59.\nFigures 58 and 59. Sr. Otto Heubauer at tne Kranltenoaus Scnwaben, Munich..\nFigure\nFigures 60 and 61. Munich.\n60.\nFigure 61.\nProfessor Max Gruber in the Institute of Hygiene,\n\n","page":83},{"file":"p0084.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"84\nMUNICH. GERMANY.\nUniversity of Munich. Hygienic Institute.\nProfessor Hermann Ilzhoefer.\nDr. Ilzhoefer had made some metabolism experiments during mental work, so I was interested in seeing him and getting an idea with regard to his technique. I found him an older man than I had thought, apparently very serious. He had made his observations in consultation with Professor Gruber.\nFor the most part, I believe, he had used a Krogh apparatus. He has studied metabolism with Professor Gruber for eleven years. During this time Professor Gruber's metabolism had changed only during the war, when he lost much weight. Ilzhoefer also had measured a number of the members of Gruber's family. Apparently he had a lot of miscellaneous \"standard\" material. He said that no suggestion of \"family trait\" was to be found in the metabolism of the Gruber family. He states that Professor Gruber could adjust himself to the mental work experiments very well, but Ilzhoefer was aware at all times he had a certain muscular tension that he wished to avoid.\nFor photograph of Professor Ilzhoefer, see figure 62.","page":84},{"file":"p0085.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"MUNICH. GERMANY.\n8 5\nUniversity of Munich. Department of Physiology.\nProfessor Otto Frank.\nProfessor Prank was \"extraordinarily enthusiastic\" over the Stockholm Congress and he spoke especially of the very pleasant relations he had with the French Professor Gley, having breakfasted with him in Johannson's apartment every morning. He said he had a distinct feeling of sympathy with Gley, and he felt that Gley had for him. He was quite pleased to think that he had not tried to speak for Germany at the great banquet in Stockholm. He should have spoken, being the German member of the council, but he says he had sense enough to know his voice could not oarry, and he commented on the fact that Professor v. Frey's voice did not carry at all.\nThe criticism of the Congress was that there was more Gesellschaft than Wissenshaft, and to a certain extent this was true, but quite justifiable. Commenting upon the management of the Congress, Frank felt there should be a standard size for all lantern slides, for one was always getting into trouble because there was no holder for the various sizes of slides and the \"boys\" who run the lanterns were always getting mixed up. He was a little peeved to think he was asked to give a paper in Stockholm and shut off in 15 minutes. He said that his work was pulse, but he was not wedded to it, but as he had begun it, he felt he should clean it up. He felt that as a committee member he should not have given the paper at Stockholm. About all the paper could do was to show progress. A lot that was done was left unsaid, and there was still a lot of work to be done. I argued that the young men who went to the Congress wanted to meet, see, and hear the older men, and I felt it was a duty for the senior members of the Congress to give papers, even if it was more or less of\na nuisance.","page":85},{"file":"p0086.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"He had a good deal to say about the Japanese. He did not like them in his laboratory. He held the record for flunking the Japanese. He had one man that came to him poorly prepared and he suggested he spend a short time at a local tutoring laboratory, and he came back to him very well prepared. After he passed his examinations he said to Prank that he was coming back to learn some more, and Prank commented that no German would do that, for the moment they received their degrees they flew away.\nFor an excellent photograph of Professor Prank see figure 26, page Jl V. as well as figure 63, page SI \u2666","page":86},{"file":"p0087.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"figure 63. Professor 0. Frahii, Department of Physiology, University of Munich.","page":87},{"file":"p0088.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"/\n8 8\nPINZWANG. AUSTRIA.\nProfessor Max Rubner.\nWe had the great privilege of spending two days at Professor Rubner\u2019s summer home in a little village called Pinzwang, just over the Bavarian border in Austria. Obviously there was no scientific laboratory and there was a minimum discussion of scientific matters. As is only too frequently the case when one is with Professor Rubner, he does not discuss scientific matters, although he made a great many incidental comments upon things of scientific interest,- many of them of a chatty nature. The question of the use of.alcohol came up a number of times. He said that it was notorious that the servants of \"professed abstainers\" stated that they had plenty in their cellars, but that Krapelin was really a fanatic.\nSome of his experiences during the war were extraordinary. He had a number of guests at his villa, but the mark fell so rapidly that he did not have enough to buy food or they to get away. At the Edinburg Congress he took 1,200,000 marks with him, but when he got back to Berlin, he found that a . f,axi cat> ride cost 900,000 marks. He really did not have enough to buy a roll and had to fast over Sunday until Monday morning, when he could get to the bank.\nAn interesting comment on the situation in Heidelberg came up. Rubner said he was in Paris when he received a call to go to Heidelberg as the successor to Kuhne. He went there and, looking the grounds over, found there were many cliques and political parties, and Mrs. Rubner said they could not think of going. Rubner said that a fundamental rule in academic circles is for every young man to go where he is first called.\nIn connection with the Edinburgh Congress, he said that he was very much surprised (and I thought not particularly disappointed) to find that the Scots hated the English. In commenting on the Tigerstedt dynasty at Helsingfors, he said it was very rare indeed that the son of a father was very good and all","page":88},{"file":"p0089.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"had disappeared in the third generation. This reminds me of a variant of this\n8\nstory which Professor Kossel told me, in which he spoke of \"Der dritte Degeneration\". Rubner also found that the Norwegians hated the Danes, and thus, the Danes could not get posts in Norwegian Universities. Apparently, living in the manner in which he has lived, he is a keen observer of the method of life of different people with whom he is in contact. He expressed surprise that Gley lived in such small apartments. On the other hand, Richet lived in a magnificent place with a driveway and stairway as of a castle. But when Richet appeared at Edinburgh, he was dirty and unkempt. Rubner seemed a little bit skeptical as to whether Putter will develop into anything for Heidelberg, saying he was too old to organize, and he had no name for organization before.\nOn Rubner\u2019s visit to us here in Boston, he was a most delightful host as well as guest, but seemed disinclined to discuss scientific matters. I did not try to urge him, but whenever a matter came up, he would avoid it. On one occasion he made the statement \"Ach Gott, one cannot know about everything.\"\nOn the other hand, I think that in many ways Rubner is the most remarkable man I ever came in contact with, so far as general knowledge is concerned. Thus, his knowledge of art, music, literature, geology, geography, history, and language is astonishing. He evidently seeks and is thrown with the literati, and the musical and artistic people of Berlin. My distinct impression is that he is not anywhere near so dominant in science as he is given the credit of being. I rather felt that he had \"shot his bolt\" many years ago and had been more or less living upon that, as indeed he was thoroughly justified in doing.\nWe saw Professor Rubner later in Berlin, in which connection I have other notes with regard to him and his work. (See page 2.13.)","page":89},{"file":"p0090.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"90\nVIENNA. AUSTRIA\nUniversity of Vienna. Klinik fur Kinderkrankheiten.\nProfessor Clemens Pirquet and Dr. Richard Wagner.\nI had heard about the serious accident to Professor Pirquet before I reached Vienna. The story, as given me at several times, was a sad one, implying a psychosis. But Dr. Wagner assured me that the whole thing resulted from a hypersensitivity to a very moderate dose of veronal, from which he awakened startled and jumped out of the window, damaging badly both ankles and feet. Pirquet was still limping somewhat, and did not look well to me.\nHe attended my lecture and introduced me, then had to leave, so I had no chance to talk with him.\nFortunately, we did have a great deal of the time of Dr. Richard Wagner, who was at Stockholm. Dr. Wagner was full of discussion on diabetes and the importance of the liver. When the liver is full of fat, there is no chance for a store of glycogen. One can give either a high fat and low protein diet, or a high protein and low fat diet. I was astonished to find that they did very little with blood sugars. Still, the spirit of cooperation and interest which the patient has in his own case (so wonderfully exemplified here in Boston in Dr. Joslin's clinic) was likewise carried out there. For example, one young girl had worked out her own entire diabetic chart in cross stitch, in a very clever way. Wagner maintains that many times the increase in weight with diabetics must be water, but that water is a part of the cell and a needed part. He contends that all children who begin early are completely diabetic after five years, requiring one unit of insulin for every gram of carbohydrate. Sunlight does not lessen the amount of insulin needed, but muscular work does definitely lessen it. Sunlight is a good general builder of the body. He had been able to prove definitely that under insulin children do develop sexually","page":90},{"file":"p0091.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"and mentally in a normal way. He had only one backward child in fifty he had studied. This he is able to control, as they have a school in the hospital right at hand.\nWagner showed me the apparatus of himself and Helmreich, with which they intended to get the respiratory quotient. This apparatus, which has been described, has the fundamental defects of many of this type of apparatus, that one must determine the oxygen in one period and the carbon dioxide in a subsequent period. In answer to this criticism, he thought that perhaps in a series in a day one determination might be comparable with the other.\nDr. Wagner was extremely courteous and attentive to us and made our short stay in Vienna pleasant. He has since that time, together with an associate, written a large book on diabetes in children. I infer from Dr. Joslin that he (Dr. Joslin) disagrees with practically all the fundamental points of Dr. Wagner, particularly with the point that children who develop diabetes early become completely diabetic after five years.\nI secured two photographs of the diabetic children in the Pirquet clinic, as shown in figures 64 and 65.\nLecture at the Pirquet Clinic. My lecture was not announced in the papers, but was given in the children's clinic in the morning, and there was a discussion by Professor Pick, the successor to H. H. Meyer. Pick.is the man referred to as guardian for Meyer. It is said Meyer \"has to\" ask permission to do anything he wants to do, even with regard to travelling about to see his friends. Apparently Professor Meyer is very happy in his successor.","page":91},{"file":"p0092.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 64. Children on the roof of tne Pirquet clinic, Vienna, for sun treatment.\nFigure 65. A group of young diabetics saved hy insulin, at the Pirquet clinic, Vienna, division of Dr. E. Wagner.","page":92},{"file":"p0093.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"VIENNA. AUSTRIA.\nProfessor Arnold Durig.\nIt was a matter of keenest regret that I could not see Professor Durig in Vienna. I understood that he was at his summer home. Dr. Wagner tried to get in touch with him, but got no reply, and likewise tried to get in touch with our other friends, Drs. Palta, H. H. Meyer, and Liebesny, but all of them were out of reach. Three or four weeks later I found out that on the very day we were in Vienna, and on the day I gave my lecture there, Professor Durig was in town.","page":93},{"file":"p0094.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"94\nBUDAPEST. HUNGARY.\nUniversity of Budapest. Physiological-Chemical Institute.\nProfessor Paul H\u00e9iri and Dr. Zoltan Aszodl.\nThe visit to Professor Hari\u2019s laboratory was made with mixed feelings.\nIn the first place, his laboratory is without any doubt the dirtiest and shabbiest laboratory I have ever seen. I do not understand how it is possible for any one to do any work under such conditions. I repeatedly told Professor Hari that if I were chosen his successor, the first thing I would do would be to buy three gallons of cheap white paint and two paint brushes, put on a pair of overalls myself, and start painting those rooms one coat of white and stop all research work for a month. It is only fair to say that the situation here is fully explained by the very bad financial conditions existing in Hungary.\nA full professor in the university receives $80. as his monthly salary. Living expenses are not so high as in America, to be sure, but are much higher than can possibly be met by such a salary, under the conditions under which these people of Budapest are working. The atmosphere of the laboratory was depressing in the extreme, offset only by the almost superhuman acts of Professor Hari and his associate, Dr. Aszodi, in trying to combat such depressing conditions.\nFrankly, I feel as if conducting research under these conditions is unwise and that the carrying out of my suggestion, that it would be better to stop work for one month and clean up, would have direct practical, value. All the instruments were dirty. In the calorimetry connections there were half a dozen pieces of glass tube pieced out with rubber tube instead of having one length. Hari said there is always a leak in the system; it is never completely tight, but they simply correct for the nitrogen leaking in. It is theoretically true that such a correction can be made with the highest degree of accuracy. But a leak in a respiration calorimeter is an abomination. Dr. Du Bois of the Russell Sage Institute of Pathology will spend months getting his calorimeter tight and","page":94},{"file":"p0095.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"95\nfeels justified in making no experiments until it is tight. I think this is the right way.\nThe spirit in this laboratory at Budapest is splendid. Thus, Dr. Hari maintains that he does not want a new laboratory. He is near the retiring age and feels that it would be unwise for him to build a new laboratory, providing funds were available. He lost his entire private means which he acquired as a physician, amounting to 150,000. This was lost through his love of research.\nNow, in addition to his regular salary, he derives a small revenue by making a few stray urine analyses for clinicians in Budapest. He does not make a business of this, however. In common with the lives of all children of government ofiicials, the Hari children are never independent, so he must support them.\nSpecific dynamic action. We spent over a week in Budapest and there were many conferences with Professor Hari, at times with and at times without Dr. Aszodi. In discussing the specific dynamic action, Ha^i maintained that it was specific for the three substances, protein, fat, and carbohydrate, and that it was dynamic because it dealt with energy. At first it was thought to be a per cent of the ingested energy, but he knew now that 1 mgm. of thyroxin will raise the metabolism and morphine will lower it. There is no energy of thyroxin. In some experiments he has found that fat depresses the metabolism (see conception of Gigon). Hari thinks it is the withdrawal of blood from the periphery to heat up the stomach. There is thus a hyperamie of the stomach.\nHe thinks his experiments show this. Dr. Aszodi thinks that fat increases metabolism only in animals that are not already fat. In thin animals it does increase it.\n/\nProfessor Hari talked with me a great deal about the general plans of his laboratory and the various lines of work that they are undertaking, and was good enough to draw off for me a rather elaborate statement of their experimental program. In discussing the calorimeter work, I saw the small calorimeter for rats. (See figures 66 and 67.) Although this does apparently satisfactory work,","page":95},{"file":"p0096.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 66. Eat compensation calorimeter of Professor H\u00a3ri in Budapest.\nThe chamber is immersed in a recipient surrounded by water. The high light marks are due to a burning magnesium ribbon.\n\t\n\t\n\u2022 iMgpS\tIt 1 if Ae S IC \u00f9 )\nFigure 67. H^ri\u2019s rat calorimeter removed from water jacket recipient.","page":96},{"file":"p0097.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"it is poorly constructed, looks very bad, and does not lend confidence in spite of the care given to it. I also saw the calorimeter for dogs (see figures 68 and 69), which was partly demolished at the time, as it was being reconstructed.\nIn spite of the fact that the laboratory was incomprehensibly dirty, and one cannot do scientific work under such conditions, why do the assistants remain with him, when the pay is small, the surroundings are dirty, and there is not adequate space for work? It must be because they like him and find something in him that holds them. I repeatedly stated that I felt they should take two days with no work to protect the apparatus, two days to paint, and two days to get into order again, and surely his work would be much better after that. There is no question but what the conditions of Hari's laboratory hamper research. The light is poor and the laboratory is badly arranged.\nDuring an operation I saw a strong cross shadow, due to poor and badly placed lamps, .lust at the moment that the best illumination should have been had.\nThe respect of other people for their work must be low, unless they are sure of the character of the work and that it is really first class. I can easily understand why the clinics of Budapest look down upon the work in this place.\nI do not believe one could get an American to work in such a place. It seems impossible to do first class work in a laboratory so bad. It would seem to be imperative that this should be remedied.\nThe indefatigable energy of Dr. Aszodi was the admiration of us both.\nHaving almost no compensation whatever, nevertheless he works in the laboratory, giving frequently from seven to eight hours a day. He has a small private practice, and Mrs. Aszodi is also a physician and a pediatrician and had been with Pirquet. Even on Sundays Aszodi spent three or four hours writing at the laboratory.\nDr. Aszodi was particularly interested in calorimetry work and in studying the metabolism of the isolated heart. (See figures 70 and 71). They gave","page":97},{"file":"p0098.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 68. Interior of dog compensation calorimeter of Professor Hari in Budapest.\nAt this time it was being reconstructed at the agricultural workshop.\nFigure 69. Front view of partly demolisued dog calorimeter of Professor Hari in Budapest.","page":98},{"file":"p0099.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 70. New apparatus used by Dr. Aszdai of Budapest for studying the circulation in the heart and the consumption of sugar by the heart.","page":99},{"file":"p0100.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 71. A closer view of the Aszodi apparatus in Budapest for studying the circulation in the heart and the consumption of sugar By the heart. High light produced by magnesium ribbon.","page":100},{"file":"p0101.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"101\nan animal 20 units of insulin at 7 a.m. It was then anesthetized with ether at 10.15 a.m. and the heart was removed and perfused with Tyrode solution at 40\u00b0 C. It was washed until the heart was white. These perfusion experiments demand that the heart and the perfusion liquid should be under at least 80 to 100 mm. pressure of oxygen. During the perfusion process laotio acid is formed in the heart and is washed out every hour, and the solution is tested for lactic acid and other products of metabolism. They intend ultimately to determine carbon dioxide and oxygen. The heart acted better with the insulin than without. The rate of beat was better.\nThe idea was to study the metabolism of an isolated organ, noting the sugar loss of the amount of lactic acid. By an ingenious device the solution passes only through the heart muscle and not through the heart itself. The pH does not change in small animals, but there is more of a change in large animals. They must change the solution every hour and then determine the sugar loss (the amount of lactic acid), but 10 per cent must always be left in the apparatus, that is about 125 c.c. of the solution. The heart muscle itself is nourished by the blood in the coronary artery and not from the blood passing through the heart, but vice versa, as in the case of cold-blooded animals. The iron salt test for lactic acid bothered them a great deal. They actually found it in tap water. After the operation the animal washes out its blood by the beat of the heart. Sometimes the blood clots, and it is hard to get all the blood out. Finally the heart and lungs become perfectly white. The valves of the aorta close with 80 mm. mercury pressure against it, but the small arteries to the heart itself, the coronary arteries, are open for circulation. They find a large sugar absorption used up, about 25 mgm. per grm. of heart. This is much higher than all other workers find, but Aszodi thinks it is still a minimum value.\nDr. Aszodi is trying to establish a law that the use of sugar is inversely","page":101},{"file":"p0102.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"102\nproportional to the size of the heart. Perhaps it is a surface area law proportion. Thus, with a rat in which the heart ranged in weight from 0.8 to 1.0 gm., 25 to 35 mgm. were used. With a dog having a heart-weight of 60 to 80 gm., the sugar used was 2 mgm. per gram of heart weight. In between, there were other animals with different sizes of heart and increased consumption of sugar.\nWe discussed the question of a short period compared with a long period in metabolism work, and Hari emphasized that they (Hari and Company) should have the registration of muscular activity. Recently they have put on this device. Hari rather argued for long periods and thought that short periods\nmight be deceptive.\n/\nProfessor Hari was very critical of much of Rubner's book. He thought\nthat Rubner's oxygen values were all too high, as he used an indirect method.\nr\nHari was also very critical of Asher. He thought his work very poor. In discussing the work of Asher, he said that if one takes all the permutations and computations of the organs in the body, one can have endless researches.\nHe was also very critical of Asher's article in the Biochemische Zeitschrift, Volume 93, page 63, where he used for rate a ventilation of under 15 liters of air per hour. He thought that the article by Rahel Hirsch in the Zeitschrift f\u00fcr exp. Pathologie u. Therapie, 1913, page 138, was absolutely \"impossible\" (and this appears from the Second Medical Clinic in the Charite\"*). He says also see page 111, fourth paragraph.\nIn computing the surface area of rats, they are using the Meeh formula and the factor 9.1. Hari considered that the metabolism of rats was the highest at 61 days of age. They had a series of values representing 852, 1047, 1343 (peak at 61 days), and 982. Puberty appeared at 61 days, but only with a male rat, and he thought that this was the highest point of the metabolism.","page":102},{"file":"p0103.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"103\nA series of respiratory quotients on dogs before insulin gave 0.708,\n0.687, and 0.699; after insulin he found 0.721, 0.690, 0.714, and 0.686. With these animals curare was given between the experimental periods.\nHari fears that kymograph records make for a selection of data. He thinks\n/\nLusk and Du Bois select periods. Hari says Rubner is against selection in general; so am I, but not if the selection is made on the basis of too much activity before seeing the protocols.\nIn the respiration calorimeter they used the so-called \"critical temperature\" of 25\u00b0 to 26a 0. I am not sure how near this represented the actual temperature of the environment. The temperature was taken of the bath or possibly of the air coming out. In any event, one is not absolutely certain\nas to whether the temperature was best recorded. The main lines of work in\n/\nHari's laboratory are calorimetry, animal coloring matters, and surviving organs.\nProfessor Hari said that one can now get the fittings for the Nernst lamp, and gave me the following address :~\nGlasco Lampenfabrik, Ges.,\nKottbuserDamm,\nBerlin, Germany.\n/\nGeneral comment upon Hari's laboratory. In my last European report I commented on the fact that I thought Budapest would soon outstrip Berlin as a scene of interest in metabolism. I found this fully justified by my present visit, in spite of the most deplorable environment in which the men are working. It was to me a distinct inspiration to see men like Dr. Hari and Dr. Aszodi throwing their entire life into pure research work under conditions that would break the heart of most men. This stimulating experience was well worth the journey to Budapest alone. To what extent this condition can continue and be without influence upon the scientific character of the work is, of course, debatable. My own feeling is that Professor Ha'ri has come to a point where he follows the line of minimum resistance and has become more and more adjusted to","page":103},{"file":"p0104.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"104\nthis miserable condition, has no particularly keen desire to work out of it, but is plugging away with his experiments and is writing in the firm belief that it is only for his successor to make ary radical changes. The adjoining laboratory (that of Professor Parkas) appeared much cleaner. The rooms in the laboratory of Parkas also were dark and dreary, but they were clean. This may in part be accounted for by the fact that not so much work was being done. I felt sorry for Dr. Aszodi, for, as a younger man, he must feel much the need of stimulating environment, and unless one can look back and see the spirit\nI\nin Professor Hari's work, it is difficult to draw much inspiration from an examination of the laboratory and the environment. I found both Dr. Hari and Dr. Aszodi very good friends, frank in criticism, and my stay there was most profitable.\nSeveral photographs were taken of Dr. Hari and Dr. Aszodi, and are shown in figures 72 to 80, inclusive.","page":104},{"file":"p0105.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\n\nFigure 72. Professor Paul H^ri of the Phy-siological-Ghemioal Institute, Budapest, Hungary,\n\n","page":105},{"file":"p0106.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"10\nFigure 73. Another view of Professor Paul H^ri of the P-oysiologioal-Chemical Institute, Budapest, Hungary.","page":106},{"file":"p0107.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 74. Dr. Zolt^n Aszddi of tiie Physiological -Chemical Institute, Budapest, Hungary.","page":107},{"file":"p0108.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"108\nFigure 75\u00bb Another view of Dr. Zolt\u00e2n Aszodi of tae Dnysiological-Gheiaical Institute, Budapest, Hungary.","page":108},{"file":"p0109.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"loa\nFigure 76. Dr. Paul Hari, Dr. Benedict, and Dr. Zolt\u00c9fn Aszrfdi, Budapest, Hungary.\njf*--\nFigure 77. Dr. Paul I\u00ee\u00a3ri, Dr. Benedict, and Dr. Zolt^n Asztfdi, Budapest, Hungary.","page":109},{"file":"p0110.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"110\n\n","page":110},{"file":"p0111.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 79. Dr. Z. Ernst, Mrs. Benedict, Mrs. Aszodi, Eva Aszodi, and Dr. Z. Aszodi, Budapest, Hungary.\nFigure 80. Dr. Ernst, Mrs. Benedict, Mrs. Aszodi, Eva Aszodi, and Dr. Benedict, Budapest, Hungary.","page":111},{"file":"p0112.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BUDAPEST. HUNGARY.\n2\n>\u2022*\nUniversity of Budapest. Department of Physiology.\nProfessor G. Farkas and Dr. H. Tangl.\nThis laboratory, which is in the same building as that of Professor Hari, is evidently used more for teaching, although occasionally papers are published. Professor Parkas impressed me as being a man of wide general interests, but not so deep a scientific man as H\u00e4fri. He was much interested in metabolism having bearing upon our work here. They have just completed a study on the metabolism of a man playing the organ, using the manual alone and the pedals alone, then both. The Douglas bag method had been employed. A second very important study was that of some of the agricultural workers in the field.\nDuring the harvest season the men have to work inconceivably long hours to gather in the harvest. During this time they eat very large amounts, but actually they lose weight. In other words, they cannot eat enough to keep them going. Using the Douglas bag method, Professor Parkas had studied many of these workers in the field and had computed that they required \"enormous\" amounts of energy, more than they could eat daily; indeed, as I recall it, more than the 8,000 calories of the Maine woodchoppers of Professor C. D. Woods. In view of the fact that Professor Rubner maintained that the digestive tract of a man cannot take care of more than 6,000 calories per day, no matter how hard the man works, it would appear as if these field workers could not eat, digest, and absorb enough to keep up their daily requirements.\nDr. H. Tangl, the son of Professor P. Tangl, is associated with Professor Parkas and seems to be a very live, enthusiastic young man. I believe he hopes to come to America for a year before long. He made a very good impression upon me, and I note that he had been publishing several papers with Professor\nParkas.","page":112},{"file":"p0113.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BUDAPEST, HUNGARY.\nO\nAgricultural Institute. Professor S. Weiser.\nDr. Weiser is the successor to Professor Tangl at the Agricultural Institute, hut apparent]y is much occupied with administrative work and publishes relatively little. He gave me two or three reprints and remarked upon the excellent success that they had had in Hungary in feeding their cows large amounts of pure lime-stone. They had had difficxilty with bad bone formation, but feeding the lime-stone bettered this condition. It looked to me as if perhaps the organic acids of fermentation in the tract of the ruminant helped in the solubility of the calcium salts, thus getting them into the circulation.","page":113},{"file":"p0114.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"II4\nBUDAPEST. HtmfiAPV.\nDr. F. Verzar.\nAlthough Dr. Verzar is located in the Hungarian University of Debreczen, he happened to be in Budapest when I was there and I had an opportunity to talk; with him at his villa one afternoon. It was impractical for us to go to Debreczen. There he was doing a great deal of work on rats, and he found that at 28\u00bb C. and in the dark the rats lie with the feet stretched out and are very quiet. He had checked this up by securing a kymograph record. He is making respiration experiments in which he is studying the effect of cod liver oil as compared with pure lard, and he finds a much higher metabolism with cod liver oil. They had two new papers just coming out. Verzar is evidently much occupied with political matters and had just succeeded in having the government establish a biological station on a large lake, I think it is Balaton, the largest lake in Hungary. it is to be a slimmer station and he is to be the director.","page":114},{"file":"p0115.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BUDAPEST, HUNGARY.\n1\ni r\nJl\nUniversity of Budapest, First Medical Clinic.\nDr. Z. Ernst.\nDr. Ernst, who was in America with Dr. Aszodi, was with us a great deal during our stay in Budapest. We found him an extremely delightful, courteous, and keen young man. The laboratory at the hospital had been recently painted and looked very well. Even the gas pipes on the top of the table were painted white. Dr. Ernst laughingly said that they did not dare invite me out there until it had been painted. I gave a lecture at the clinic on \"Insensible perspiration: Its relation to basal metabolism and its significance in the clinic\u201d. This I gave in German. Afterwards we visited the clinic and saw a great many things.\nI was particularly interested in a new device that Dr. Ernst was getting ready for studying the metabolism of mice. He had a large calcium-chloride jar, the lower part of which served as the respiration chamber. The upper part contained soda-lime and calcium chloride. A little mercury bulb was raised and lowered to circulate the air, and two small glass valves functioned perfectly, provided that the air was absolutely dry. As the oxygen was absorbed by the animal and the carbon dioxide produced was absorbed, there was decreased pressure and oxygen was allowed to enter from a burette with a most ingenious automatic device for obtaining constant water pressure. The amount of oxygen consumed was read directly from the level of the water in the burette. The apparatus was extremely cleverly devised. The plan was to put the entire thing under water in a water bath and have four or more in use at once. The temperature was 28\u00b0 C. Dr. Ernst plans to put an apparatus for registering activity in each one. My criticisms of the apparatus are (1) that it is too large for a mouse, (2) that it has too much reagent, (3) that he could use dry. soda-lime perfectly well and he could use small calcium-chloride tubes.","page":115},{"file":"p0116.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"/\nI suggested that he use no valves but rely upon the dead space in the apparatus being wiped out with each movement of the mercury bulb leveller. These conditions make for simplicity. I also pointed out that although he very cleverly uses the changes in the water level in the burette as a measure of the oxygen consumption, he should use a spirometer and measure the loss from the spirometer, either knowing its own factor or using a calibrated pump. But the whole Hari \"school\" is against the spirometer and Hari himself is against the spirometer.\nDr. Ernst had a number of small things, all of them very clever. He impressed me as being a good man, who knows his business. I found out that he had made a very good impression in America. We found him a splendid character.\nFor photographs of Dr. Ernst see figures 79 and 80.","page":116},{"file":"p0117.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BUDAPEST. HUEflABY. Clinics of Balint and Koranyi.\nFollowing the lecture we visited the clinics of Balint and Koranyi.\nMany things were shown me that I could not appreciate. Thus, I saw\nsome wonderful stainings of tissue by the so-called '\u00bbvital coloring\"\nDr.\nmethod byykarczag, who showed us a number of things. Among others was a test for fibrinogen using a \"nephelometer\". We also saw a dog with crossed kidney circulation, which had been living for six months and was in good shape. One of the assistants had a good deal to say about the specific dynamic action of sugars in the liver of sick people, but later I read his reprint and it certainly was rotten. There was a very elaborate diet kitchen, in which great stress was laid upon the taste or palate of the patient, and a great variety of foods and meats, etc., was offered. There was an elaborate series of diet tables and charts, but I could not see how one could get much use out of it even by statistical methods. The clinic appeared to be in striking contrast to Dr. Hari'\n\u00ab\nlaboratory, as it was distinctly up to date and recognized the necessity for good ligit and cleanliness in first-quality scientific research.\nI am sure, however, that the quality of the research done there was not at all up to the character of that carried out by Professor Hari, in spite of his bad surroundings.","page":117},{"file":"p0118.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ZURICH. SWITZERLAND\nUniversity of Zurich. Physiological Institute\nDr. Alfred Fleisch.\nAt the Physiological Institute in Z\u00fcrich I first saw Dr. Fleisch, who had published a description of a simple form of treadmill which had attracted my attention. I found him a bright, keen chap, and spent considerable time with him discussing not only his treadmill, of which I took two photographs (see figures 81 and 82), but likewise some of his conceptions with regard to his experiments on muscular work. In his experiments on muscular work he uses a Krogh apparatus with both large and small Lowen valves.\nThe problem of what should be used as the base line was discussed, the metabolism lying, .sitting., or standing. Which is to be deducted? But Fleisch calculates that the constant should be a special one for walking, and he has calculated a special constant which one must get from his published papers.\nOf special significance to me was his discussion with regard to the so-called \"steplift\", that is, the amount the body was raised each time in each step of walking. Fleisch said that this is not a true lift representing energy to raise the body this distance, but there is a distinct \"pendulum effect\" in which, of course, the energy of position at one point would simply allow the body to swing to the height at the next step much as a pendulum would swing, and there should not be this correction for steplift. This suggestion I found very interesting, and it kept coming up all through the rest of my European tour.\nIn fact, I talked with many men that I met about this point, and it is interesting to see how puzzled nearly every one was with regard to it. I think it is by no means certain. The opinion is about even that the pendulum effect would greatly decrease the calculation for the steplift; others believe that it is of no significance. When taking this matter up with several physicists,\nmany were inclined to think that the pendulum effect had been neglected heretofore.","page":118},{"file":"p0119.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"110\nThe cone speed, reduction with motor is shown at the left. This is extremely simple in design and if rugged enough to stand continuous work, should he a great improvement over the other frightfully expensive types of treadmill.\nFigure 81. Treadmill of Dr. A. Fleisch of the Physiological Institute, Zurich.\nFigure 82. Cone drive for speed reduction of Fleisch treadmill (shown at right) at the Physiological Institute, Zurich.","page":119},{"file":"p0120.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Q:glgofeJ!-S_.jbaohpgraph. Fleisch had. an ingenious method for studying the pressure of expired air. He had a tube containing, in line 92 holes or long glass tubes, through which the air passed. By measuring the drop in pressure in the entrance and exits of these tubes, using very sensitive rubber membrane after the principle of Professor Frank, he was able to secure extraordinarily sensitive photographs of the air movements. He calibrated the values by a ggntinuous flow of air from a meter. I took up with him the idea that the expiration of man was not a continuous flow but was rhythmical. He also calibrated, he claims, on this basis, i.e., by rhythmical current, but it seemed to me that the errors had not all been wiped out. The idea is very clever, but I questioned whether the peripheral eddy currents were all equalized. His photographic ourve takes in every slightest phase of the respiratory act. Even the heart effect is frequently shown. It occurred to me that this should be extremely interesting in connection with the measurements of the temperature of expired air, as, for example, the curve obtained on Miss Macintyre in the spring of 1926 at the Nutrition Laboratory.\nFleisch is very ingenious. For example, he made a home-made kymograph for photographing paper, using a constant-speed \"Boulitte motor\". It seemed to me that this was really costly, perhaps as costly as a standard kymograph.\nIn his published papers on the tachograph, the latest improvements are not given. He now uses 92 small tubes about 1 mm. or 1.5 mm. in diameter and calculates that the total area is equal to a tube 15 mm. in diameter. The curves were very beautiful and showed usually no period of respiratory pause, that is, there is no period of null pressure. The curves were always above or below, usually passing rapidly by the null line. He had a few sleep curves which I could not analyze in detail, but which seemed very interesting. I could not find out just how he got them.","page":120},{"file":"p0121.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"It seemed to me that Fleisch was doing too many things. He is very bright and it seems as if he ought to have one main line of research and follow that. He told me that with his treadmill and apparatus he wanted to do experiments on muscular work with the students in the university as subjects. But he told me it was very difficult to get students for a long series of experiments, so he had to do other things. It occurred to me, also, that perhaps Dr. Fleisch was taking his cue from his chief, Professor Hess, who, while mainly occupied in optical things, is carrying out a large number and great variety of other researches. Professor Asher of Berne said that Fleisch was a Swiss, had married the daughter of a politician, and was anxious to be the successor of\nAsher.","page":121},{"file":"p0122.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ZURICH. SWITZERLAND.\nI\nty *\u25a0>\nUniversity of Z\u00fcrich, Physiological Institute.\nProfessor W. R, Hess.\nOne of the brightest, keenest men I met in Europe was Professor Hess.\n(See figures 83 and 84.) This was the first time I had met him. He was formerly a practicing physician and opthalmologist. He had had a good practice but loved research much better. Mrs. Hess writes a great deal for him. I saw a large number of eye things I could not understand. He was studying the sleep centers in the cat and made his photographs with the ultraviolet light, that is, in the dark so as not to wake up the cat; this method gives very good pictures by using the negative, but not the positive. His study seemed to me very careful.\nTemperature of bees. An ingenious use of the thermal junction was made in the study of the temperature of a hive of bees. A series of iron~constantan junctions were used outdoors in winter. By means of innumerable junctions distributed through the hive he found that the inside temperature was 37* C., and the outside temperature was constant at 8\u00b0 C. He found the bees continually wandering into and out of the center.\nAn interesting animal was shown to me. It looked like a squirrel, only with enormous eyes so that it could see at night. It is never seen in the daytime, and is found in trees that are cut down. I went to the laboratory in the evening and saw them out of their cage. They hibernate seven months of the year.\nProfessor Hess is much interested in the problem of sleep. His use of the library in connection with reprints is interesting. He lists all the reprints, first,by the year in boxes; then he puts the name of the authors on cards and the titles and subjects on cards.","page":122},{"file":"p0123.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 86.\nFigure 64.\nFigures 86 and 84. At dinner at the house of Professor and Mrs. Hess of Zurich. From left to right, Professor Hess, the Benedicts, Professor Fleisch, Master Hess, Madam Hess, and Professor K. Felix.","page":123},{"file":"p0124.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Large respiration chamber. Some concern bad given a large respiration chamber for pressure as well as vacuum to the laboratory. (See figure 85.)\nIt is very elaborate, magnificently built, electrically welded, and absolutely tight, so that it can be used for a respiration chamber later. He expects to do this. This large chamber has only recently been used for some respiration experiments, and it was just being tested when I was there. It is extremely elaborate and finely manufactured. The method of maintaining the low pressure automatically is extremely ingenious, and it should be possible to do a great deal of work with it.\nThere is to be a laboratory on the Jungfrau Joch for Alpine work, but Professor Hess has no connection with it, I believe.\nkeg,tupfe\tOne good point which I noticed in connection with Hess was\nthat he had arranged an automobile spotlight fastened to the ceiling, about half way back of the lecture table in the room, so that he could throw the light on any given piece of apparatus or a kymograph tracing, for example.\nProfessor Hess and Dr. Fleisch impressed me as being an unusually good pair of men. Since we visited there, Dr. Fleisch has been given the honorary title of Professor. Professor Felix, the professor of anatomy, wrote me a letter (I had written him expressing my appreciation of Professor Fleisch), stating that my letter had practically decided them to give him the honorary title. A little later he was appointed Professor of Physiology at the University of Dorpat, Esthonia, where he should give a good account of himself.","page":124},{"file":"p0125.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 85. High pressure respiration chamber at the Physiological Institute, Z\u00fcrich. Professor Hess, rigfrt, and Dr. Fleisch, left. High light due to magnesium ribbon.","page":125},{"file":"p0126.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 o r\nJ- .w <\n0*\nZURICH. SWITZERLAND.\nAgricultural Institute for Feeding Domestic Animals.\nDr. Max Kleiber.\nThis institute, which was visited by Dr. Carpenter but about which I had heard practically nothing, I saw only by chance through Dr. Felix, who took me there. I found a very good laboratory with two stalls for metabolism work with cows. There was a respiration chamber large enough for sheep, very well constructed, almost too elaborate. (See figure 86.) It was provided with an oil seal and with cooling tubes to keep down the temperature, and particularly with an automatic opening device (see figure 87), so that if the ventilating air current showed a diminished rate of flow at all, an automatic mechanism would be put in action to shut down the circulation completely and lift the cover of the chamber. This I thought was entirely unnecessary, but they thought it had a good effect upon their constituency and showed the laboratory's consid\u00e9ration for animals.\nAutomatic gas-analysis apparatus. This apparatus was extraordinarily complicated, extremely ingenious in principle, and based upon photographing frequently the level of the mercury in a fine bored burette. (See figure 88.)\nIt seemed to me more beautiful than practical. Soda-lime bottles of gigantic size were used (see figure 89) and they employ a \"lange\" meter, not as yet calibrated. (See figures 90 and 91.) I was interested in seeing the arrangement for an alcohol check. The alcohol lamp was weighed for the loss of alcohol. The lamp remained continuously upon the platform balance. (See figures 86 and 87.) There was an excellent form (small size) of the sampling device of Johansson, showing the idea of the \"harp\" of Johansson. (See figures 90 and 91.) This was used to get samples of the gas at different parts of the period. I found that the calculating machine \"Loga\" was extensively used.\nThis is made in Z\u00fcrich. In figure 92 is shown a photographic record of the height of the mercury in the capillary on the automatic gas-analysis apparatus.","page":126},{"file":"p0127.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figjure 86. ^Respiration chamber for sheep (in background.) at the Agricultural Institute for Feeding Domestic Animals, ZUrich.\nThe chamber is arranged for an alcohol cneck test. The alcohol reservoir is kept continually on the balance.\n\nFigure 87. Another view of the sneep respiration chamber at Zurich. At the extreme right is the automatic device for opening the chamber, provided ventilation stops for any reason.","page":127},{"file":"p0128.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"iss\nFigure 88. Scheme showing the device for automatic gas-analysis apparatus at the Agricultural Institute for Feeding Domestic Animals, Z\u00fcrich.\nFigure 89. Details of soda-lime bottles and containers, used in connection with the automatic gas-analysis apparatus at the Agricultural Institute for Feeding Domestic Animals, Z\u00fcrich.","page":128},{"file":"p0129.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"120\nFigure 90. Gas meter for measuring the total ventilation of the sheep respiration chamber at Zurich, and the elaborate gas sampling device arranged on the principle of the Johansson harp.\nFigure 91. A somewhat closer viev; of the gas meter for measuring total ventilation of the sheep chamber at Z\u00fcrich, showing soda-lime bottles on the right.","page":129},{"file":"p0130.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"'\u2014\nFigure 93. Photograph record of hai^t of\t^^rLfthe\nautomatic gas-analysis apparatus, Zurich. With a lense o graduations and numerals on the burette as well as the neight\ncapillary.","page":130},{"file":"p0130s0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 92. Photograph record of height of mercury f \u201c^\u201cLTthe utomatic gas-analysis apparatus, Z\u00fcrich. With a lens \u25a0\tthQ\nraduations and numerals on the burette as wexl as e\napillary.","page":0},{"file":"p0131.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BERNE. SWITZERLAND.\nUniversity of Berne, Physiological Institute.\nProfessor Leon Asher and Dr. Curtis.\nThe innumerable researches appearing incessantly from the laboratory of Professor Asher, many of them dealing with problems of intermediary metabolism and particularly the specific dynamic action, made a visit to his laboratory imperative. In fact, I had purposely planned to spend one week studying this laboratory in detail. I had hoped to see Professor Asher\u2019s first assistant,\nDr. Abelin, but in spite of considerable correspondence we missed each other, as at the time of my arrival he was away on his vacation. Professor Asher was extremely busy, but, as usual, very courteous, very free, and wished to show me everything he could and do everything for me. It was impossible to have the careful reflection and discussion of the work here that I should have liked. I came away but very little enlightened as to the true situation there, other than that I had a somewhat greater familiarity with regard to the technical details of their experiments. Practically all of their experiments then going on were with rats or rabbits. I was also sorry to miss contact with a Dr. Eisenschmidt, who had written a number of papers on metabolism, on temperature, and heat loss, about which I wished to talk with him. On the other hand, I did have an opportunity to see considerable of an American doctor, Dr. Curtis, a long-time friend of the Berne laboratory and one well acquainted with all of its details.\nThe fundamental argument of Professor Asher is that his experiments are satisfactory and correct and that he makes a large number. He repeats the experiments several times and has one or two days of feeding in between. His argument is that if they all show the same general trend, then he cannot be\noff. My criticisms of the general technique are as follows: (1) in establishing","page":131},{"file":"p0132.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 O *>\nJL \u00bb>\nthe basal metabolism he has the rats go from a cold room to a temperature of about 26\u00b0 C.j (2) when the animal is fasting and is hungry, it searches for food and it is more or less active or at least may be: (3) after eating protein, the animal is quiet but there is the specific dynamic action effect and rise in metabolism; (4) after fat the animal is quiet,but there is no specific dynamic action effect.\nI think that a 16-hour interval after food is not long enough for the animal. Thus, if the animal has eaten at 5 p.m. and the experiment is made the next morning, 16 or 20 hours may have elapsed since the last feeding, but if they eat at 1 p.m. the experiments will be between 20 and 24 hours after food. In other words, the time interval since the last feeding was not sufficiently controlled.\nThe ventilation rate is, to my mind, very troublesome. Thus, if one looks at the Biochemische Zeitschrift, Volume 93, page 63, one finds records of a disturbance in water output which would appear to be really disturbed ventilation.\nAsher maintains that dogs are no good. He said that a dog is always \"under tension\" when awake and often when asleep. He prefers rats. On the other hand,\nI recall how hypersensitive Professor Donaldson says rats are, with actual changes in the weights of the parathyroids due simply to rough or excitable handling.\nExamining the technique of the method itself, I noted tremendously high suction through great layers of acid. One immediately questions, \"Why do you not use calcium chloride? It considerably reduces the pressure.\" One would ask, \"What is the volume of air and acid in the chamber at the start? What is it at the end? Why does he use four hours? And are there any period experiments made?\" The answer is \"Yes\". The periods are made on two different days.\nIt seemed to me that the respiratory quotient of the rabbit after fasting was not as low as it should be, and I asked if this was a fair starting point.","page":132},{"file":"p0133.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 Oo\nJL\n\"Probably for oxygen, yes, but for carbon dioxide, no.\" I feel as if at the end of each series he should retrace his steps and make a basal determination to control the first start. I do not see why a graphic registration of activity is not possible; it would help a great deal. Less pressure could be used and consequently thinner (lighter weight) tubes. One could rest the chamber itself together with the animal on an external cage support, and record the vibrations. If he had such a record then there could be no argument as to possible differences in activity in different experiments. Asher maintains that 26\u00b0 C. is abnormally high for a rat. Undeniably they are restless at 18\u00b0 C. Can you assume the same degree of restlessness on comparable days? His argument would be, \"Yes, you can.\" When he had duplicate days, he found the metabolism was uniform. Possibly the animals were not quiet, but probably they approximated the same degree of activity. The measurement of the oxygen consumption in periods is most desirable, but this is not possible by the Asher method, unless one considers (as perhaps can legitimately be done) that each day is a period itself. I feel that the rectal temperature of the rat should be taken before and after the experiments.\nSubsequently I was able to confer with Professor Curtis about the situation in Berne, and I was immediately impressed by the fact that Professor Curtis is extremely loyal and very appreciative of what he has secured in Berne. He is much troubled by the wave of criticism which he met at every point at Stockholm. In discussing with him the situation in Berne, I made it clear that I was not criticizing Professor Asher or his laboratory in public in general, but was anxious to analyze the situation in order, if possible, to help him. He feels that Asher is a most inspiring type of man, but he finds the \"central bureau\" idea, that is, with no discussion of the finished paper, a great mistake. It comes down to a matter of \"school\" writing. The slogan in the laboratory on the matter of control is \"uniformity of results\". I feel","page":133},{"file":"p0134.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"that this speaks for uniformity of manipulation but not necessarily for accurate findings.\nThe residual oarbon dioxide is certainly of significance, especially in transition periods in muscular work. I feel Asher is advanced in introducing muscular work into his program, but I question if it is applicable with the Asher method of weighing. I cited the fact that it seemed a misuse of the Asher method and recalled that in Helsingfors they actually made experiments with one small boy in a respiration chamber designed to handle a dozen men.\nThere were a large number of Japanese in the laboratory, and I questioned whether they were properly controlled. Dr. Curtis felt that there was no suspicion of their deliberately falsifying results, but there were no controlled weighings. Again absence of control is justified by uniformity of results.\nDr. Abelin, Curtis thinks, is a good man but not in the lime light. The \"chief\" naturally holds that place. There is no wilful repression of other men, but it must be so, for that is the European custom. Asher said that Abelin was a Russian but was a Swiss citizen, and states that he is handicapped in getting a Swiss position. Curtis said that Abelin was a very good man.\nAsher is very buoyant and enthusiastic, but all the laboratory staff look at everything through his (Asher\u2019s) eyes. Curtis maintains that you have to struggle for your independence of thought. Asher plans everything himself and is reported to have said that he was playing chess in his laboratory against ten assistants. This rather \"lets the cat out of the bag\". Asher does not count on independent thought of assistants or students, apparently taking his cue from Ludwig. Asher was an old pupil of Ludwig and talks a great deal of German cultivation. Asher is a remarkable man in many ways. He seeks to be a physiologist in all directions, not only physiology of the glands, about which he writes so much. Curtis maintains that Abelin is very serious, critical, and more directly occupied with technique. When I was there, Asher had in hand","page":134},{"file":"p0135.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 oc\nJL t.i \u00abJ\nsome experiments on a rat and he had some strikingly abnormal results. But he maintains that they must be correct, inasmuch as he had repeated all the results. He also emphasized that long training of rats for experiments is necessary. They must learn to lie quietly and if they do not train well, they are not used. Commenting upon the number of Japanese in the laboratory, he said he always had many and liked them in two distinct categories, i.e., for a short term (3 months) and a long term (a year or more). It seemed to me unwise to leave men like this with uncontrolled weights. This laboratory is the most active and the most uncertain of any in Europe. I found no enthusiasm for Asher in Europe. He is looked upon very skeptically. I do not think he stands very high. In Stockholm he was very savagely attacked.\nDr. Abelin gave me two photographs for the Nutrition Laboratory, one (see figure 93) showing a respiration experiment on man in progress, the other (see figure 94) showing an alveolar air experiment with a Krogh spirometer.","page":135},{"file":"p0136.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 93. Determination of the respiratory exchange. Dr. Abelin, left, and Professor Asher, right, of Berne, Switzerland.\nThis photograph was given to the Nutrition Laboratory by Dr. Abelin.\n","page":136},{"file":"p0138.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BERKS. SWITZERLAND.\nUniversity of Berne, Surgical Clinic (de Quervain).\nI visited this clinic unfortunately when Professor de Quervain was away. I was shown the equipment that they are using for basal metabolism experiments, in connection with their studies of goitre. The equipment seems to me very poor. They are using some water (Mueller) valves and a decrepit gas-analysis apparatus, and they had a spirometer apparatus pretty well dismantled and bunged up. I went over the situation with Dr. Pedotti very carefully (he is the assistant who is responsible for this experiment), and hope that I was able to put them on a somewhat better footing.","page":138},{"file":"p0139.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"GEKBVA. SWITZERLAND\nGeneva Medical Society.\nProfessor Pierre Li. Besse\u00ab\nI gave a lecture before the Geneva Medical Society in French. It was the first time I had given a lecture in French, and it was more or less training for the subsequent lectures to be given in Brussels, Louvain, Strasbourg, and Paris. There was a good audience and considerable discussion. In the discussion one of the most important points was raised by Professor Pierre M. Besse, president of the Geneva Medical Society.\nI found that he advocated that many of his patients, particularly obese patients, ride in an automobile but with minimum clothing, under which conditions he maintained there was a great loss of tissue. They did not personally drive. He was certain that they had large losses and was quite upset when, in my lecture, I discussed the absence of effect of an electric fan blowing over the subject. I suggested it would be cheaper, as long as the people were not driving the automobile, to put them in front of an electric fan, and the question arose, \"What blast can be obtained from an electric fan? How does it compare in relation to the speed of an automobile, when one sits in the rear seat with no wind shield? \" I think it is well worth while trying this out again. It is possible that a bumpy automobile or a bad road might help, but Dr. Besse claimed, \"N\u00d41 it was only the wind effect.\" I found an unusual interest in Geneva in connection with metabolism experiments, as a precursor of the extraordinary interest that has developed in France.","page":139},{"file":"p0140.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LSY5IN, SWITZERLAND.\n1 4 ^\nRollier Clinic.\t%\nDr. T. W. T. Dillon.\nI had heard a great deal of Dr. Rollier and his connection with sun treatment in tuberculosis. Visiting this most interesting place, not far from Montreux I was fortunate in getting in touch with Dr. T. W. T. Dillon, who gave us a great deal of attention and explained much of the workings of the clinic. It is only for surgical tuberculosis, not for tuberculosis of the lungs. There are other clinics in Leysin that do work along this line, but the Rollier Clinic is confined solely to surgical tuberculosis. The sun treatment is the crux of the whole thing. This is very carefully handled, and, more important, very persistently handled. In general, Dr. Rollier will not allow patients to go home until they have been there at least 1 1/2 years. The usual precautions of beginning exposure and graduating the exposure are taken. The subject becomes very much pigmented. To my mind the most surprising physiological factor in the whole clinic was that people remained literally \"bed-ridden\" for months and did not become enfeebled thereby. Dr. Dillon told me he had two years of bed rest with sun treatment and was able to walk up a mountain in the rear of the clinic with a stick at the end of three weeks. Of particular significance was the fact that the tonus of the muscles remained firm. I felt of some of the patients and the skin and muscles were good and not flabby or lacking tone. This seems to be a factor of the exposure. Dr. Dillon felt it was fully as much the exposure to the cool air as it was to the sunlight. In fact, the treatment does not necessarily demand sun light alone. We saw rnapy patients nude but protected from severe cold blasts by a cloth hung over the bed\u00ab-frame, not touching the body. By this means the body is well exposed to the effect of cold and air movement even if the sun is not out# Hie ventral posture with the weight supported on the arm is particularly recommended with Pott's disease.","page":140},{"file":"p0141.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"141\nAll in all, the visit was most stimulating. I learned subsequently that it is better to go to Leysin and see the work done there than to hear Dr. Rollier talk or lecture about it, for the impression he makes in lecturing is not good, as it savors of a great deal of \"Reklame\u2019\u2019. Dr. Dillon bemoaned the fact that they had all this vast material (as I recall it, some 900 beds in some twenty clinics) and no scientific research as such is going on, although he was sure that the patients would be glad to cooperate, for frequently the experiments would make an agreeable break in an otherwise tedious day. I told him if the situation ever developed so that he would be in a position to do any work, we would be glad to help him from a metabolism standpoint.","page":141},{"file":"p0142.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BASEL. SWITZERLAND.\n14\nProfessor Jaguet and Professor Staehelin.\nProfessor Jaquet, who has unfortunately retired from active scientific work, came to the hotel and made a visit of about an hour, talking freely of his war experiences and his most recently acquired philosophy of life, which had taken him entirely away from research. He is an extraordinary technician, and it is a pity he cannot continue contributing further to the aid of physiologists. Many stories were told in Basel of his commercialism, such as his raising and selling to the French vegetables raised on his sanatorium farm and buying needed vegetables from the Germans. Indeed, it was also stated that he had been an active member of a firm manufacturing and selling caskets. This story got about, much to his discomfiture. He still remains an extraordinarily interesting man, although without further interest in scientific research.\nIt was stated that Jaquet was very anxious to be the successor to F. M\u00fcller at Basel. Be he was not successful, as he was said to be a very poor clinician. On the other hand, there was a great deal of adverse criticism of M\u00fcller. Thus, a quatrain was sung that M\u00fcller got this idea from one man, another idea from another man, and another idea from another man, etc., utilized these ideas and made himself, M\u00fcller, quite a man. I was quite astonished.\nJaquet is distinctly egocentric. His war experience has \"shot him up\" a good deal, so to speak. He said he lived right \"under the fire\". They were trying to shoot up a certain bridge and each side thought the other would take advantage. He has a crippled son 19 years old and spends most of his time teaching him. Jaquet argues that all names are soon forgotten. Honor is evanescent. He asked what student of the present day thinks or knows of Virchow.\nI asked him then, as a pharmacologist, if he knew anything about \"Lugol\" and the solution used extensively in the treatment of goitre. He did not, but told\n","page":142},{"file":"p0143.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"14\n0\n1\t>\nme an interesting incident of Dover. Dover was a corsair in the time of Nelson, a physician and captain of a corsair. One of his men was sick and had dysentery. Dover knew that opium was good and also ipecacuanha, so he combined these and we now have Dover\u2019s powder.\nJaquet commented on the fact that Poulson of Oslo has a crystalline vitamine, a copper salt, of which 100 milligrams is efficacious. Jaquet states that cod-liver oil is the biggest export of Norway; hence the study of vitamines is an important one for the country.\nStaehelin told me that the term \"alkaline reserve\" today originated with Jaquet, when he was a student with Schmiedeberg in Strasbourg. I found tla t Staehelin was doing very little, if any, research. He was quite interested in going to Edinburgh to give some exchange lectures.","page":143},{"file":"p0144.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"144\nHEIDELBERG\u00ab GERMANY.\nuniversity of Heidelberg\u00ab Department of Physiology.\nProfessor August Putter\u00bb\nThree years ago we found Professor Putter in Kiel, hut now he is permanently located as a successor to Kossel in Heidelberg, occupying Kossel\u2019s old quarters on Akademiestrasse. Putter had been devoting most of his time to studying the metabolism of the lower cold-blooded animals.\nHe had begun a few other things, however, which I thought of interest to us directly. For example, he had occasion to analyze some camel\u2019s urine.\nThe text books stated that there was no 'urea in it and that it consisted only of ammonia, but he found that there was urea in it and no ammonia when it was freshly voided. He also studied the urine excretion of an elephant, determining the number of urinations during the day and night and the total weight of urine. He says he did not do it for the sake of studying the composition of the urine or the metabolism, but he had been interested in the kidneys.\nHe has all the students in his course make respiration experiments on themselves or associates with the Krogh apparatus. They make experiments with the subject in the lying and standing positions and with some movements of the arms, to show how small movements increase the metabolism. I imagine Putter will be inclined to elaborate his work in his new position at Heidelberg and take on more metabolism work.","page":144},{"file":"p0145.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"145\nHEIDELBERG\u00ab GSR11AUY\u00ab\nUniversity of Heidelberg, First Medical Clinic.\nProfessor L. Krehl and. Dr. J. Hansen.\nProfessor Krehl I saw for but a few moments, as he was much occupied, as usual, but he was apparently not personally engaged in any research work of interest to this Laboratory.\nI was interested in Dr. Hansen particularly, as he had reported some experiments on the metabolism during hypnosis. He said that most of the hypnotic subjects are pathological persons. He rarely finds a normal person who goes into deep hypnotic sleep. He has one. He made an interesting study of \"static\" work under hypnosis. He bad hi.m hold up his arm for ten minutes without hypnosis. On the first day there was an increased metabolism, on the second day less of an increase, and on the fifth day almost no increase, that is, there was an effect of training. But in hypnosis he got no increase at the very start. His study included the effect of environmental temperature upon the metabolism under hypnosis.\nHe told about hypnotizing his subject in a warm room and suggested to the subject that he was lying on the beach in the warm sunlight. At this point he opened the windows, removed the clothing, lowered the temperature to 11\u00b0 C., and found no change in the metabolism while the subject was under hypnosis. But he continued the experiment only i50 minutes. He did not try having his subject in cold water. He had done much on static work with and without hypnosis. He thinks that Grafe\u2019s patients under hypnosis\nwere restless. Dr. Hansen made a very good impression on me. I did not meet his former co-worker, Dr. Gessler.","page":145},{"file":"p0146.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"14\nHEIDELBERG. QBRliASY.\nUniversity of Heidelberg. Medical polyclinic.\nProfessor S.J. Thannhauser and Dr. Erich Kraus.\nAt the Polyclinic I found a very cumbersome, but very well built universal respiration apparatus. (See figures 95 and 96.) All joints were ground-glass .joints, and interestingly enough, they were introducing the oxygen by an enormous Elstermeter and yet there was on the shelf nearby a standard Nutrition Laboratory spirometer which was not in use. They have the usual combination of three-way valves and two sets of bottles, and a great deal of sulphuric acid. They were using also a cumbersome, elaborate spirometer as a part of the universal apparatus. It seems as if they always make these things as expensive as possible. I was amused to see the subject smoking a cigarette before his basal metabolism was determined. Dr. Kraus tola me he was a colleague and he could not control his smoking very well; he wanted to smoke and said the type of experiment would not be affected by his smoking.\nI gave my lecture in the clinic to a large and very appreciative audience. When I finished, I had the pleasure of meeting the head of the\nProf. S.J. Thannhauser, who had just come back from his vacation.\npolyclinic,","page":146},{"file":"p0148.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"s\nFigure 96. Another view of the universal respiration apparatus in the polyclinic of Professor Thannhauser at Heidelberg.\nGround glass joints are used, and a gas meter to measure the oxygen admitted.\nf- s","page":148},{"file":"p0149.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"149\nHM\u00dcBLB13RS. QHiMBT.\nProfessor Albrecht Kossel.\nAlthou^i theoretically he has retired, Professor Kossel (see figure 97) is actually giving some lectures in physiology and continues his protein research in a mild sort of way. He has suffered greatly by depreciation of funds, and now is being helped by a German scientific foundation. He occupies a few rooms in the clinic of Professor Krehl and has two or three workers. I imagine he takes things quietly and does relatively little himself, althou^i he does not impress me as one ready to be laid upon the shelf.\tWhile there, we were at his house\nseveral times and met his son, who is professor of physics at Kiel.","page":149},{"file":"p0150.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"150\nfigure 97. Professor Albrecht Kossel of Heidelberg, Germany. Taken in October, 1926.","page":150},{"file":"p0151.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"151\nFRANKFURT am MAIN. GERMANY.\nPrivate Clinic.\nProfessor Karl von Noorden.\nThe chief attraction at Frankfurt in connection with metabolism was, of course, Professor von Noorden. An arrangement was likewise made for me to lecture there. We went to lunch with Professor and Mrs. von Noorden (see figures 98 and 99) and talked with him. He discussed extensively the low protein diet of Petren. He thinks that men become \"sensitive to protein\" by having too low a protein intake, for protein is really needed for all the cells. Von Noorden had obtained the same results as Petren obtained from his low-protein high-fat diet, by giving his subjects fat-free meat and carbohydrate. In a few. days he had secured the same result as Petren, who required months on a diet high in fat and low in protein. Von Noorden considered protein, in a sense, as a vitamine.\nHe had been able to bring people out of coma without insulin, but had not had patients in coma for many years. He thought it was undesirable to employ insulin, for there was the danger of getting hypoglycemia or at least a relative hypoglycemia. He said he would testify in court that it was criminal not to use insulin, but he was personally so skilled in handling diabetics he preferred not to use it. His handling did not result so quickly in results as with insulin, but he believes it better to begin with insulin after the patient is out of coma, as it helps more. He still believes strongly in his old diets.\nI found him very bitter against Falta. He stated that Falta published stuff he got from him (von Noorden) but gives him no credit. He is \"all through\" with Falta and says that Falta's position in Vienna is always decreasing and is becoming smaller and smaller.\nVon Noorden\u2019s clinic is controlled, he states, by a society and the thing","page":151},{"file":"p0152.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"152\nFigure 98.\nFigure 99\u00ab\nFigures 98 and 99\u00ab Professor and Mrs. Karl yon Noorden of Frankfurt, Germany.","page":152},{"file":"p0153.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"15*7\nhardly pays. It just about breaks even, and he personally must pay for all research, as the institution itself will not or cannot afford research work.\nI think that it is the only place in Europe where a man pays for his own research work.\nHe argues that one can give 100 grams of glycocoll to a man perfectly well. Prom this glycocoll one obtains a stimulus. It may not be a protein or amino-acid stimulus at all, as glycocoll has the largest amount of fatty acid (acetic acid) per molecule of any of the amino acids, and there is a very small percentage of the amino part. He seemed to be rather glad to criticize Lusk and he was, perhaps, glad to find any argument to lessen the idea of any danger of protein, i.e., contrary to Petren\u2019s low protein idea.\nHe uses brandy and alcohol. He says that one can recover from coma with 150 grams of brandy. He gives it at first by rectum and also gives a good drink of brandy. He reports that Jaquet says the kidneys are injured by alcohol, but a man can take a lot of alcohol once with no danger to the kidneys.\nVon Noorden stated that in the first edition of his book he wrote that the surface area idea was wrong and that Rubner has never forgiven him. He claims that Rubner cites only his own students in his writings. Von Noorden is anxious to get some assistance for research funds, such as the Rockefeller Fund. Before the war he could conduct all his researches, personally. He cannot do that now, as he has lost so much in his practice. He writes all of his own books and letters on his own typewriter, and Mrs. Von Noorden says he really must write his own books and that it is not a labor for him, but a real pleasure.","page":153},{"file":"p0154.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"15\u00ab\nFRANKFURT am MAIN. mmiANV.\nUniversity of Frankfurt, Department of Social Hygiene\u00ab\nProfessor Ludwig Ascher\u00bb\nProfessor Ascher had done some work upon the physical fitness of employees in factories and was interested in industrial hygiene, coming to this field work from insurance. He maintains that there is no fixed \"normal\", but there are so-called normal groups and normal variations from these groups. Apparently he uses the cinematograph a great deal, studying the motions of workers and trying to devise short cuts and decrease extraneous motions. He cited an instance in which support of the arms when a man was mending shoes resulted in much less effort, and better skill was shown.\n","page":154},{"file":"p0155.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"WURZBURG. GERMANY.\nUniversity of W\u00fcrzburg. Physiological Institute.\nProfessor Max von Prey.\nAlthough the magnet at W\u00fcrzburg was Professor Grafe, I was glad to see my old friend Professor von Prey, whom I had not seen for many years prior to the Stockholm Congress. So we visited his institute. He certainly is a remarkable man, of strong literary nature. For example, when I raised the question who was Lugol and asked about Dover, he knew about Dover and immediately took the time to go and look up Lugol and found in Gerhardt's book the whole story of Lugol. His son-in-law, Ackermann, is an assistant professor in the department and is really a good deal better than most people are inclined to think. Professor von Prey has made many researches with other people, which are of great significance. Thus, there was a man named Bohnenkamps who worked in the clinic of Professor Krehl and, I understand, also later with von Prey on the glycogen consumption of the heart. He made the significant finding that the same amount of glycogen is used, no matter at what rate the heart beats. I had hoped to discuss the matter with A. V. Hill in London, but did not.\nProfessor von Prey also worked on the placenta with Professor ^chmitt and Dr. Reichl. He also had measured the area of the placenta by a method devised by himself and found it to be 6.4 square meters. An American by the name of Dodds by a method wholly different found 6.5. I was sorry not to have seen Professor Schmitt, because he had been doing work on the fetus and in view of the possibility of studying the metabolism of the fetus I really ought to have seen him. Since my leaving W\u00fcrzburg, I have had some correspondence with him and he will be glad to assist us.\nThe laboratory of Professor von Prey was in excellent order, as one would expect, and apparently was a very industrious place, for a large number and","page":155},{"file":"p0156.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"15 G\ngreat variety of researches were going on. I think the variety is somewhat greater than one would imagine from reading the publications from the laboratory, Somehow one always thinks that von Frey is dealing with sensory experiments, but I noticed a good many other things. He is a remarkable man, and one can well visit him and derive a great deal of benefit.\nTwo photographs are available of Professor von Frey (see figures 1Q0 and 101) and two of Professor von Frey and a group of his students in the garden of the Physiological Institute (see figures 102 and 103).","page":156},{"file":"p0157.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 100. Professor Max von Frey of the Physiological Institute, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany.","page":157},{"file":"p0158.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 101. Professor Max von Frey of the Physiological Institute, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany.","page":158},{"file":"p0160.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"WURZBURG. GERMANY.\nUniversity of W\u00fcrzburg. Medical Clinic.\nProfessor Erich Grafe and Dr. H. Strieck.\nThe particular attraction at W\u00fcrzburg for us was Professor Grafe (see figures 104 and 105), who formerly was at Heidelberg, then went to Rostock, and had recently been called to W\u00fcrzburg as successor to Professor Morovitz. Morovitz himself had gone to Frankfurt, where a hospital of 600 beds awaited him; the hospital at W\u00fcrzburg had only 200 beds. As Professor von Frey wittily said, \"The physicians never have enough beds\".\nIt was clear that Professor Grafe had immediately made provisions for an extensive attack of research problems. For example, he had brought the whole respiration apparatus from Rostock with him, as it belonged to him personally.\nHe had the whole thing crated and put upon a railroad car and brought it down. (See figures 106 and 107).\nHe uses the Siemens and Halske electrical recording thermometer for continuous measurement of the rectal temperature. This he finds especially valuable for use with dogs and small animals, in cases where the surroundings must be kept constant.\nGrafe has two of Or. Carpenter's gas-analysis apparatus, made by Bleckmann and Burger. They did not look very well made. In connection with the use of the gas-analysis apparatus his assistant, Dr. Strieck (who came with him from Rostock), had devised an ingenious electrical arrangement for raising and lowering the mercury on two gas-analysis apparatus at the same time. (See figures 108 and 109.) The bulb is raised and lowered very rapidly. It is controlled by a switch in the hand of a girl operator, the motor being such that it can be reversed in either direction. I pointed out to them the significance of a new method of using the pyrogallic-acid pipette which I saw in the laboratory","page":160},{"file":"p0161.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 104. Professor Erich Grafe, Medical Clinic, University of W\u00fcrzburg, Wfrzburg, Germany.","page":161},{"file":"p0163.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"163\nFigure 106. Scheme of Grafe respiration chamber for humans with aliquoting device.\nPhotograph given me by Professor Grafe.\nFigure 107. Interior of the Grafe respiration chamber for humans at W\u00fcrzburg.\nCover partly lifted. This is the identical chamber formerly at Sostock.","page":163},{"file":"p0164.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 108. General view of Dr. Strieck\u2019s arrangement at W\u00fcrzburg for raising and lowering the mercury reservoirs on two different Carpenter gas\u2014analyst s apparatus.\nThis was taken at the time of ny visit to Wftrz-burg. It shows the switch at the ri^it, the cross screw spindle in the center, and the electric motor in the rear. Note the bulbs for the pyro. At this time I suggested the modification of the pyro pipette which I had seen in Copenhagen with Professor Krogh.","page":164},{"file":"p0165.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 109. Details of the base of the Strieck apparatus at Wurzburg for automatic raising and lowering of mercury reservoirs on gas-analysis apparatus.\nThis view shows the motor, spiral, and base of the Carpenter gas-analysis apparatus.","page":165},{"file":"p0166.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nof Dr. Krogh; later I found that Dr. Strieek had introduced it. The apparatus for raising and lowering the mercury bulb is adjusted for two gas-analysis apparatus, but could be used for six. Dr. Strieck was not satisfied as there was not sufficient pitoh on the screws. Since that time he has sent me a photograph (see figure 110) showing the newer modification with a much deeper pitch on the screws and showing its use with two gas-analysis apparatus. He reports an extraordinarily rapid analysis and can apparently make an analysis, according to his statement, in twelve minutes. It seems incredible. I thought at the time that the Nutrition Laboratory should really make use of its supply of compressed air to raise and lower these bulbs rather than to bother with an electric motor. I suggested to Dr. Carpenter to have it tried out.\nGrafe\u2019s respiration chamber for dogs and his chamber for rabbits I also saw, and photographs of these were given to me (see figures 111 and 112).\nIn discussing the question of obesity, Grafe spoke of a woman who weighed 175 pounds and who lost 20 pounds in 50 days and ate 100 calories a day. He asked, \"Does fat turn into carbohydrate?\" Grafe thinks that fat is not simply an inert matter, for it is much infused with blood. The work on the heart would be much more than just carrying around 50 kg. on the back. On the other hand, the heat production per square meter of body surface is normal. I asked him, \"Is a fat person normal or is it not an organism plus the load that is being carried about?\" Grafe thinks that fat plays a role and is not simply inert. He said water plays a great role. A person can gain in weight 500 grams by simple retention of water, not as oedema. He finds in malaria a high metabolism without fever (without an increase in pulse), but I asked him, \"What can one do when a pulse recorded by a nurse in the bed is compared with the metabolism in the respiration apparatus?\" I do not think this is proof. But a rise","page":166},{"file":"p0167.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"167\nFigure 110. The Strieck apparatus at W-\u00fcrzburg for automatic raising and lowering of mercury reservoir of gas-analysis apparatus.\nThis view shows the modified pipette of the Copenhagen type, and the altered pitch of the screw on the vertical spindle. The old spindle with smaller threads can be seen on the left. At the right is a small air\u2014compressing device for stirring the water in the Carpenter gas-analysis apparatus. This is used in Germany for aerating aquariums and is sold as a unit.","page":167},{"file":"p0168.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 111. At the left is the Grafe respiration chamber for humans; at the right the Grafe chamber for dogs; in the rear the Carpenter gas-analysig apparatus at W\u00fcrzburg.\n\nFigure 112. Grafe\u2019s respiration chamber for rabbits, onen (vi rom above) and a smaller chamber at the right for guinea pigs (vie-from the side), at W\u00fcrzburg, Germany.","page":168},{"file":"p0169.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"in metabolism before the fever appeared, then a sudden rise until time of\n169\nchill. They are now using malaria to treat paralytic patients. Grafe is inclined to think that a brain center is affected. He thinks that the specific dynamic action affect?the heat center.\nIn discussing the matter of the great difference in the heat production\nper square meter of body surface, I stated that a rat has a heat production of a man of 900 calories\n600 calories, and a steer of 1300 calories. Grafe maintains that Rubner would say that the average value is about 1000 and these values are all within a normal range for a biological law.\nDiscussing the matter of the heat center, I suggested that, until there was proof that the whole tissue is not at a higher temperature, you cannot say much. Perhaps the muscle cells may equalize the higher temperature by a different blood diffusion, and still the rectal temperature will show no rise.\nIt is clear that Grafe is quite inclined to believe in a heat center. He states frankly that he is much influenced by his work with Freund in Heidelberg on cutting the spinal cord, cutting out, so to speak, the physical regulation.\nGrafe states that I am a kind of chemist and I have too exact ideas as to laws. Grafe thinks that biological laws must vary, we simply must find the means and what is the limit.\nGrafe says that Rubner always leaves a few doors in the rear open, out of which to back. He says that the Cohnheim (Kestner) dogs with the false feeding all had fever, and Rubner was disgusted with Cohnheim and his method. Grafe was much influenced by the data for the fasting steers, which show that their heat production ranges from 1800 to 1300 calories per square meter of body surface, for he said that Rubner maintains that in hunger there should be no change per square meter. Grafe intimated that F. M\u00fcller was now giving up the acid stimulus theory and was falling in with Grafe*s theory of luxus consumption.\nGrafe emphasized very strongly indeed that the Nutrition Laboratory must","page":169},{"file":"p0169verso.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"T~ ( ^\n71\u00f9\u00e0 '*> a 0>JUL^ \u201c=3^3 ^ hM!^~'\nTLj>\\ m a \u00a3\u00a3?\u00a3r~3-\tr\n*\t^*jhtr, AA-\u00a3y~4L - <^->\u2014 CeZJE**-*^\n^Z\u00e2l^\u2014 tf *** ~f u~\n\n(/h^\nu","page":0},{"file":"p0170.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"work on fat people. He states that we have studied thoroughly fasting in \u00e4iort and long periods, undernutrition, and normal nutrition, and now we must study fat people. I think this is a perfectly just view. He mentioned having heard of a man in G\u00f6ttingen who has a method of determining the metabolism by noting changes in the color of the blood with the thumb with a ligature applied. I do not know the name and I doubt the quantitative value of the method.\nDr. Grafe's assistant, Dr. Strieck, impressed me very well indeed. He came from Rostock with Grafe and he had charge of all the respiration experiments. He is very ingenious. He seemed to be a bit of an insurrectionist, if not perhaps inclined to be disloyal. I gathered this from some points that I saw.\nHe shrugged his shoulders and asked me to ask Grafe to let him come over to America.\nGrafe and Strieck were working together with the Grafe chamber. It is too bad that Grafe did not have graphic registration. We must have that now for every experiment, even lying. They use a very low rate of ventilation, IQ liters per_minute, but of course this gives a big increase in the residual carbon dioxide. However, this is all right for short periods. There is always water condensed on the window, which indicates too low ventilation. The patient complains of headache if the content of carbon dioxide in the chamber air is allowed to go too high, but the limit of the gas analysis is 1.7 per cent. At the beginning the air is assumed to have the composition of outdoor air. A sample is taken at the end of the last bit of ventilating air, and this is assumed to be the same as the chamber air. He has made, all told, twenty alcohol checks. His duplicate analyses are splendid. Thus he has obtained \u2022978 and 0.982, 1.054 and 1.050, 1.329 and 1.342 for carbon-dioxide percentages.\nProfessor Grafe is the best man in metabolism whom I met in Europe, and I think, on the whole, a sound man - not that I agree with all his views, but I think he is open to conviction. He is a good student and his fine knowledge of","page":170},{"file":"p0171.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"medicine makes him an especially desirable research man. In many ways he reminds me of Dr. Du Bois of New York; he is of about the same age and has the same degree of activity. They are rather an extraordinary pair of men. One cannot avoid going to W\u00fcrzburg if Dr. Grafe is there.","page":171},{"file":"p0172.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LEIPZIG. GERMANY.\n1\nUniversity of Leipzig. Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry.\nProfessor Karl Thomas.\nProfessor Thomas (see figure 113) could not go to Stockholm, as he had injured his leg in a trolley car accident. Although primarily a chemical man,\nI found him, as usual, extremely stimulating and with a wide variety of interests. In speaking about vitamines he said that now some large German chemical factory had started in on vitamines and his impression was that there must be \"something big\" coming off and that they are not playing with uncertainties. There must be something in vitamines, but one must look at it wholesale. One cannot do it on a small scale, for otherwise one comes to all sorts of crazy ideas.\nThomas maintains that his chief job is to make better trained assistants for clinics. He said that the Rockefeller people had sent him many men, at present nine, if not more, who were paid $50.00 per month and remained two years.\nA recent letter implies that he has still more coming.\nAn interesting turn of industry was in the case of the color or dyestuff industry. Today one-half of the German industry in dyestuffs is gone. Even - ersia makes her own basic dyes. Hence German chemical industry must turn to\nsomething else other than dyes, and thus \"protein chemistry\" has assumed great importance.\nThomas says that he has but little to do with physiology. Just now he is working on a pig with a fistula and has as a main thane the keto-antiketogenic ratio. Another main theme with him is protein chemistry. His idea is to do accurate work. Thus, if the student learns to do good gas analysis and quantitative work, then later with the aid of the clinic they will bring up the chemical standards and the clinical standards.\nThomas discussed the new article by Johansson, who says now that \"die Stoffe\" are the most important things for the cell. Rubner said that energy was the","page":172},{"file":"p0173.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 113. Professor Karl Thomas of the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.","page":173},{"file":"p0174.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\" 174\nmost important, but Thomas argues that you cannot separate the two.\nThomas had a great deal to say about Rubner, with whom he had been for many years. Thus, he says that Rubner thinks out a thing, fights it out, calculates it out quietly, weighing everything in his study, and then it is very hard to get him to change his views. He does not argue well and he does not give in a point until everything is all carefully thought out. Rubner\u2019s treatment of other individuals has been subjected to a great deal of criticism, as he apparently is very reserved and some think very domineering. Thomas stated that when he was an assistant in the laboratory, it was nearly two years before Rubner said \"Good morning\" on the stairway.\nThomas feels that Rubner says, \"Here, is there arytbing in this chap? If so, it will come out. If not, I cannot bring it out. Let him go it alone until he shows something\". Thomas said it was not until he got onto the \"biological value of the proteins\" that Rubner became interested in him. Rubner thought that the surface area law showed the facts existing at that time and was the best idea, but nowhere, Thomas believes, has Rubner made the statement as solid and unyielding as many modern writers. Thomas says that Rubner is disinclined to discuss scientific matters, and that even with him (Thomas) he does not discuss things. Lusk told Thomas that Rubner would look about the laboratory and see everything, but would not express himself or say what he was personally doing.\nIn considering the matter of polemics and answering criticism, Thomas cited the faot that Pfl\u00fcger had criticized Rubner, but Rubner did not answer. Rubner waited ten years and then appeared with his book \"Die Energiegesetze\" which was the answer. Thomas furthermore states that he strongly defends Rubner. He said that Rubner wrote somewhere (he did not recall where) that he (Rubner) did not know how the surface area law would apply to ruminants, as his work dealt only with dogs and rabbits. I told Thomas hat I felt as if the cutting off of the rabbit's ears looked very fishy.\nI I","page":174},{"file":"p0175.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"While in the laboratory Thomas told me of the old Diener, Paul Bruennel, who was brought to the laboratory in 1878 by Ludwig and who had been on constant service since that time. I took a photograph of Bruennel (see figure 114).\nAfter my lecture, the great increase in metabolism shown by the Durham steers following ingestion of hay was a subject of much discussion. Thomas said that the increase in the metabolism of the steers with 7 kg. of protein-poor hay may have been due in part to the work of chewing. This is quite likely, but, as a matter of fact, Professor Scheunert (the head of the Agricultural Physiological Institute), who was also present at the lecture, thought that the chewing could not have accounted for any considerable part of the increase in metabolism.\nBlood chemistry in animals, particularly ruminants. Thomas takes the blood from the tail of a pig, for it does not go well from the pig's ears.\nHe got 25 c.c. twice a day easily. We should do this in Durham on the cattle and study the blood chemistry in cattle, following the question of transport of carbohydrate either in the form of blood sugar or perhaps in the form of fatty acids. Is there a change in blood sugar with any flooding by feeding carbohydrate? What do Polin and Berglund find with the goat? The problem oi the path of the absorption of carbohydrate in ruminants must be fully considered with regard to the blood chemistry, as to blood sugar and as to fatty acids.\nThe work of chewing seems to present a difficulty in studying the metabolism of the ruminant. There is the possibility of cutting out the chewing in full and using finely chopped hay (hay meal). One could notice the time of eating and time of ruminating. Is there any chance of determining the carbon-dioxide production exactly during rumination? Is there any possibility of getting a more \"pure\" specific dynamic action? In the question of the high heat production per square meter of body surface of","page":175},{"file":"p0176.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":". ..Z*8?1'\u00ae 114* Diener Bruennel, who was installed in Leipzig by Ludwig and has been in active service ever since.\nThis photograph was taken in the fall of 1926 Leipzio.Lab\u00b0rat0iy \u00b0f Ph^3iol\u00b0\u00a3ical Chemistry at","page":176},{"file":"p0177.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ty\nsteers, Thomas was very much interested. I pointed out (1) that the value of 1300 calories was based upon steers that were not over-nourished but perhaps undernourished, (2) that the steers were stall-maintained animals and perhaps, like Lusk's dogs after cage confinement, they had a low heat production and, (3) that we secured all along the lowest rather than the highest values, and finally landed on 1300.\nKarl Thomas is one of the finest men in Europe, with an idealism that must be infectious, and one can easily understand why so many young men go to him. It is a pity that he cannot come to America. I think he is a thoroughly splendid character and a scientist of first quality.","page":177},{"file":"p0178.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1\nJL\nLEIPZIG\u00ab GERMANY.\nUniversity of Leipzig. Physiological Laboratory.\nProfessor Li. Gildemeister.\nThis was the first time I had met Professor Gildemeister. For three years Professor Garten had charge of this laboratory. Professor Gildemeister is working in relatively little that specially interests us.\nIt is the old laboratory of Ludwig, then Hering, then Garten. Very interesting to me was a museum in the hallway showing the original important developments of these producers. This must be very stimulating to the younger men going through these halls. The laboratory had been recently painted and remodelled, so it looked in good shape. As a successor to Professor Hoffman, who had died recently in Berlin, Professor Durig of Vienna, Gildemeister of Leipzig, and Trendelenberg of Tubingen had been proposed. Professor Durig has definitely refused. I think that Professor Thomas would be very glad to have Gildemeister have the position, -or Gildemeister was likewise a former assistant of Rubner. Gildemeister remarked that Professor Prank of Munich would show no one the laboratory.\nI recall i had not gone about the laboratory on my very short visit, but I should be rather surprised if he had refused to show me, had I asked.\nI took photographs of Professor Gildemeister alone and likewise of several others in the old laboratory of Professor Ludwig. (see figures 115 and 116.)\n78","page":178},{"file":"p0181.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LEIPZIG. GERMANY.\nUniversity of Leipzig. Agricultural Institute.\nProfessor A. Scheunert.\nProfessor Scheunert (see figure 117) is installed in a nice new building with considerable equipment, but is devoting his entire time to,\nI might almost say, \"playing with vitamines\". I think he has some grants for studying the vitamine content of various foods from food manufacturers and canners, etc. He has a very fine rat laboratory. One of his main theories is that from a vitamine-free food material bacteria can make a vitamine at least one-half as good as yeast, so he is working on this point.\nI saw in this laboratory one of the most extraordinary scenes that I saw anywhere in a vitamine laboratory. Thus, in this laboratory everything was spick and span, but I saw four different rats catch and eat five flies, and I wondered whether they did not get some vitamines in this nourishment. Scheunert uses glass aquarium jars, with l/4-inch mesh tops and sawdust in the bottom, the sawdust being changed every fourteen days. They begin feeding rats at about forty-five days and then they begin at three hundred grams or more with a guinea pig. I saw them artificially feeding guinea pigs, xhe animal was placed on its back, the teeth opened with pinchers, and they put the fresh meat on a glass rod. It seems to go very well indeed. I brought up the old point with Scheunert that I could argue that the vitamine was but a \"cocktail\" or an \"aperitif\" and that he had the chance with these guinea pigs to stuff them to prove this. In other words, if the guinea pigs will not eat normally, make them eat and see if under these conditions there is any difference with and without the vitamines. I argued also that he should weigh all the intake and see what it is. He says that he always took notice of these possibilities. He added 2 grams of lucerne to the feed, and I argued that two grams of dry lucerne equal 8 calories","page":181},{"file":"p0182.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"82\nFigure 117. Professor A. Scheunert of the Agricultural Institute, Leipzig, Germany.\nThis photograph was taken in the Physiological Institute of the University of Leipzig.","page":182},{"file":"p0183.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"and perhaps those 8 calories were needed. I argued that cows at least needed ballast or else they were sick. That might not be a question of vitamines at all, but simply ballast.\nScheunert had a fine, large institution with a large Pettenkofer~Voit respiration apparatus with a very large gas meter. The chamber itself has a volume of about 17 cubic meters. I think it is no good and he will ultimately turn it out. It was sent from Dresden as a gift. All of the apparatus in the institution of Professor Ellenberger was transferred to Leipzig. The big chamber has only historic value.\nScheunert had imported sane of the \"pie-bald\" rats developed by Drummond in England, but found them really no larger than ordinary rats. He used to have with rats an epidemic of kidney trouble and found this was coincident with their sitting on the wire mesh when the temperature of the room fell below 20J C. Their tails were wet, the mesh was cold, and the animals caught cold. Since taking out the mesh and putting in sawdust, there had been no kidney trouble. He uses sawdust and places a piece of shingle on it and round \"oatmeal\" saucers, and the animals sleep in these.\nIn talking about his new laboratory, Scheunert felt that one should keep the laboratory clean, and that it should have white walls, for white walls mean clean, careful workers. In discussing some of the work with a bomb calorimeter he said that the so-called \"rust-free steel\" was very good except when he wished to determine chlorides; then one must have a bomb lined with platinum. At Scheunert's laboratory I saw a rapid setting balance manufactured by Bizer, Wagenfabrik Balingen, W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. I also saw in some other laboratory a balance by Rabald and Lindner of Leipzig.\nIt seems to me it might be useful for studying the insensible perspiration of humans. I went out to their factory, had a conference with the designer, and later they submitted a blue-print and specifications of such a balance. They could not, however, guarantee less than 5 grams accuracy. It cost","page":183},{"file":"p0184.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1\napproximately #250.00. I carried the matter no farther.\n","page":184},{"file":"p0185.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LEIPZIG-MOCKERN. GERMANY.\nAgricultural Institute.\nProfessor Gustav Fingerling.\nAt a number of points along my European tour I had heard of Professor Fingerling (see figure 118) and was invariably told that he was very much against showing anybody his laboratory or discussing what he was doing.\nIn fact, I was told I would be refused admittance to his laboratory. Wishing to avoid such an \"impass\", I wrote ahead to Professor Thomas, who assured me that Professor Fingerling would show everything if I could make an appointment belorehand. Thomas stated that Fingerling was always rebuild\u201d changing, modifying, and has not got the thing satisfactory, but is very much handicapped by its being necessary for him to go \"hunting\" outside, giving many lectures and addresses, in other words, \"passing the hat\".\nHe has now seven different chambers, three of them large enough for oxen, the others for sheep or hogs. Of the large chambers one is a single chamber, and is the original Kellner chamber, which is dark and deep in the basement. Then he has a most interesting \"pair\" of double chambers with a light and glass windows between them, his idea being that he oould work with two cows in the two chambers and they would be much more contented, oould visit, so to speak, and would feel much more at home. He says that Kellner's cows were always active and nervous, but that with this new plan he is working to have them quiet. Fingerling rather questions the results on Kellner's cows. His idea is to put two cows together in neighboring chambers and never go near them. On the approach of an assistant they become nervous and excitable, and he thinks that they should be left abso-\nalone. This dominant note of Fingerling's technique, i.e., that the animals must be absolutely quiet and undisturbed is the basis of his entire equipment. Thus, he plan$ to have the whole equipment so automatic","page":185},{"file":"p0186.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure his desk in Germany.\n118. Professor G. Fingerling at the Agricultural Institute at M\u00f6ckern,","page":186},{"file":"p0187.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"7\nthat an assistant should practically never have to enter the room in which the animals are kept. Everything is therefore arranged on a more or less long distance basis.\nFingerling has a remarkable battery of large gas meters, for the ventilation rate of his chamber must be about 1,000 cubic meters per hour. Under these conditions he holds the carbon-dioxide content of the incoming air at 0.03 per cent and of the outgoing air 0.07 per cent!! His whole system of drawing a sample, aliquoting, and analysis is extraordinarily complicated.\nIt must be exact, because the difference in the carbon-dioxide percentage in the incoming and outgoing air is so very, very small, that is, 0.03 versus 0.07 per cent. In his sampling device, which is most clever and also complicated, mercury in a glass tube is lowered to a certain point; then valves are turned and the leveling tube is automatically raised to drive the air into the barium-hydrate solution, which he titrates. He expects later to determine the electrical conductivity and thus analyze the barium hydrate. In the summer of 1927 Fingerling sent me nine photographs of his carbon-dioxide sampling device, together with a description o.f each one. (See figures 119 to 117 .)\nI emphasize again, Fingerling is full of ideas. He likes very much indeed Professor Ritzman's feces-separating device. Among other things I found very clever valves, based upon the fact that if cotton batting were forced into the end of the tube and the tube were placed under 1 mm. mercury, and air were blown through the cotton batting, with reversed pressure, the mercury cannot be forced up through the cotton batting, so it makes a very tight seal. A layer of but 1 mm. of mercury will suffice.\nHe hoped to measure the oxygen consumption of animals ultimately, and has a scheme in connection with a sheep box, to close it tightly by a purifying device inside the box with the animal , and then let the oxygen","page":187},{"file":"p0188.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 119. Details of Fingerling\u2019s carbon-dioxide sampling device.\n(a)\tElectro-magnets\n(b)\tContact commutator ring for conducting the current to the magnets\n(c)\tSprocket for the chain drive\n(d)\tConducting ring\n(f) Hard rubber bearings to hold the contact commutator ring","page":188},{"file":"p0189.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"189\nFigure 120. Details of Fingerling\u2019s carbon-dioxide sampling device.\n(a)\tElectro-magnets\n(b)\tContact commutator ring for conducting the current to the magnets\n(c)\tSprocket for the chain drive\n(d)\tConducting ring\n(e)\tHolder for magnets\n(f)\tHard rubber bearing to hold and insulate commutator\nring","page":189},{"file":"p0190.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"190\nFigure 121. Arrangement of the sprocket on the shaft of Fingerling\u2019s carbon-dioxide sampling device.\n(a) Electro-magnet\n(b-jJ Contact ring for positive current\n(bp) Contact ring for negative current\n(c) Sprocket for chain drive\n(g)\tSprocket for the levelling vessels on the mercury burette\n(h)\tRing of soft iron as armature for the four magnets\n(A)\tLeft driven sprocket\n(B)\tRight driven sprocket\n(C)\tCarrier for levelling device\n","page":190},{"file":"p0191.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 122.\tComplete assembly of the three sproc-\nkets with the two driving sprockets, in Fingerling\u2019s carbon-dioxide sampling device.\nSprocket is driven towards the ri^it by means of a wSaeel not here shown, and sprocket m is driven towards the left. JL carries C (see Figure 123) towards the right; m towards the left, and thus the levelling device is either raised or lowered, i, carbon pencil contact. K, carbon pencil contact carrier of wood.\nFigure 123. Side view of the same arrangement shown in Figure 122.","page":191},{"file":"p0192.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\n1 on\nFigure 124. Lower part of the measuring burette in Fingerling\u2019s carbon-dioxide sampling.device.\nWhen the mercury goes below the upper contact, the connecting current is broken and the electro-magnet (D, figure 127) lets its armature fall. The mercury tubes, 01 and Op, are shortly closed and the current is then shunted over to E, which conducts the current tothe magnets on A (figure 121), and then goes to B.\nj","page":192},{"file":"p0193.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"193\nFigure 125. Upper part of the measuring burette in Fingerling\u2019s carbon-dioxide sampling device.\n(r)\tPlatinum wire contact which conducts the current by means of the mercury in p\n(q) Valve for the air entrance\n(o) Vajve for the air exit\n(s)\tSafety contact in case r does not work, s is shunted to a relay which takes the entire current when s comes in contact with the mercury. At the same time it gives an alarm.\nVentilation construction","page":193},{"file":"p0194.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 126. View of the measuring burette, F, the levelling vessel, G-, and the weight-compensator, H, for the levelling vessel, in Fingerling\u2019s carbon-dioxide sam-ling device.\n!\n\n\nfigure 127. Switching device used in connection with -ingerling\u2019s carbon-dioxide sampling apparatus.\n","page":194},{"file":"p0195.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"195\ngo into it as the oxygen is used up, - not from a bomb, but by an electrical device, in which he electrolizes a solution of copper sulphate in a vertical glass jar (having a piece of platinum in the bottom and a stick of copper in the top) as a current passes through it. He had a very ingenious little electric meter, \"Stia\", made by bchott and Genossen of Jena. This was apparently a device used for measuring the electrical consumption in households. Mercury was deposited from a solution and then collected in the bottom, rising in a tube something like a mercury column in a thermometer. Thus a measure of the electricity was obtained. I have the printed matter on this now and am corresponding about it. Subsequent correspondence has shown that this meter was very clever and for ordinary household use would be satisfactory, where a direct current is employed. It does, however, require an absolutely constant voltage and hence would be of no use to us in calorimetric work, where the voltage might change a few per cent. As a commercial, technical meter, it is all right.\nI saw a great iron cauldron which he had purchased from some place with the idea of using it as another respiration chamber for oxen. He expects to use an air pump to force air through sulphuric acid, soda-lime, and sulphuric acid, so as to keep the chamber air normal. If an oxen's coat of hair becomes wet in damp, soggy air, the ox feels cold, and Fingerling argues that the heat production is inor\u00e9ased.\nCalorimetry. Fingerling's idea of a calorimeter is to suck air out of the chamber, cool it to 12\u00b0 C., blow it into the chamber, and then see how much heat he must add to it electrically, to bring it, for example, to body temperature after the animal has given off his heat to it. He wishes, of course, to have a control chamber and measure the electricity to check it.\nHe certainly is full of ideas.\nThe usual quota of comments with regard to other workers in Europe","page":195},{"file":"p0196.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"were found here as well as elsewhere. For example, he argued that everybody said that Professor Hagemann was no good, and an astonishing incident was that all the copper was removed from his calorimeter during the war and was found in Hagemann's home after his death. Klein is also useless, in accordance with a statement of Scheunert to Fingerling. On the other hand, he estimates M^llgaard very highly indeed. Also he speaks strongly of Professor Armsby and his books and his excellent English. He is not a little worried over Hansen's (Sweden) substitution for Kellner's starch values.\nMy visit to Professor Fingerling was an astonishing one. I had heard of him only through reading his publications, which are not extensive, and from a general report I had received he was simply marking time and puttering. To a certain extent this may be true. On the other hand, there is clear evidence of accomplishment in the large equipment, the extraordinary sampling device, and above everything else, the statement that he made to me definitely that he had a good control system for carbon dioxide. It is a great pity that he must spend so much time outside drumming up funds for the laboratory, and that he cannot keep in contact with other workers in\nhis field. It would be splendid if we could get together Fingerling, M^llgaard, Ritzman, Meigs, and possibly (for the sake of appearances) Forbes. At the moment of writing (February 1927) I have not given up hopes that this may be accomplished.","page":196},{"file":"p0197.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LEIPZIG\u00ab GERMANY.\n!'9T\nPersonal impression of Leipzig visit\u00bb\nAs a result of seeing this group of men in Leipzig, almost a new group for me, I became impressed with a number of things, first and foremost with regard to my own woeful ignorance of certain phases of physiology, such as the matter of vasomotor changes, the question of heat centers, the spinal cord, and checks such as Grafe had carried out with Dr. Freund. In my note book I have a question, '\u00bbCan F.G.B. get the essentials of these points?\u201d I was furthermore impressed by the fact that in the Nutrition Laboratory we should really now being to work strongly on overnourished animals and human obesity, employing for the first purpose the method of stuffing a rat, guinea pig, or goose. The Nutrition Laboratory has done a great deal on short fasts, prolonged fasts, and undernourishment both of men and animals, and I feel now (and this was strongly emphasized by the Leipzig people, as well as by Professor Grafe) that we really should take up the question of overnutrition. Professor Thomas and Professor Fingerling were the two fine lights and must be visited in any subsequent visit. Professor Scheunert\u2019s emphasis on vitamines is, of course, interesting, but not directly significant in our work. Professor Gildemeister has little that bears directly upon our problems, although he is a most interesting man with whom to talk.","page":197},{"file":"p0198.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HALLE. GERMANY.\nUniversity of Halle. Physiological Institute.\nProfessor Emil Abderhalden and Dr. Ernst Wertheimer.\nWe had the pleasure of staying with Professor Abderhalden at his new\nhome, and were very much impressed by the family life and the fortitude\nshown in the terrible affliction of two of their children, who are badly\ncrippled as a result of infantile paralysis. This has been a great\ntragedy in their lives. Abderhalden told me frankly that he \"ordered\" his\nwhole life by the dictates of Professor Lange in Munich, who is reconstruct-surgically ing his eldest son.\nA\nMost of my visit was spent in conversations with him at the house. A visit at the laboratory was not particularly productive, for few of their things are interesting to us. For example, the institution is not at all up to date, although there are a number of workers. It is sad to see the institution so run down. It is not what one would expect from an institution of the first order, devoted to the chemistry of proteins.\nAn assistant, Dr. Wertheimer, showed me how a dog, when fasting, had a lipaemia, but the dog, fasting plus phloridzin, on the third day had a distinctly yellow liver, 8 per cent fat compared with 1 per cent fat in a normal fasting liver. On the other hand, he found that if he cut the spinal cord at the base level there was no change. That is, the influence of the nervous system on the metabolism, in so far as the fatty deposits in the liver are concerned, is very great. He gave me a reprint. Dr. Wertheimer was studying rat metabolism by the Haldane method. He determines the carbon dioxide only and does not weigh the cage. He starts in with the animal \"n\u00fcchtern\" 16 hours, at room temperature. There is no control. He\nmakes an experiment of one hour each day for fourteen days prior to the injec","page":198},{"file":"p0199.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"tion of the material to be studied. He admits that he gets a great variation from day to day, even prior to the injection. He has no idea of the real degree of repose and no idea of the temperature except that it is \"room\" temperature. There is no correction for residual air, the rate of ventilation is slow, and the period is only one hour long. I did not believe that the air in the chamber was replaced six times in one hour, and I felt that there must be something of a rise in the residual carbon dioxide. Dr. Wertheimer states frankly that he is not interested in absolute values, only in differences between the metabolism before and after the injection of the substance. The animal that he showed was more or less continuously in motion. Why these people will not adopt the relatively simple method of controlling the degree of repose, I cannot understand.\nLibrary. I saw a travelling library of journals, American, English, aid French, but no German journals. They were moved every eight weeks from university to university, but they were late in starting. It was interesting to see that in all the French journals the leaves were uncut. This is perhaps because it was just after the vacation period.\nDogs of E. S. London. Last summer, just prior to the Congress, E. S. London of St. Petersburg, Professor Abderhalden, Dr. Wertheimer, and two assistants of London, all went with a lot of dogs in cages to Davos, to study blood changes at the higher altitude. This was particularly desirable and feasible because London had a method for making arterial venous fistulae.\nBut when they got to Davos, Abderhalden said that Loewy did not know how to make the Barcroft blood gas analyses, and hence all that part of the study was lost. When London went back to Halle, he did not have enough money to transport his equipment to St. Petersburg. He left all his dogs at Halle, and I saw many of them. Inasmuch as they are crazy to tear off and destroy the fistulae, the dogs have to wear aluminum muzzles.","page":199},{"file":"p0200.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"2 ^\nI also saw some good sized marmots that had been brought from Davos,\n\u00bb\nwhere they were studying the effect of high altitude on the chemistry of the blood. I could not but wish we had available in America such large hibernating animals.\nIn speaking to Abderhalden about vitamine work and what I saw in the Leipzig institution where animals caught and ate flies, Abderhalden remarked that he had published a note cautioning people on this very point.\n","page":200},{"file":"p0201.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Personal conversations with Professor Abderhalden.\nOwing to his long experience, Professor Abderhalden had had most extraordinary contacts with various workers. These all came up for discussion in the course of the several days we were together. Professor Loewy, he felt, was not capable of great things. The Jews working in Berlin were allowed to do only small things, and he, as a man of numerous committees, felt that one should call to a position only a man who was capable of filling it and that Loewy was rather incapable, although he was very capable of putting his foot into things.\nAbderhalden is a strong teetotaler and said that one could hardly imagine the difficulty of holding rigidly to the viewpoints of the total abstainer. Thus, at Breslau, where he was to lecture, he was met by the professor who showed him every kindness, took him to his house, and gave him a good room, and Abderhalden wondered why he was so free. They talked together and seemingly were very sympathetic. As they entered a restaurant, Abderhalden said to himself, \"Now the moment has come.\" The man ordered a special bottle of wine, and Abderhalden politely stated that he was very sorry but he did not drink. Instantly everything was all off. The man was cool and formally polite. Abderhalden said he almost took his trunk and left the house, but he stayed until his lecture was over. Subsequently Abderhalden wrote him a letter of appreciation of his kindness, but the man never answered.\nI feel that Abderhalden himself is a wonderful man and Mrs. Abderhalden is more wonderful a woman. The crippling of their son is a great cross for them to bear. Both were in Munich a week or ten days with him. They said that the boy had the most wonderful spirit and that it was ennobling to be with him. We likewise felt it was ennobling for us to be with such wonderful people.","page":201},{"file":"p0202.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Abderhalden pointed out the great role which the new rustless steel is playing in operations. For example, in certain operations Professor Lange in Munich, the orthopedic man, found he could use \"rust-free\" steel wire sutures. He tested this out, first, on animals for one year. It seems that rust-free steel and celluoidium are the only two things the body will not force out when introduced, but these two are tolerated.\nZuntz, one of the dearest men who has ever lived, seemed continuously getting into trouble with the administration and using bad judgment. As a matter of fact, when Rubner became professor of physiology Zuntz telegraphed him, asking if he would take the Presidency of the German Physiological Society, a thing that most people did not want Rubner to do. Abderhalden states that E. Fischer did not think much of Rubner. This astonished Abderhalden.\nI asked Abderhalden about his name. He stated that he was the only Abderhalden in Germany, but there were quite a few in Switzerland. The name comes from the words Ab der Halden, meaning mountain. He says that all the physiologists rather laughed at him. For example, Gildemeister was astonished that Abderhalden could write'his new text book of physiology. Abderhalden says that the old school of muscle and nerve physiology thinks that no one else can know physiology and they assume that they know it all. Commenting upon the criticism of Lusk and Starling in connection with the cost of German books, Abderhalden says they do not know anything about German conditions and that the German books simply have to be expensive.\nHe has a high regard for Durig, but he does not think much of Asher.\nHe says Asher has there a doctor-factory full of Japs. He stated that when Asher was attacked in the Congress by Bethe, Asher replied in English. Abderhalden feels that there is too much criticism in Germany.\nThe Jewish problem is a complicated one. The Jews are very industrious.","page":202},{"file":"p0203.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"They do not bum, and as a result have more time to get along intellectually. This also holds true with the women students. They do not bum and hence have more time to do better work, not because they have better brains, but because they do not waste time and have more time available. He says that Jews have a hard time to get a post, but they all cling together and help one another in every way. Finally, failing to get a post, they get sore and disputative, assume a critical attitude, and rely upon these discussions and polemics to bring themselves to the attention of others.\nKraepelin, of course, was a strong total abstainer. He thinks that he was badly handled in Munich and his belief is that Friedrich Muller was, in part, to blame. He thinks that Muller\u2019s lectures on diabetes are not concern' ing the particular patient on the bed but are about the disease, and that this is also true in the case of other diseases. Patients as such are not considered by him.\nRubner\u2019s surface area law, he feels, is distinctly wrong. Likewise he feels that his growth law is wrong. Rubner, Abderhalden says, tries to make our life very schematic.\nAn interesting chapter in the Abderhalden-Rubner controversy came up when Abderhalden came from Basel to Eknil Fischer. (He stated that Emil Fischer was not a Hebrew.) Abderhalden had no notion of habilitation in Berlin, but Professor Engelmann, the physiologist, asked him to do it. He very rapidly wrote his habilitation lectures in one sitting. Engelmann was satisfied with this and suddenly called on him to give a lecture, and there were three others before him, all long-winded. Engelmann said, \"If you want to leave an impression of a great scholar of erudition, make your lecture precise, detailed, and long. If you want the sympathy of the committeemen, make it short.\" All those who preceded him were very long and the committee\nwas very much fatigued. Abderhalden made his only 15 minutes long. Engelmann","page":203},{"file":"p0204.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"told him that the committee were too happy, but, as a matter of fact, he had made it too short. But he succeeded in becoming habilitated. He was suddenly called to succeed I. Munk at the Animal High School and he began his work there, fresh from his stimulus from Emil Fischer.\nRubner was against the habilitation. Abderhalden heard of it, and went straight to him and asked him if his objection was based on his (Abderhalden's) personality or his science. Rubner replied that there was no objection to his personality or to his science, but he was a Swiss and belonged in Switzerland. Formerly Munk had lectured to some 20 or 30 students, but Abderhalden found himself lecturing to 130. When Rubner began his physiology in the university, there was unwittingly much competition. Abderhalden's institution was near Rubner's and it was even more advantageous for the students to attend his lectures. Rubner is a poor lecturer, confined to his manuscript, and has a monotonous voice. Abderhalden as a young man in Berlin, full of enthusiasm, was able to draw the students into his classes near Rubner*s Institute. Abderhalden had included in his lectures these criticisms of Rubner's law, and this was also added to the controversy between them. Abderhalden was, of course, young and in sympathy with the students,, and the students were much more interested in him than in Rubner, and he was very much loved. One day he came into the lecture room and saw signs of disorder.\nAt the end of the lecture one of the students told him they must pay a special fee. Abderhalden said he knew nothing about it. He went to the office and found it was true. Then he found that Rubner had caused a law to be passed in the university (now called the \"Abderhalden Ruling\"), that no Privat-Dozent in the Animal High School could teach medical students in the university. Abderhalden said if Rubner had only come to him about it, he would have done \"anything\" to fix it up. Rubner never greeted him, was distinctly unfriendly, and even after he went to Halle, he had the same","page":204},{"file":"p0205.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"2 >5\nexperiences. He says that Fischer said that there was nothing behind Rubner.\nRubner was taken over, Abderhalden says, into physiology from hygiene; both Kossell and Verworn expected to be called there and were much disappointed when Rubner received the position.\nAbderhalden said he felt he must give his view of the surface area law and the other laws of Rubner. Abderhalden said he was perfectly sure that Rubner would not be friendly with me, if I lived in Europe rather than in Boston. During the war there was a war commission composed of Abderhalden, Rubner, Zuntz, and others. Abderhalden said it was striking to see the various methods of approach which these different members had in the committee meetings. When Abderhalden came in, he introduced himself, and shook hands with all the people. When Rubner came in, he slammed the door, said it was time for work, and had no time for introductions. When Zuntz came in, he had a brief case in his hand, and practically \"crawled\" into the room. But when it came to the committee meeting, Rubner waived everything aside and rode over everybody by sheer force of personality.\nKnowing, as I do, both of these men quite intimately, I find it almost impossible to understand the psychology of the two. I still believe that if Abderhalden had recognized the seniority of Rubner and had gone to him in a friendly way, a good part of the difficulty and controversy could have been avoided. Abderhalden still believes, with Thomas, that Rubner stands honest criticism. He may be an extraordinarily difficult man to get along with, as nearly everyone but Thomas says. I do not believe it. I think physiologists owe a tremendous debt to him, although I feel that he has not made contributions in recent years which would entitle him to be considered as an active factor at the present day. Surely Abderhalden has never criticized Rubner anywhere near so strongly as I have. If Rubner resented such criticism, he could easily simply be polite to me. Instead of that, he is most cordial","page":205},{"file":"p0206.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"20\nand friendly. I find it impossible to reconcile this attitude with the domineering, dictatorial method he is said to have by all who criticize him On the other hand, I can easily see that Abderhalden, coming from the environment of Fischer (who was ultra-modern and up to date), might have a feeling of skepticism with regard to Rubner's present-day knowledge.\nFor an excellent picture of Professor Abderhalden, taken in the summer of 1926, see figure 29, page \u00c4. (o .","page":206},{"file":"p0207.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BERLIK. GERMANY\nO\nAm/\nVeterinary Hi#i School. Physiological Institute.\nProfessor Uax Cremer.\nThe laboratory of Professor Cremer was new just before the war, having been built for Abderhalden who was there then. The only interesting thing at the time of my visit was an electric fish in an aquarium. We were both able to get good electric shocks by putting the hand in the water and touching the back of the fish. Almost no experimental work was going on at the time. Cremer said that he had a large respiration apparatus.\nI understand that the meters were all made of tin sheet during the war; they were not good and must be rebuilt, but they had no money to do so.\nIn discussing the question of the absorption of carbohydrates in ruminants by their transference into fatty acids, Cremer said he believed that Suntz had obtained hydrogen and methane from starch. He did not know of the book of Crouven. He only knew that Voit was very much against it, but he himself had not seen the book. He was extraordinarily interested in and astonished at the device of Professor Ritzman for separating feces.\nFor an excellent photograph of Professor Cremer, taken in the summer of 1926, see figure 26, page^4>*\tSee* also, figure 128, page L0% \u2022","page":207},{"file":"p0209.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"2 0 H\nBERLIN. HERMAN!.\nVereinigte Fabriken fur Laboratoriumsbedarf.\nDr. Dethloff\nI had seen a reprint of a respiratory device for determining both the oxygen consumption and the carbon-dioxide production among the innumerable forms for getting the two at different periods in different European laboratories. This was described as having been made and used at the Hospital Charit\u00e9. I happened to be at the V. F. L. and met Dr. Dethloff there, as they were working on a new apparatus for him. An apparatus was described in Berlin, klin. Wochenschrift, 1925, No. 51, but this apparatus is no longer in existence. The new one, they told me, he had had made for demonstration\npurposes only at a recent Congress for Metabolism held at Berlin, October 9-17,\n.1\n1926. The prospectus was printed, but no copy was available. They are going to send a copy to the Nutrition Laboratory. Two of these respiration apparatus were very large and cumbersome. I got on the apparatus and they obtained a curve with me. (See figure 129.) But I found that the dead space was far too large and the holes in the 3-way glass cock were too small for normal respiration. The whole thing was clever in the extreme, but not good physiology, certainly when the respiratory quotients are the main points. The patient himself \"turned out\" at the end of a respiration, rather a bad thing to do psychologically. The spirometer must be very delicately counterbalanced, as there is a spirometer showing the decrease for oxygen and there are twenty liters of air as a buffer and any slight differences in the pressure of the spirometer will.always bring about a change in the height of these respirations. I think this would be a very serious disadvantage in the irregular breathing of patients. The:thing was very well made. I\npredict that this will disappear as many apparatus do, and as the first one","page":209},{"file":"p0210.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"210\n\nCigare 129. Graphic curve showing the slope of the carbon-dioxide production and the oxygen consumption.\nObtained on Dr. Benedict with the respiration apparatus of Dr. Deth-loff at Berlin, Germany, October 18, 1926. The cushioning effect of the large air volume is apparent.","page":210},{"file":"p0210s0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"figure 129. production and the\nGraphic curve showing the slope of the carbon-dioxide oxygen consumption.\nloff 0n^Dr* Benedict with the respiration apparatus of Dr. Deth-ioif at.Berlin, Germany, October 18, 1926. The cushioning effect of the large air volume is apparent.","page":0},{"file":"p0211.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Ol 1\ndid. The spirometer itself is very large, 35 cm. in diameter. It is supposed to be a model of the spirometer of the universal respiration apparatus. \u2019.Thy they made it so large, I do not know. It should be nearer 15 or 18 cm. in diameter, so that each millimeter rise will be nearer 20 c.c. In the new model there is a large dead space, as was also the case in the Hagedorn apparatus. These fellows do not seem to realize that the dead space must be negligible to give good respiratory quotients. The apparatus is large and cumbersome, and is about as transportable as our regular universal respiration apparatus.\nIn connection with the apparatus I think there are at least two errors.\nIn describing the apparatus, they give a typical experiment worked out on Dethloff himself. The first error is the value for the oxygen consumption, which, even though Dethloff is a young giant, is given as 423. c.c. per minute. If one looks in prospectus No. 522 of the V. P. L., on the next to the last page, one will see the figures. Dethloff says that the value was determined while he was n\u00fcchtern, but he had not been lying down for long. Secondly, the logarithm of his surface area is given as 0.24920. This seems very small. As Dethloff is a very large man, it must have been much larger than that of P. 0. \u00d6., whose surface area, is close to 2.00 square meters. The logarithm at 2.00 is 0.30103. They use a clock-work kymograph drum, which they say is very common. Theoretically, the apparatus calls for an absolutely constant motor, but they state that their motor is not automatically regulated for changes in voltage and they bank on the Berlin current being constant, but make no allowance for any inconstancy that would be found in a provincial town. I found a note asking for Dethloff*s age, height, and weight, in order to check up further his computation of his predicted metabolism. I am sure that this example is wrong. I did not get his age, height, and weight, although setae of these data may be given in the protocols of his experiment.","page":211},{"file":"p0212.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BERLIII\u00ab GrERMANY.\nProfessor Georg Zuelzer and Pr, E. Friedberger.\nI met Professor Zuelzer at Stockholm, and he kindly invited us out to his house, where we spent the\tafternoon\u00ab He claims\tpriority on the\nmatter of insulin, and he is now\tworking upon a\thormone\tto affect\nperistalsis. For example, he had had a young man who had been constipated for twenty years, and he had been able to break it. At his house I met a Dr. Friedberger, who signed himself as the Director of the Research Institute for Hygiene in Berlin, using a \u00bbDienst1' stamp on his correspondence. He stated that he found food cooked at one o'clock and eaten at five o'clock, the same amount exactly, gives an entirely different effect than if immediately eaten. This he had been studying with\trats.\tThe cooked\tfood was\neaten by preference, but the raw\tfood is better\tfor the\trats. He\thad\ncurves to show this point. His argument is that at five o'clock in the afternoon the food is overcooked, and even though they eat ravenously, they do not gain in weight. I do not believe it. Zuelzer did not believe it either. Friedberger stated that they did not gain. I argued they had more activity or larger feeding, but there was no hint of this in Dr. Friedberger*s discussion. He subsequently sent me the reprint.","page":212},{"file":"p0213.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O *\nAw? ..-s .\nr>\nBERLIN. GERMANY.\nUniversity of Berlin. Physiological Institute.\nProfessor Max Rubner and Dr. H. Steudel.\nI saw Dr. Steudel at the Physiological Laboratory for a short time.\nHe was interested in nitrogen metabolism, with reference to the proportionality between the various glands and the body weight of children. He does the work on this point with Dr. Erich Mueller. Subsequently we met him at Rubner's house in Dahlem, at lunch with Professor Rubner.\nRubner is strongly against all short experiments. For example, he thought all the work of Liljestrand on swimming and rowing was not good. Rubner states that a man cannot digest or absorb more than 6000 calories per day. Above that, from 60 to 80 per cent of the fat ingested is lost and other things are also lost, so that if a person works and produces more than 6000 calories, he must run behind. It is fortunate that in the economy of mankind the periods of very hard work are short. Planting is hard work and harvesting is hard work, as well as cutting wood in the fall and in the snow, The wood is not good if it is cut when the sap is in the trunk. So these various working periods are short. This belief of Rubner coincides with the experience in Hungary where the workers in the field, according to Professor Farkas, consume an enormous number of calories and actually lose weight, in spite of what they eat.\nRubner thinks that tuberculosis could be held in check by free outdoor life and exercise. I stated that this seemed contrary to the experience of the Rollier Clinic, where no exercise was the rule. But he says that some doctors always prescribe exercise, and he believes that exercise plays quite a role.\nIt is a great pity that I could not have had a stenographic report of our conversation with Professor Rubner (see figures 130 and 131) at his house","page":213},{"file":"p0214.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nFigure 130. Professor Max Rubner at his home in Dahlem, Germany, October, 1926.\nt\nI\n;","page":214},{"file":"p0216.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"outside of Berlin, for this was the first time in all the years that I have known him when he was willing to discuss scientific matters freely. Professor Steudel threw an interesting side light upon the relations between the German professors. For example, he stated that Professor Hoffman, who was Rubner\u2019s successor, had never been inside of his (Steudel's) private office. They were very good friends (at least he had no reason to believe that they were not) and were in the same department.","page":216},{"file":"p0217.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"f) '\u00a7 ft\n.Ca .\nBURL III \u00ab GERMANY.\nUniversity of Berlin\u00ab First Medical Clinic\u00ab\nProfessor Wilhelm His.\nBy appointment I went to call upon Professor His (see figure 132) and had a very pleasant time. Professor His said that Durig is a man of wide vision and of striking personality, and entirely aside frcm his researches, he thou^it that Durig was the first of the three men who had been proposed as professor of physiology in Berlin. He hoped very strongly that Durig would he given the post. There were eight professorships to he filled. commenting upon this point, Professor Meyerhof had previously stated that they would not take a young man, but they were taking older men already in good positions. The result was the older men were always bargaining or trading back and forth, trying to see how much of a raise they could get in their present location. He said they had in Germany an expression \"cow sale\", meaning that there was practically bargaining.\nThis lasts a long time.\nProfessor His says that Ruiner does not mind well-based criticism.\nI think this is the absolute truth, and I think his opponents are all wrong when they claim he is unreasonable in discussion. I am sure he withstands straight, honest criticism. Professor His said that Rubner had also been very badly handled by the ministerium, that Rubner was really a lonely man and did not have many friends.\nI found His a very fine, wonderful character, and it was an inspiration to talk with him. He was very kind to come to the laboratory ahead of time to see me, and he very kindly offered his embryo collection from his father to the Carnegie Institution of Washington. I corresponded with Dr.\nStreeter about it","page":217},{"file":"p0218.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O -1 O A* i O\nFigure 132. Professor Wilhelm His, of the First Medical Clinic, University of Berlin, Germany.","page":218},{"file":"p0219.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BERLIN. GERMANY.\n21 \u00b0\nUniversity of Berlin. Second Medical Clinic. Charite-Krankenhaus.\nDr. Walter Arnoldi.\nI had read several reprints of Dr. Arnoldi which indicated considerable cleverness in his methods of measuring the metabolism, particularly of small animals, and I was anxious to see him. I did not realize that he was in the clinic of Professor Kraus, where I had the disagreeable experience several years ago of being thrown out by the extremely overefficient Dr. Brugsch for the simple reason that I had on a business suit instead of a cutaway coat. I visited Dr. Arnoldi and found him packed away in two rooms with a literal clutter of apparatus. For example,-he had in one room a large Pettenkofer chamber with a large meter, a Zuntz apparatus with a dry gas meter, which looked like the original apparatus of Zuntz and Loewy, a large form of the gas-analysis apparatus of Haldane, a rat apparatus recently described, and odds and ends of other apparatus.\nIn another room there was the Arnoldi-Japanese rat apparatus, a Rubner calorimeter for dogs, a small Voit apparatus for dogs, and a lot of other stuff. It was one complete jumble, although they were working in the first room.\nDr. Arnoldi was very pleasant, agreeable, and enthusiastic, with a lot of ideas and theories, many of them wrong. He had spent a short time with Zuntz in his laboratory, while Zuntz was there, but he seemed to have had little contact with Zuntz himself. He saw more of Fr\u00e4ulein Steuber and Klein. He was very positive in his statements, interesting as a scientist, but not well-grounded in technique.\nHe said the rat apparatus, which interested me particularly, was devised and a description of it published in connection with a Japanese.","page":219},{"file":"p0220.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"It consisted of three balances, a very clever idea but roughly made, and it looked very poor. It did not seem as if it would be possible for it to have the accuracy that they planned. Arnoldi said it was made during the war. The balances were cheap, and although the principle seemed very clever, I was not at all convinced of the accuracy of the apparatus. Now it is entirely out of use. Arnoldi said some firm had asked him to let them make the apparatus for sale in a nice form, but as yet he had not agreed.\nArnoldi is now using for rats an apparatus on the Jaquet principle, and I asked myself, \"Why does he use that, if the other is good?\" With his new Jaquet form of apparatus he has found, under certain conditions, respiratory quotients of 0.55 for two rats side by side in two different chambers. These quotients were obtained with the same gas-analysis apparatus. These respiratory quotients hold for a week or more. The apparatus is the usual Jaquet apparatus, but it has a long, poor rubber connection between the mercury burette and the main air sampling tube and the sample is taken very, very slowly. The result is that on one side of the rubber tubing there is room air containing about 0.04 per cent carbon dioxide and on the other side chamber air containing 0.5 to 0.8 per cent. I think he gets too low a value for carbon dioxide. The gas analysis apparatus is a bad Haldane, I believe. For example, the graduated part of the tube is about 20 inches long, but only the lower half is used; the total contraction for carbon dioxide is rarely 20 mm., and hence analyses must be made very carefully.\nWe found this same apparatus in Atzler's laboratory and in many other laboratories. Yet Arnoldi is right when he says that on the same day he gets normal respiratory quotients with other rats with the same apparatus.\nThis seems to rule out the apparatus, but it is difficult to explain those low respiratory quotients of 0.5 unless one has to deal with a defective gas-analysis apparatus.\nArnoldi has many hypotheses, and to hear him talk one would imagine","page":220},{"file":"p0221.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"OO 1\n\u00abW1 r 'v\u00e0 ,\u00dc_.\nthat he had anticipated all others. Still, one might say he is not too aggressive. He said that much research on metabolism is going on in the Charite/, but he has all the new apparatus. Most of them use the Knipping apparatus, both in research and diagnosis. He introduced me to a man who stated that he was working on insensible perspiration, using the method of Moog, and he had one patient, nearly moribund, who gave off no. water from the skin. His article is not yet published, and he asked me particularly to say nothing about it but to keep it secret. Both men seem to be perfectly confident of their scientific ground.\nArnoldi has modified the apparatus of Fridericia to determine alveolar carbon dioxide, and the question arose as to whether, when expired air was blown rapidly into it, the bulb was completely filled with alveolar air. I felt as if the bulb that Arnoldi had introduced might make a pocket. So we blew a lung full of cigarette smoke and it showed clearly that there was a quick filling of the bulb. The thing looked to me very clever, but it is still, of course, a clinical matter.\nI found a tendency here and elsewhere in Europe to hide scientific and physiological errors behind the skirt of clinical needs. Arnoldi said he would like to reserve about the findings on the low respiratory quotients and he was a clinical man. He had told only Professor Grafe of these findings; the whole thing was a great secret. He said that Grafe told him if his findings were true, he had thrown all the rest of metabolism workers in the dump. This is also true. I think that Arnoldi is well worth visiting.\nI think he is not a careful worker. He does not impress me as using the greatest care, but he is a stimulating chap. It is too bad he is not controlled by some good man.\nHe asked me if I wanted to see the rest of the clinic. I told him","page":221},{"file":"p0222.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O f\u00bb O\nr*J\n\"No\", and related ray disagreeable experience there several years ago with Professor Brugsch. I told Arnoldi clearly that I had visited that morning not the clinic, but Dr. Arnoldi. I was amused two or three days later to hear indirectly that the director of the clinic, Dr. Kraus, was very much disturbed and wanted to see me personally, because I had criticized the clinic. We did not meet each other. I heard several times in Europe that the whole Second Medical Clinic was (as it was commonly expressed) \" cancerous spot in the medical centre of Berlin\". Kraus is about to retire and his successor is to be appointed. It will probably not be Brugsch. (A Hamburg man has just been appointed, March, 1927.)","page":222},{"file":"p0223.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BERLIN. GERMANY.\nf > r> o\nV. \u25a0*\nKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie.\nProfessor E. Atzler.\nProfessor Atzler (see figure 133) can only be described as \"a live one\u201d. The building is modest and small, but is a hive of industry. There are many assistants, among others a son of Eknil Fischer, who is working upon thrombin. I asked him what connection there was between thrombin and Arbeitsphysiologie. Atzler said it was not a very close one, but he hopes to get on to some fatigue products in the question of thrombin.\nOne assistant was working with a dog which had a cannula in the trachea. His idea was to have him work upon a treadmill. He wanted to \"work him down\" until he was \"hard\" and thin, and then determine the nitrogen balance and the basal or so-called \"Ruheumsatz\". This was to me a new term. Atzler did not know where it came from, but I think it is rather a good one. I questioned the environmental temperature of the dog. The assistant had covered him with several blankets. He said if he felt the dog shiver, he put on blankets. If the dog began to pant, he took them off. The assistants stand by all the time. He thinks in this way he gets comparable values.\nHis idea then is to fatten the dog, measure the metabolism, and finally kill the animal, freeze it, cut it up, and analyze it, to determine the amount of protein in the animal. All this, of course, was don\u00e9 with a tracheal cannula and the metabolism was measured by analyzing the gases. I asked him, \"Why not do it in the chamber?\" He claimed that the dog would not keep still. This is, to be sure, an error. But as Rubner is the champion of \"critical temperature\", they are surely below the critical temperature for a dog. The expired air was collected in a rubber sack, and they used two Loven valves. I thought they had a good scheme to inflate the connection","page":223},{"file":"p0225.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O ''\nfm) ,\nbetween the tube and the cannula, like the nose-olive principle. He keeps a manometer all the time on this inflated part, to see if the pressure is kept up. This is a good point. There was a very keen chap working with him. I do not recall his name. The gas-analysis apparatus that he used was again, I thought, bad. It was a form of the Haldane apparatus with a long graduated part, only one half of which was used. This same form I saw in Dr. Arnoldi\u2019s laboratory.\nThere was a lady coloring a large series of lantern slides. She \"happened\" to have the scheme of the universal apparatus on the frame at the time, and she was working on it when I came along. It seemed to me that this might have been a delicate bit of attention.\nThey had been doing a lot of work on Henderson\u2019s ethyl-iodide method for determining the volume output of the heart. They found that the ethyl-iodide in contact with water or rubber is decomposed, and they made changes to lessen this decomposition. He had no large spirometer at hand, so he used an old drum with a water leveling device and allowed the water to ascend rapidly in the drum through a large tube, as air was drawn out of it. (See figure 134.) This seemed to be a rather clever device, although there must always be some pressure in it. There was a very large U-tube that filled the spirometer, to keep a constant level outside. It is a rather clever substitute for an inspiration spirometer. There is, of course, no movable bell. I found I knew very little about the whole question of the ethyl-iodide method. Professor Henderson is, I think, rather tangential, and I think one can reserve ideas on the thing until later. Atzler says if the thing goes well, there is a lot that can be done on muscular work.\nMotion Pictures. A great deal of work has been done on films of movements. These films were subsequently enlarged. The center of gravity","page":225},{"file":"p0226.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 134. Clever device for making a spirometer out of an old gasoline barrel, without movable bell.\nThis was used at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Berlin, in the ethyl-io-did\u00eb method of studying blood volume.","page":226},{"file":"p0227.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"o\nMi-S \u25a0\nis watched, and the movement of various joints, and a comparison of movements is made. A series of excellent drawings have been made, showing the changes in the centre of gravity and the movements of the joints with each bit of muscular work. In connection with the peeling of potatoes, they took motion pictures of the movements of the arms and the headj they took front and back views, stowing how the skilled could peel potatoes much better than the unskilled. They also had a photo-film of a woodchopper, showing him, first, when he was fresh and there was a minimum amount of extraneous movement, then later when he was tired and there was more movement of the shoulders and head and body muscles. They had a film showing the push and pull levers turning a Krogh ergometer, and the position of the feet, which played an important role here, and one could see how the position of the feet changed with fatigue. They had an enormous collection of charts which they had sent to the large exhibit \"Gesolei\" at Dusseldorf.\nI saw several of our universal respiration apparatus in this institute. They had modified it in several ways. (See figures 135 to 138, inclusive.) There was a rubber bag, a sort of \"explosion\" bag, in the line instead of the spirometer, and this bag was brought to uniform tension with oxygen. Atzler uses a water manometer with a millimeter scale on a mirror, to indicate always the same pressure. Avoid parallax.An excellent mercury safety device switch was on the sulphuric acid bottle and when the pressure is too high the circuit is open. This does away with any bad explosions or accidents. There was a support for the mouthpiece on the chest, with a strap about the neck, which was good. Indeed, this support is very good for experiments up to 800 c.c. of oxygen per minute; with more the support must be independent of the man.\nI found also that they were using many Douglas bags and the Siebe-Gorman valve, but I thought their nose-clip very bad. There was much work","page":227},{"file":"p0228.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"On O\nFigure 135. A universal respiration apparatus at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Berlin, Germany, arranged for studying the metabolism while the subject was lying on a bed.\n\n","page":228},{"file":"p0229.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nFigure 136. A modified Nutrition Laboratory type of universal respiration apparatus at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie.\nThis apparatus is very well built. It substitutes for the spirometer a gas-explosion bag. This is a\u00aben on the lower shelf in the rear. For details of this bag, see figure 137.\n\n\n\n","page":229},{"file":"p0230.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 137. Gas-explosion \"bag, mouthpiece holder, and Elster meter for measuring oxygen introduced.\nThese are details of the modified Nutrition Laboratory type of universal respiration apparatus used at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, at Berlin, Germany.","page":230},{"file":"p0231.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 138. Mercury automatic alarm attached to Williame bottle to prevent excess pressure or back flow.\nUsed at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie , Berlin, Germany, in connection with their modified universal respiration apparatus.","page":231},{"file":"p0232.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"OOO\n(*%/ : *\nbeing done on shovelling. First they threw a substitute for coal (a leather bag filled with shot) to different heights and, second, they shovelled at different degrees of stooping such as in the low levels in mines. Photographs of these operations at different stages were taken. (See figures 139, 140, and 141.)\nAmong Atzler\u2019s associates were Dr. Wenzig, the man who worked with the shovel, Dr. Lehmann, the man who did the work with the motion picture films, and Dr. Bickert, who had worked on the arm movement. In connection with the practical application of their work they had a little scheme for measuring the adjustment of the fingers of the right and left hands, having a mirror in between. I took a photograph of it. (See figure 142.) The man was supposed to adjust the right-hand fingers in a certain position and then, without looking at them, he tried to adjust the fingers of the left hand in the same position. By the accuracies of adjustment they could pick out skilled workers, good for hand work. The coarsest relations were found with unskilled workers. Thus, hard, coarse work for three months makes the adaptability of the skilled worker go. For example, they had an arbitrary scale, according to which an adjustment of 1.85 represented a very fine record and 3.9 a very poor record. This scheme offered the possibility of selecting potential, delicate hand workers, but they told me there was no correlation with handwriting.\nAnother problem was a study of the work of moving the arm and a lever, and I have a photograph bearing on this problem. (See figure 143.) The question is, \"Is there an optimal weight which a person could continue moving up and down, perhaps indefinitely, without discomfort? If such a one is found, does this check up with the measured metabolism?\" The weight and the tempo, of course, should be considered.\nTemperatures in different parts of the body were measured by having some","page":232},{"file":"p0233.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 139. Device for studying the effort of lifting coal by a shovel, used at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Berlin, Germany.\nOn the wall, in the rear, is a drawing of the scheme of the respiration apparatus of the Nutrition Laboratory.","page":233},{"file":"p0234.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"*)\u00ab) #\nFigure 140. Method of studying the mechanics of shoveling and the changing of the position of the feet, employed at the Kaiser-Wilhelm- Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Berlin, Germany.\nThe ball is thrown by the shovel to certain heights, as shown in figure 139.","page":234},{"file":"p0235.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I\tI\u2014I\n\\\nFigure 141-, Studying the respiratory exchange while working in a mine that has low clearance with necessity for stooping. Method used at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Berlin, Germany.\nThe ball is loaded with metal. It is to take the place of shoveling earth or coal.","page":235},{"file":"p0236.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 142. Device for studying the orientation of the fingers, used at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fi5r Arbeitsphysiologie, Berlin, Germany.\nThis device has a graduated scale and mirror at the top. The subject puts the thimbles on the fingers of the right hand and then attempts to adjust the fingers of the left hand to the same positions* These adjustments are recorded on the scale.","page":236},{"file":"p0237.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"The subject moves the fore-arm on a quadrant, raising a weight.\nFigure 143. Studying the work of lifting the arm and the respiratory exchange with the universal respiration apparatus, at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Berlin, Germany.","page":237},{"file":"p0238.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O O O\nM s.\u00bb ' 4\nthermometers sewn up inside of a dog. They had eight different thermometers in the different organs and different parts of the body, and by means of the x-ray they were able to read the thermometers at any time. He told me that thrombin helps greatly in healing these wounds.\nI inferred from Atzler that Rubner had rather lost his interest in the Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie and rarely came there. I think it will be hard for Rubner to retire and give up his various activities. He is too aotive mentally to give up physically, and yet he is compelled by the university and by law to give up. His is rather a sad case, I think.","page":238},{"file":"p0239.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BERLIN-DAHLEM\u00ab aETOiAMY.\nKaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaften.\nAlthough the institute of Professor Atzler is also a Kaiser-Wilhelm institute, the other Kaiser-Wilhelm institutes are grouped fairly closely together at Dahlem. I went out there and first got in touch with Professor Meyerhof, who took me around and introduced me to Professors Haher, Warburg, Herzog, and others.\nKaiser-Wilhelm Institut fur physikalische Chemie.\nProfessor K Haber.\nThe research institute of Professor Haber is for chemistry. I thought Professor Haber (see figure 144) an extraordinary man. Evidently he is quite used to being in the public eye and has a somewhat pontifical manner. He states that in America big companies, like the* General Electric Company, carry on research. But as yet, in a chemical line, they do not do it as they do in German Chemical companies, such as the I. C. A. He says that he considers his institute simply a path finder and he leaves the technical problems to the different large companies. As a matter of construction, he considers a small room with one window each in the back desirable, and the wall fixtures and movable tables should be adjusted to be transferred from room to room. Professor Haber was very chatty and talked about everything under heaven except chemistry. He is really a most interesting man to meet.","page":239},{"file":"p0240.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nFigure 144. Professor \u00a3 Haber at the Kaiser-V/ilhelm Institut f\u00fcr physikalische Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.","page":240},{"file":"p0241.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"2 41\nBERLIN-DAHLEM. GERMANY.\nKaiser-Wilhelm Institut fur Faserstoi'fChemie.\nProfessor R. 0. Herzog.\nAnother institute was that for physical chemistry presided over by Professor Herzog. They were doing X-ray work, determining the crystal structure of a crystal form of cellulose. I noticed that all research seemed to be based on most ultra-theoretical considerations on everything and then supported by experimental work. Professor Herzog thought that you could really drive technique too far, that hypotheses and beliefs are necessary in order to carry on farther, in other words, that technique has its limit.\nKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Biologie.\nProfessor 0. Meyerhof and Professor 0. Warburg.\nThe most interesting institute from the standpoint of the Nutrition Laboratory was that of Meyerhof and Warburg. Warburg was working on his apparatus for studying the metabolism of small tissues, an apparatus which I found extensively used throughout Europe. He thought that Rubner was very antagonistic. He thought that the good fellowship of scientists is shown better in England than in America and told how A. V. Hill said \"Don\u2019t establish more laboratories, but have a tea table in each laboratory to talk things over.\" Warburg was very pessimistic. He thinks that every young scientist must have some one to boost him. I cited the experiences of Professor Krogh and said, \"If a man is really good, you cannot keep him down.\" Warburg says that he uses nitrogen over the mercury in a relay contact to prevent oxidizing. He claims that the fouling of the mercury is due not to","page":241},{"file":"p0242.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"fat or dirt from the rubber tubing but simply to oxidation.\nMeyerhof made a fine impression upon me. He is very serious and a hard worker, with strong and honest beliefs, and I think he is an ideal type of scientist, although I have heard considerable adverse criticism of his scientific attitude since I left Berlin. Meyerhof thought they should have called Professor Magnus from Utrecht to Berlin as successor to Rubner. He thought Durig was not a great man. But as I recall it, Rubner thinks they need, first, a teacher, and everybody says that Durig is a wonderful lecturer. Meyerhof also thought they should have chosen Warburg as Rubner\u2019s successor.\nMeyerhof says that a lot of people almost discovered insulin. Thus, Minkowski and Zuelzer almost discovered it. They got a depression of blood sugar but convulsions, and did not know it was due to low blood sugar. They were scared, since they thought it was a foreign protein such as trypsin and that the individuals were sensitized to it. They all stopped their work at this point, but Banting followed it up. He said that the Banting-Macleod controversy was very bad and that at the Nobel prize lecture there was quite a mix up, each avoiding mixing with the other if he could help it.\nMeyerhof is a most intelligent fellow. He admires A. V. Hill greatly. Apparently the two are very thick. He says that Hill's alveolar air tests are O.K. He wonders why Lusk is so dogmatic. It is a pity that I did not have time to go into A. V. Hill\u2019s ideas with him in London. As a matter of fact, when I was there later, it was impossible to see Hill long enough.\nI wonder whether the labile CO2 is sufficiently \"blown off\" to give a real respiratory quotient, even with the fore and after periods that Hill uses. Krogh and Lindhard with most of their work went only to 1500 c.c. of oxygen. Hill, of course, goes enormously higher (nearly 6 liters of Og)* How do these two things agree? Meyerhof states that the gamma glucose of Lunds-gaard, Winter, and Smith is skeptical. He says the work of Winter and Smith","page":242},{"file":"p0243.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"was done in Hopkins\u2019 laboratory and that Hopkins doubts it. I was told later that Meyerhof said when some one was criticizing their lactic acid theory, that it was absolutely wrong for him (the critic) to break up a theory as beautiful and successful as that one.","page":243},{"file":"p0244.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HAL1BURa, SEBIIAKY\n\nUniversity of Hamburg, Physiological Institute.\nProfessor Otto Kestner.\nThe tremendously dynamic personality of Professor Kestner (see figure 145) dominates the entire situation in Hamburg, so far as metabolism is concerned, and one sees on every hand the influence of his great enthusiasm. Since I was at Hamburg three years ago, Professor Kestner has\nmoved into his new laboratory, which he needed greatly. How everything\nand clean\nis spick and span, and I am wondering if the psychological effect will be\nA\nto better, in any way, his own work, vfoich was always characterized as being very sloppy.\tThe rooms are beautiful, well lighted, and the laboratory is\nultra-modern.\tOf course, Kestner himself had hardly got things in order\nat that time.\nKestner told me he was in the war with Brugsch (located in Bucharest) and that he had absolutely no use for Brugsch. I judged also that he did not have a very high regard for Zueltzer. On the contrary, he was very enthusiastic about 1'oyons and had actually sent an assistant of his, Schadow (who, he said, was constructing a calorimeter for babies), to spend three or four days with Koyons and consult him about it. I was interested in this, but later on it transpired that the only construction which Schadow had done was to make some blueprints.\nKestner is, in many ways, the most widely informed man scientifically that I have ever met. He is just now intensely interested in climate.\nHe had recently been to Abisko and the Lofoden Islands, studying the ultraviolet light, and he found there was much more ultra-violet light there when the sun was at low angles than in Berlin. They used entirely the cadmium cell of Professor Dorno. He said that Dorno accidently discovered that the cadmium cell gives a measure of a very important small section of the ultra-violet light, and hence many of Dorno's observations are now of great value, but Dorno did not realize it. Kestner believes the excessive","page":244},{"file":"p0246.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"OA\n4*4 Jr\nultra-violet light in the northern climate is in part due to the atmosphere at Abisko. Perhaps by centrifugal force the air is thrown up at the equator and less at or near the pole\u00bb or perhaps something that ordinarily hinders the passage of ultra-violet rays is less dense near the pole. The ultra-violet light is in a very narrow part of the spectrum, and the physiological activity is limited to a very narrow part.\nKestner also told me how the economic situation had developed on the west coast of England. Cotton could be spun only in that part of England, and later on it was found that this was due to the particular humidity conditions. Even although artificial control of humidity has made it possible to spin cotton in other parts of the world, nevertheless cotton under No. 110 can be spun only in the Lancashire district. He said climate had a great deal to do with many of the theories- of von Marx. Kestner said that perhaps there is really some sort of chemical \"stuff\" in the air as yet undiscovered. Commenting upon the influence of climate upon history, he spoke about the Roman Campagna and malaria; the enemy was coming in the Campagna and after ten days they would all be ill with malaria. This was interpreted as being the \"hand of Cod\", and therefore it was concluded that Rome was a \"holy city\" and the people who remained in Rome were well. Of course, we all know now that this is due to the malaria, which is found very often on the Campagna.\nKestner said that without doubt Sir William Crookes first saw the bone through the Roentgen rays, but, as a matter of fact, he failed to recognize it as a true scientific phenomenon and thought he was looking at spirits. Kestner also told me an interesting thing about Madam Lina Stern. She had practically been forced to leave Geneva, had gone to Moscow, and was not allowed to enter Geneva again. She had proposed to some Russian that she\nmarry him and sisply go to Geneva and divorce him. He said that such arrangements are frequently made in Russia, to overcome certain passport","page":246},{"file":"p0247.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"24\ndifficulties.\nReferring to the fact that ducks could stay under water, Kestner said Noel paton of Glasgow had given a communication at Edinburg in which he stated that the duck, when it stretches out its neck, cuts out the respiratory center and can get along for a long time without breathing. When a dog twists its head, for example, in lying down, this likewise facilitates sleep. The large sea elephant at Hagenbeck's Park has been timed as having been under water for 29 minutes. He thought that Noel Paton\u2019s explanation was extraordinarily interesting and important.\nCommenting upon the situation in the Kraus Clinic in Berlin, Kestner said the ministerium stated that the Kraus Clinic is a \"cancer\" in an otherwise healthy growth.\nKestner told me of a man who had no. insensible perspiration, and hence he argues that there was actual oxygen absorption. The worst of it is\nKestner actually believed it","page":247},{"file":"p0248.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"OA Q\nHW \u2018X\nHAMBURG. GERMANY.\nUniversity of Hamburg, Physiological Institute.\nDr. Franz Groebbels.\nI met Kestner's associate, Groebbels, who had been working upon birds a good deal and who had many (what I call crazy) respiratory quotients which he thou^it were of great significance. Personally, he made a very poor impression upon me. He was that type of scientist like Klein and Steuber of Berlin. I think he is the poorest man that Kestner has.\nI secured a snapshot of Groebbels' apparatus for studying the respiratory exchange of birds (see figure 146).\nFrau Dr. R. Plaut-Liebeschutz.\nMrs. Plaut-Liebeschutz apparently has great capacity. She made an excellent impression by the way in which she spoke and discussed papers at Stockholm. She is still dominated, of course, by the Kestner methods, which are rapid and brilliant, '\u2019touching\" here and there, with no apparently constant, serious purpose but with only a local, intense interest. She had been doing some work on the metabolism of a dog with a tracheal canula (see figure 147) and had trained the dog to lie very still, much as has Miss Kunde, formerly in Chicago. In general I got a much better impression of her than I had formerly.\nDr. H. Schadow.\nI saw Dr. Schadow for only a few moments, because he had just returned from Professor Noyons\u2019 laboratory. Althou^i his calorimeter designs did not appeal to me at all, because the calorimeter was very massive,\nSchadow seemed to be serious and intense. At Hamburg they were very desirous of having him go to Boston to work with us here. I did not want to\nencourage the matter until I had heard from Noyons. Noyons reports that he is an acceptable person in the laboratory and rates him very highly.","page":248},{"file":"p0249.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"240\nFigure 146. Groebbel's apparatus in Hamburg for studying the respiratory exchange of birds.\nThe apparatus, which is on the closed circuit principle, is completely immersed in water. This particular form was just being mounted and had not yet actually been used.\nFigure 147. Dog with tracheal fistula connected with the universal respiration apparatus at the Physiological Institute, University of Hamburg. Dr. Plaut-Liebesch\u00fctz at the left.\n","page":249},{"file":"p0250.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"o-r* n\nw o y\nI wrote them we would, be glad to see him, if they could arrange to send him. He had built a clqsed-circuit spirometer respiration apparatus. (See figure 148). It looked to me to have hardly any advantages over\nseveral we have here","page":250},{"file":"p0251.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 148. Respiration apoaratus of Dr. Schadow of Hamburg.\nThis apparatus employs the extension of the dead space, with soda-lime inside the spirometer bell. It has little, if any, novel construction.","page":251},{"file":"p0252.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HAMBURG\u00ab GERMAI?Y.\n\u00eeth , !\nO C\nfW 4\t\u25a0\u25a0 /. 'j\t|\t|\nUniversity of Hamburg, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Eppendorf.\nPr\u00ab Brauer.\nKnipping respiration apparatus. In the hospital, in the environment of Kestner, I saw several forms of the Knipping respiration apparatus.\n(See figures 149 and 150.) This apparatus represents an attempt to measure the carbon-dioxide production as well as the oxygen consumption, and theoretically is very clever. Practically, it seems very cumbersome, and there is always the basic question as to whether mouthpiece breathing would give with patients a normal respiratory quotient. I found opinions much divided with regard to the practicability of this apparatus. The necessity for titration and the handling of a rather cumbersome, delicate, glass apparatus are certainly drawbacks. On the other hand, the apparatus seemed to be clean and well set up, in striking contrast to most of the apparatus in Kestner's own laboratory. Unfortunately, Dr. Knipping was away. He is an assistant of Dr. Brauer, who is a very fine man.","page":252},{"file":"p0253.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\u2014\u25a0\nOk*'\n<w \u25a1 it\nFigure 149. The Khipping apparatus in Kestner\u2019s laboratory in Hamburg.\nPhotograph given to the Nutrition Laboratory by Professor Kestner, October 27, 1926.\n,","page":253},{"file":"p0254.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"254\n\nFigure 150. The respiration apparatus as modified by Shipping in the hospital at Hamburg.","page":254},{"file":"p0255.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HALIBUH G \u00ab GERMANY.\nProfessor Heinrich Poll,\nProfessor Poll I met two or three times. He is an anatomist, the director of the Anatomical Institute, and apparently a man of great capacity. He did not attend the Congress of Sex Hygiene at Berlin.\nThe whole Hamburg crowd were quite against it, and thought it was not at all on the hipest plane, and rather purposely stayed away, not at all due to the fact that the French had been invited (an explanation given me earlier on my trip.) Poll was a great friend of Abderhalden in Berlin. They were together in neighboring institutions there, and at one time he was much interested in Abderhalden's anti-alcohol theories. He is a secretary for the Rockefeller Fund in Hamburg, a very keen man in every sense of the word. He had done a great deal on the anatomy of wild animals and told me he had\nperformed a great many of the autopsies in the Zoological park in Berlin, including five elephants.","page":255},{"file":"p0256.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Hamburg, gehmany.\nUniversity of Hamburg, 3t. Georg Hospital.\nProfessor A. Bornstein.\nI went to the 3t. Georg Hospital and visited Professor Bornstein.\nHis laboratory is not at all well kept up, but it is a very active Place.\nIt seemed to me, in view of the type of work they were doing, they should be ultra-clean and ultra-neat. For example, Bornstein was working on the living hind extremities of a dog, by means of perfusion experiments. They found that in passing blood through by artificial pumping, etc., it was first necessary to put some blood through the liver, as otherwise the defibrinated ox-blood contains something which raises the blood pressure, but if you have some liver blood passing through it for about one hour, it works well even after the liver has been cut out of the circulation. Bornstein*s dog-leg certainly looked very bad and was a mute reproach against the man, arguing\na\nfor ultra-refinement and carefulness. His technique may be good, but it certainly did not look it. Bornstein was studying the consumption of sugar (glucose) per kilogram of body weight per hour. The apparatus (see figure 151) was very complicated, very dirty, and hard to see, but apparently it was theoretically well worked out. He has recently published a description of it in Abderhalden*s Handbuch. He gets, first, the blood flow per minute through the hind legs and, secondly, by means of the Barcroft method, he gets the oxygen consumption. Then at a definite time he gives half a milligram of adrenalin. Under these conditions the blood pressure goes rapidly from 60 to 140 mm. Is this central action or is it peripheral? To answer this question, the entire spinal cord was taken out. With man there is an increased tonus and shivering when adrenalin is given,and the oxygen consumption goes up strikingly. Bornstein thinks that if the oxygen consumption goes up in the extremities without shivering, it must be a peripheral action.\nThere was no increased tonus; the legs were completely relaxed after 2 1/2","page":256},{"file":"p0257.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O r\nhours of perfusion. Then he argues that taking out the sninal cord means, first, that there is a simpler preparation; second, that it is more certain that there is no effect on the tonus, for when adrenalin is given to man the patellar reflex is very much increased. He thinks that the new apparatus of Van Slyke is perhaps better than that of Barcroft.\nIt seemed to me that this was an excellent possibility for study -ing the metabolism of the fetus. Bornstein said he saw no reason why the apparatus, as he used it, should not be employed for the fetus. He actually expressed the intention of trying it out. I suggested that instead of using the Barcroft method, it would be better to try to use a closed circuit and note the decreased volume of oxygen on a small spirometer.\nIn discussing his metabolism measurements on various people, he said he had 8 normal individuals who always showed from 80 to 90 per cent of the Harris-Benedict table, but Kestner\u2019s subjects do not show this but usually have 100 per cent. Bernstein argued that all Hamburg people should agree with each other and that Kestner had a rotten technique. Bornstein has a sign up on his laboratory door that no one must disturb him in an experiment, but with Kestner the laboratory was in a mess all the time. I recall perfectly well that in 1923 Kestner was making basal metabolism measurements and in the same room a dog, whose spinal cord had been cut, was dragging himself around the floor, yelping in great pain the entire time.\nBornstein has a Grafe respiration chamber, and also a chamber? fop animals which he is just settingup. I think he has the right idea, i.e., of studying the same subject, first, on the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus and, second, on the Grafe apparatus. This brings up the point that all of Bornstein's basal metabolism measurements are done by the old Zuntz-Geppert method, whereas Kestner's work is done probably by the Knipping method. T think that Bornstein\u2019s idea of comparison is very fine, for\n","page":257},{"file":"p0258.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"under these conditions he can be sure of his results\no r o\n* . '\nBornstain impressed me as being a very serious man. He is a great admirer of Zuntz. .He thinks that Kestner began too. late with respiration things and is not so careful. Bornstein says that he trains his own assistants on this plan - \"It is not so much the gas analysis as it is the training that goes with it.\" He regrets Kestner's carelessness greatly. Hop example, there is no control of activity, and no minute readings of volume on the spirometer. Kestner reads at the start; then he reads again at the end.","page":258},{"file":"p0259.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"25 0\n\n\n\nFigure 151. Apparatus in Professor Born-stein's laboratory in Hamburg for studying the artificial circulation in an isolated member, in this case the hind legs of a dog.\nThe apparatus was extremely complicated, very dirty, but possibly scientifically correct.","page":259},{"file":"p0260.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"r> \u25a0*\nZK:,\nn\nHAMBURG. GERMANY.\nUniversity of Hamburg. St. Georg Hospital.\nPr, Hans V\u00f6lker.\nI also talked with Professor Bornstein's assistant. I did not get his name. He has recently published an article in Pfl\u00fcger\u2019s Archiv f\u00fcr die gesamte Physiologie (1926, 215 pp. 43-77), and his name is there given as Hans V\u00f6lker. He had just returned from a visit to Iceland, where he had been studying the effects of the polar region and the long days there, and he had made a lot of metabolism measurements. He said that sometimes the days are 100 hours long. He spent a good deal of time in bed.\nComparing the metabolism in Hamburg and Iceland, he found the curves were superimposed, taking the local time into consideration. I thought his average curves agreed too well. He was a bri^it, keen chap and his work sounded as if it were well controlled. They used the Zuntz apparatus, and he made all the analyses himself. The pulse was counted accurately, even when the subject was asleep, and the subject did not waken. He was enthusiastic in the extreme. I did not get their complete story but they had all the charts and diagrams at Professor Bornstein's house, where we were dining. We also had the pleasure of meeting Professor Bornstein's mother, a physician, who had studied formerly in Z\u00fcrich and who had studied anatomy\nunder Pr. Felix, Sr","page":260},{"file":"p0261.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HAMBURG. GERMAIT Y.\nCity Hospital at Altona. Medical Division.\nDr. L. Lichtwltz.\nAnother hospital which I visited in Hamburg was the St\u00e4dt.\nKrankenhaus at Altona. The clinic there was certainly magnificently equipped. The laboratories were fine, well lighted, and clean, and there was an atmosphere of exactness everywhere. They had a very good respiration laboratory, with a Krogh apparatus and likewise a universal apparatus modified after Kestner. They were using a gas meter (factor sent by the maker), but they had no control on it whatsoever. They had no water level arrangement and there was (as is only too frequently the case) very much dead space. The Krogh apparatus, on the other hand, was practically free from dead space. Dichtwitz*s idea is to have a very good laboratory in connection with his clinic and to keep it up, so that the work will command the respect of all visitors.","page":261},{"file":"p0262.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HALIBURCr\u00ab SSR11AHY\nInstitut f\u00fcr Schiffs- und. Tropenkrankheiten.\nProfessor Friedrich F\u00fclleborn.\nI spent a most interesting afternoon at the Institut f\u00fcr Schiffs- und Tropenkrankheiten. (See figures 152 and 153.) The director, F\u00fclleborn (see figures 154, 155, and 156),is a man of intense dynamic energy and has his institution well in hand and well equipped with, however, the difficulties incidental to a limited budget. The institute is well worth visiting, althou^i little of interest in metabolism is going on there.\nF\u00fclleborn is extremely interested in climate and is anxious to have a journal of climatology handled by the great workers in hygiene. He also is very enthusiastic over Professor Kestner, says he is a man of extraordinary ideas and a wonderful man with whom to be associated. I can quite agree with him on this. He emphasized strongly the fact that there was an unknown factor, an \"X\", in the climate. He said, for example, \"Take a piece of cheese and place it under ideal conditions as to humidity and temperature. In certain sections in France the development of the cheese is altogether different from what it is in other localities. On the other hand, you may transport it, well developed, to another place and it will develop for a while and then after a few generations the whole thing is gone, this X is gone out of it.\"\nFigures 157 and 158 are postcards issued by this Institute in its propaganda against mosquitoes.","page":262},{"file":"p0263.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O\n26\nKrankenhaus\tHauptgeb\u00e4ude\tTierhaus\nDas Institut f\u00fcr Schiffs- und Tropenkrankheiten zu Hamburg\nvom Zirkus Busch aus gesehen\nFigure 152. The Institute for Tropical Diseases at Hamburg, under the direction of Professor F\u00fclleborn.\n\nDer Hamburger Hafen\nvom Institut f\u00fcr Schiffs- und Tropenkrankheiten aus gesehen\nFigure 153. View of the Hamburg harbor as seen from the Institute for Tropical Diseases.","page":263},{"file":"p0264.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 154.\nfigures 154, 155, and 156. Professor Friedrich F\u00fclleborn of Institut f\u00fcr Schiffs- und Tropenkrankheiten, Hamburg, Germany.\nthe","page":264},{"file":"p0265.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Winke zur Erkennung der Fieber-M\u00fccken.\nDurchaus nicht alle m\u00fccken\u00e4hnlichen Insekten sind Stechm\u00fccken, sondern dies sind nur solche, die einen zum Blutsaugen dienenden, langen, d\u00fcnnen Stechr\u00fcssel besitzen\nDa gewisse Sfechm\u00fccken-Arten, jedoch nicht alle, die Malaria von Mensch zu Mensch \u00fcbertragen k\u00f6nnen, so ist es f\u00fcr jeden, der in Malariagegenden lebt, von Wichtigkeit, die fieberbringenden Anopheles-M\u00fccken\u201c von den \u00fcbrigen Stechm\u00fccken-Arfen, besonders von \u201eCulex, der gemeinen Stechm\u00fccke\u201c zu unterscheiden.\nDiesem Zwecke diene das folgende Merkverschen, in welchem die auf Anopheles bez\u00fcglichen Stichworfe ein a, die auf Culex bez\u00fcglichen ein u enthalten:\nMalaria machen Anophelen,\nDie uns besonders abends qu\u00e4len. Von Culex aber wird gestochen Zu jeder Stund ununterbrochen.\nZuweilen kann dies Zeichen tr\u00fcgen, Doch werden nie die Taster l\u00fcgen: Kurz nur dem Culex-Weib beschieden, Sind lang sie bei Anopheliden.\nSitzt grad\u2019 die M\u00fccke an der Wand Mit schwarz geflecktem Fl\u00fcgelrand, Hat man Anopheles entdeckt;\nCulex ist krumm und ungefleckt.\n(Da nur das b\u00f6se Weibchen sticht,\nSo k\u00fcmmern uns die M\u00e4nnchen nicht; Ein Feder-F\u00fchler schm\u00fcckt den Mann, Ein borst\u2019ger zeigt das Weibchen an.)\nSchon wenn sie noch im Kinderteich, Erkennt Anopheles man gleich,\nDer wagrecht auf dem Wasser ruht ; Herunter h\u00e4ngt die Culex-Brut.\nsch\u00fctzt ZrUirhBtean0n\u00eeU = oLI!,aM S,\u00b0hlafe in Malaria-Gegenden nie ohne ein gut schliessendes Moskitonetz! Dieses sch\u00fctzt ment nur gegen Malaria, sondern auch gegen das durch eine culex\u00e4hnliche M\u00fccke (Stegomvia fasoiatai[ \u00fcbertragene Gelbfieber und gegen die Filaria-Krankheit.\texanmicne mucke istegomyia\nin Hnn F,berh3uP* Vors'\u00b0h* vor allen blutsaugenden Insekten, da auch Stechfliegen, Wanzen, L\u00e4use und Zecken in den Tropen schwere Erkrankungen \u00fc\u00f6ertragen k\u00f6nnen.\tzecken\nCulex (Gemeine M\u00fccke)\nCulei \u2022 Kopf M\u00e4nnchen\nCule* Kopf, Weibchen\nAnopheles (Fieber-M\u00fccke)\nPuppe\ntmtl Tfopenkrankheilen, Himburg.\nausSchl\u00fcpfendfl MO oke\n\nFigure 157. Postcard issued by the Institute for Tropical Diseases at Hamburg, in its propaganda against mosquitoes.","page":265},{"file":"p0266.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"o\u25a0\u00bb\n^ u .,\nDas richtig montierte Moskitonetz.\nDas Netz mu\u00df in den Rahmen hineingeh\u00e4ngt\nwerden; wird es \u00fcber den Rahmen gelegt, so l\u00e4\u00dft es sich nicht ordentlich unter die Matratze stecken. Die M\u00fccken finden erfahrungsgem\u00e4\u00df die kleinsten L\u00fccken im Netze! Die Netzmaschen d\u00fcrfen nat\u00fcrlich auch nicht zu weit sein. Ein gutes MOSKITONETZ ist eines der besten Schutzmittel gegen Malaria :\u2014\t\u2014 und gelbes Fieber.\t\u2014\nInstitut f\u00fcr Schiffs- und Tropenkrankheiten.\nFigure 158. Postcard issued by the Institute for Tropical Diseases at Hamburg in its propaganda against mosquitoes.","page":266},{"file":"p0267.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HAMBURG. GERMANY.\n1 it\nCarl Hagenbeck\u2019s Tierpark.\nDr. Ludwig Zukowskv and Baron von Uexkuell.\nIn company with Baron von Uexkuell I went to Hagenbeck's Park, also accompanied by Dr. Bornstein and his son. We met Dr. Zukowsky, the scientific director of the park, and had a most interesting afternoon. The large sea elephant stays under water an enormous length of time, 29 minutes. He is fed each day about 400 lbs. of fish. We saw two adult Indian elephants, which had been living in the wild exactly six months before. They seemed to be tractable and tame. We were informed that today the proper feeding of salt and vitamines has changed the entire complexion of raising animals in a zoological park; also that when full-grown lions arrive from South Africa, they are fed large quantities of green grass at the start, after their long sea trip, in order to \"clean out the stomach\".\nIn the park there was an interesting bronze cast of two mammoth pythons which had fought each other and which were found dead actually in the form in which the bronze cast was made. During the war this bronze was stolen by somebody and a new cast had only recently been made. They told me that they had quite a little difficulty in feeding these snakes, because sometimes three or four pythons may want to go at the same cadaver, and they have to separate them. Contrary to the experience at the New York Zoological Park, these large pythons eat cadavers easily. They have quite a collection of large pythons, I should say six or seven, all of them being of good museum size. As to the appetite of these snakes, one large python ate three large animals and a hen all in one day. On the other hand, one went 18 months without eating. At the Hagenbeck Park they never resort to artificial feeding (stuffing) of their pythons.","page":267},{"file":"p0268.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"They have a school for training animals which has several functions;\n(1) for training animals; (2) to entertain an audience for pay; (3) to show the audience\nA that no cruelty is practiced; and (4) most important, to train the trainers themselves. After the animals are trained by one man, they are then good for other men to use. They told me that leopards are either whol]y tam\u00eb or wholly bad, usually the latter.\nI obtained one interesting piece of information with regard to the sea lion. I have seen so frequently in the- circuses the extraordinary balancing powers of these animals and I have wondered who first discovered that they could do this remarkable balancing. Dr. Zukowslky stated that he understood that sea lions play a great deal with stones, balancing them on their noses, etc.; probably somebody observed that they played witn these things easily, and this lead to the training for more elaborate work.\nThey had\ta fine collection\tof polar bears and they told me the\tonly\nway\tthey kept\tthem white was to\tbed them with white sawdust. I was\tmuch\ninterested in a group of lions that were extremely tame. They st^y tame up to about three or four years of age; then they are apt to get a little ugly. These lions actually acted like a group of kittens. They were very well trained for circus work, but came up to the bars and wanted to play with us like a group of kittens. One interesting feature was the group of cubs that had been raised by a police-dog bitch. It seems that this animal has quite a renutation for raising young lions. After finishing her job at Hamburg, she was sent to Berlin, and we saw her at Berlin on exactly the same job.\nNo polar\tbears are born in\tcaptivity, although many other animals\nare\tborn. In\tthis park there was a tremendous floating population\tof\nanimals. The park is used both for a sales place and also for demonstration. I saw two magnificent penguins which I should like very much to","page":268},{"file":"p0269.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O \" in\nIJ. J\nhave for study, because they are animals without legs and wings, so to speak. There were two yoimg walruses, Hans and Heine, which went through a number of antics at the command of the keeper. They taught them many things and found them fairly quick to learn. On the other hand, a horse is rather stupid. The horse is ordinarily considered to be a very clever animal and the seal rather stupid, but, as a matter of fact, it would take a horse five months to learn to come up and butt a man in the back when he wanted to be fed, whereas the walrus would learn in two weeks.\nI could have spent much more time at Hagenbeck's park. I found that Mr. Zukowsky was inclined to research work. In response to any proposition which I or Professor Bornstein made, he immediately stated that he would be very glad to place the park at our disposal. Apparently he is a man of wide knowledge and wide interests. He told me that they regularly sold all their snake excrement at 25 marks ( that i3, about $6.50) per kilogram. It was sold to some pharmaceutical manufacturing company to make drugs.\nBaron von Uexkuell. I went to the aquarium and met Professor von TTex-kuell, who is the director there. He is a man of great interests. He had been working upon some muscular things, entirely aside from fish, naturally, and has published some articles recently which apparently are attracting a great deal of attention. He very kindly went out to Hagenbeck\u2019s Park with us, although it must have been rather hard to go on such a bad day. I found him a most interesting man.","page":269},{"file":"p0270.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"GRONINGEN. HOLLAND\nUniversity of Groningen, Psychiatric-Neurologic Laboratory.\nProfessor B. D. Wiersma.\nIn Groningen we stayed with Professor Wiersma (see figure 159), who is a professor of psychiatry there. I remembered well his magnificent laboratory of several years ago. It was sad for us not to see our old friends, Professor and Mrs. Hamburger, though we saw their son and<hughter later. Professor Wiersma is an extraordinary man, very quiet and reticent, and has a magnificent laboratory. I noticed that in every way his research was of a much higher character than was that of most of the older men and, furthermore, that he was very active personally. His laboratory was the only place in Europe, for example, where I saw skin-temperature measurements being made. I had a number of criticisms with regard to the way that they were applying the junction and their general set-up, but they did have a remarkable galvanometer made by a man in Delft. I saw this galvanometer in several places in Holland and tried to get more details with regard to it.\nI think that Professor Eoyons has one. It would be worth our while to look one up, when we ever have the money to spend for it. It is not frightfully expensive. One defect in his thermo-junction was the fact that he used cracked ice to maintain a constant temperature. This made a large temperature difference (0\u00b0\u201433\u00b0 C.), which involved the calculations considerably.\nProfessor Wiersma has been interested for many years in studying the effect of sleep and the pulse relations, using particularly the little ,,hand-pleythysmograph,,, a specimen of which he gave us a few years ago.\nIn connection with his work on sleep, he has been much interested in somnambulism or the sleep suggested by hypnosis. One morning when I was there, he was working with a man as his subject. This man had been to him several\ntimes, having arthritis of the right shoulder. On that particular day he","page":270},{"file":"p0271.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"o i\n' .JL\nFigure 159. Professor E. D. Wiersma, Psy-chiatire-Heurologic laboratory, University of Groningen, Holland.","page":271},{"file":"p0272.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"was unable to raise his arm above a certain point. After submitting him to hypnotic sleep, into which he went with lightning-like rapidity,\nProfessor Wiersma suggested that the pain was all gone and that he could lift his hand, which he did without distress. Wiersma made several tests in which he suggested to the man that certain colors did not exist and the man simply could not see these colors. Apparently he was one who was very readily under control. It seemed to me a pity that they could not have been doing some metabolism work such as, for example, depressing the pulse rate which it is claimed can be done, although Professor Wiersma did not say much about it or think much about it himself. I did find, however, to my surprise that very few subjects are available for these experiments.\nI think that Wiersma knows more about sleep than anyone else there. He thinks that our queer curves of irregular respiration at the beginning of sleep could only be founu at the vory beginning, and that later the respirations would become regular and quiet. He is really a remarkable man, and I am sorry I cannot keep more in contact with him.\nI saw that among other things he had a very poor Benedict respiration apparatus, which I traced back and finally found that it was sold in England as the \"British Benedict\". It was very poorly constructed, and I made a number of suggestions to him to get it considerably bettered, including some supplies from Mr. Collins.\ni&t","page":272},{"file":"p0273.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"o \u2022? o !\nGRONINGEN. HOLLAND.\nUniversity of Groningen. Phvsiologioal Institute.\nProfessor F. J. J. Buytendi.ik.\nProfessor Buytendijk is the successor of Professor Hamburger in the Physiological Institute. He is very active and has an excellent set of young men assistants with him, but is doing nothing in respiration now because he could not bring his apparatus from Amsterdam to Groningen. We were interested to know that one of his men, Dr. J. de Haan, was growing tissue in vitro. The day that I was there they had an exhibition by a man who travelled all over Germany as a sort of \"muscle artist\". He was able to flex all the various muscles individually and gave an extraordinary exhibition. He had a frightful X-ray burn on his back as a result of many hours' exposure, as different X-ray plates had been made during his professional life as a freak on muscles. Buytendijk was much interested in the hydrogen-ion concentration of the blood (see figures 160 and 161) and with his assistants was devising a method for determining it continuously as the blood was flowing, using antimony electrodes. All in all, I found the laboratory extremely active, probably in large part due to the excellent group of young men that he has, as well as to his own ingenuity.\nMy lecture in Groningen was given in the lecture hall of the university laboratory, under the auspices of the student-faculty club, and it so happened that Rudolph Hamburger, the son of Professor Hamburger, was the presiding officer. It really was very touching to see how this young man handled the whole affair, with a quiet dignity quite worthy of a German\nGeheimrat.","page":273},{"file":"p0274.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"2?\nFigure 160.\nFigures 160 and 161. The micro blood gas-analysis apparatus in Buy-tendijk's laboratory in Groningen.","page":274},{"file":"p0275.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"UTRECHT. HOLLAND.\nUniversity pf Utrecht. Physiological Institute.\nProfessor H. Zwaardemaker and Dr. J. G. Dusser de Barenne.\nOf course the great magnets in Utrecht were Professors Zwaardemaker and Magnus. I visited Zwaardemaker's laboratory and gave my lecture there. Zwaardemaker is much interested in radio activity and the heart beat. Many experiments on the isolated heart were being carried on around the laboratory, and it was found that a few milligrams of radium start up the heart. Cathode rays also do it, but polonium, on the other hand, is antagonistic. No one else checks him on this point, but Zwaardemaker says they failed in the technique. The elder Hamburger criticised him, but disliked to very much indeed. Zwaardemaker is a very keen man, much interested in sound waves, and has some large war material there in the shape of two enormous parabolic mirrors, so that he is able to photograph the sound wave. He must retire in one year. He seems nearer 60 than 70 years of real age, smart as a whip, and I think he finds it rather difficult to retire.\nDr. Dusser de Barenne was at Stockholm and gave a paper describing some of his respiratory exchange methods, which seemed very complicated. I inspected the apparatus in his laboratory. It was extremely complicated, very poorly constructed, and to my mind had an enormous residuum which might be affected by temperature or barometer. The room was frightfully cold; I went on the apparatus personally, and the record obtained is appended herewith. (See figure 162.) This graphic tracing shows the slope of the line for the oxygen consumption, the slope of the line for the carbon-dioxide production, and the method of calculation. The oxygen measurement is very close to my normal value. The respiratory quotient is about what one would expect. Reference should be made to Dusser de Barenne's published paper","page":275},{"file":"p0276.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 162. Graphic tracing (with calculations) obtained with Dr. Benedict as subject on the respiration apparatus of Dr. J. G. Dus3er de Barenne of Utrecht, Holland.\n","page":276},{"file":"p0276s0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\n\n\n\n2 T2 ce\n13 <ry\n(~\u01782_ f-\nf 1 lt b\n\n>\n<\nf j\nk\n}\u25a0\nFigure 162. Graphie tracing (with calculations) obtained with Dr. Benedict as subject on the respiration apparatus of Dr. J. G. Dus3er de Barenne of Utrecht, Holland.","page":0},{"file":"p0277.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"rj ty &t\nfor the details of the calculation. I emphasized the importance to him of making alcohol checks, which I thought would put his whole equipment on a much better footing. Subsequently he reported he had been most successful with these checks. The apparatus still has the defect of getting the oxygen at one moment and the carbon dioxide somewhat later, and although theoretically such short periods staggered with sufficient frequency should give reasonably good quotients, it still remains a defect.","page":277},{"file":"p0278.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"V\nUTRECHT \u00ab HOLLAND.\nDr. j. B. Zwaardemaker.\nOne of the most interesting young men whom I have met in many years is the son of Professor H. Zwaardemalcer * Dr. J. B. Zwaardemaker (see figure 163), who left research worlc for private practice. He is an excellent medical man, and everyone predicts that he will have a great future. I told,him that I hoped he would keep his hand on some little research problem. He lives just outside of Utrecht, and is apparently back and forth continuously. An interesting point came up in my discussion with him. He stated that he finds from his own experience that he cannot drink a small amount of wine without feeling that he is a little bit more careless in auto driving, and that he is distinctly more easily irritated by a slow wagon in front and has a greater desire to \"take chances.\" This information was volunteered to me, and I thought it was a rather interesting observation on the part of a very keen observer.\nC3","page":278},{"file":"p0280.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"UTRECHT. HOLLAND.\nUniversity of Utrecht. Agricultural College.\nProfessor B. Sjollema.\nProfessor Sjollema and his co-workers are in the Agricultural College.\nThey were much interested in Professor Ritzman's feces-separating device and also in the cause of the specific dynamic action of hay. There was a great deal of discussion, but they are not much up on the question so could add little to it. They found that when there was a pronounced upset in the digestion of ruminants, accompanied by diarrhea, there was a lot of calcium in the urine, as the calcium rose from the ordinary amount of 40 mgr. to over 6000 mgr. Sjollema argues from this that calcium is needed for the formation of the feces.\nSjollema does not appear to be modern to me. He is rather in the past, although a thoroughly fine man. He says that the nitrogen in caffeine, for example, could not be converted to ammonia by the Kjeldahl process. There may be as much as 70 per cent given off as methylamin in digestion. Also there may be a similar effect if they use sulphuric acid plus phosphoric pentoxide, or potassium sulphate, or even copper sulphate or mercury.\nSjollema had been studying blood sugar in cows. He finds that 80 per cent is glucose and 20 per cent non-glucose. In some cases of fasting 24-hour rabbits 40 per cent was non-glucose. He considers that the work of Winter and Smith is not good. Lundsgaard says that their work is good. On the other hand, Barbour says it is not good. Sjollema determines the nitrogen by Nesslerization, for he finds that in caffeine and creatinine there may be 30 per cent as methylamin after digestion.\nHe was very much interested in the use of theo-bromin by nursing mothers. They thought this was a stimulant to the milk production, and he tried this","page":280},{"file":"p0281.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"out with cattle, - I think, however, without much success. He is a very cautious man and he always wishes to revise and revise his figures until he is sure of his results. Of course, in connection with their chocolate factories there, they have used all these alkaloids in studying the milk production of goats. Also they have made studies to see whether cocoa would increase the production of milk in the case of a woman.","page":281},{"file":"p0282.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"UTRECHT. HOLLAND.\nUniversity of Utrecht. Department of Hygiene.\nProfessor C. Sijkmann.\nIt was interesting to meet Professor Eijkmann, who had played such a great role in the dificiency diseases. He said he had received 40 mgr. of anti-beri-beri vitamine in crystalline form from Java. He must be near the retiring age, but apparently is one of the strong characters in Utrecht and they all look up to him. I was much interested in speaking with him with regard to the possibility of the successor of Ewaardemaker. Everybody seems to be in favor of Professor Noyons of Louvain, but there was a little objection raised against him because he is a Catholic. At least, I heard one man make this point. I think on the whole everyone believes he is the ideal man for the place.","page":282},{"file":"p0283.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"wmm' W\u00ca\u00ca\u00e0\n\nUTRECHT. HOLLAND\nUniversity of Utrecht. Pharmacological Institute.\nProfessor R. Magnus.\nPerhaps the most remarkable man in Utrecht is Professor Magnus, who is really a professor of pharmacology but is probably one of the first physiologists in Europe. He is certainly possessed of a fine mind, has a fine grasp of literature, and is of the first order of pharmacologists, and yet he is working for the most part on reflexes, etc. His assistant, Dr. Rademaker, is doing a lot of brain surgery. Their animals, which had been operated on, were extremely active, had a high metabolism and tremor, and were incessantly in motion. The animals really eat them out of house and home. They do lie down occasionally, when they sleep, Magnus says, but when I saw them they\ninvariably were in incessant activity and tremor. I could not understand the\n\u00ab\nphysiology of most of what he was doing.\nA new laboratory was in progress of development, but it was not too large. Magnus decided to hold in the new laboratory the same ideas as in the old one, and one of the most important points was one large room in which there should be subdivisions or at least little corners for the different people to work, for he believes that the whole crowd should stick together and keep in touch with each other's work, not having closed doors or separate rooms, or things of that kind. So he is going to incorporate this idea in his new building. He says he does not want the new building too large.\nHe has an enormous number of reprints at his home, all indexed by authors. I should say that he was using containers much like our \"pamphiles\".\nWe were much interested in his recommendation of a seasick remedy by Professor Starkenstein of Prague, called \"Nauseamittel\". Magnus stated that it contained atrophine and scopolamin, that it is really innocuous and should","page":283},{"file":"p0284.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"be helpful. Still, he is rather skeptical about it. It had been used on the Lapland trip by many members of the Congress. We heard the most amusing reports as to its success and lack of success.","page":284},{"file":"p0285.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ocr\n<w O -J\nUTRECHT . HOLLAND.\nUniversity of Utrecht, Physical Laboratory.\nDr. Moll and Dr\u00bb Burger.\nOn my trip I had several times heard about a new thermo-element consisting of two alloys, which I found difficult to understand, for I thought that thermo-elements always had to have one wire of pure metal and one of an alloy. I had also heard about an interesting method for amplifying the deflections of a galvanometer. I therefore visited the physical laboratory and found it a very interesting place. Here they were working in large part on radiation, using the new thermo-element for studying radiated heat. Dr. Burger told me that their thenno-element, which was, as a matter of fact, enclosed in a glass housing, would be of practically no use to us because the wave lengths of heat given off from the body would be in large part absorbed by the glass surrounding .their element. Their method for amplifying the galvanometer I saw later on at the laboratory of A. V. Hill. They are apparently a pair of clever men.","page":285},{"file":"p0286.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"AMSTERDAM. HOLLAND.\nNederlandsch Instituut voor Volksvoeding.\nProfessor E. C. Van Leersum.\nThe institute of Professor Van Leersum shows a decided progress over three years ago. He is, as before, by tolerance in the Institute of Tropical Hygiene, but has several rooms rather good for chemical work and in the basement has an excellent equipment, with a student respiration apparatus, all sorts of apparatus for micro-photography, a Boothby spirometer on wheels, a large kymograph, a photostat, and an X-ray apparatus. Upstairs there is a chemical laboratory and an office. He is doing a great deal on vitamine feeding with rats. His great problem is milk. It is useful in a normal diet, he says, because it contains vitamine C. There is a great movement among the ladies of Amsterdam to give the children whot lunches'* in the schools. Van Leersum is opposed to this movement. He wants to give up the hot meal and give the children plenty of milk. The committee fights him, because they have installed a great many expensive steam tables and so they must use their equipment. In his newspaper propaganda he is always writing about giving children good milk. He claims that milk should not be pasteurized and that it can be furnished unpasteurized. It costs somewhat more money, but it will not cost more than a hot meal.\n\\\nHe has a good rat colony and has had experience with gravel stones. These are not due to cold, he says, for if the rats have vitamine A in their diet they do not have gravel stones. He is doing much with avitaminosis. He says he has had a case in which the neck and head of a pigeon were thrown way back for months. He had dropped down the throat some yeast extract and in two hours the bird had recovered, end although it\n","page":286},{"file":"p0287.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"to me highly incredible and yet was quite in line with what I had heard at other places.\nVan Leersuxn is testing out with a quartz mercury lamp various kinds of glass which are said to allow the ultra-violet rays to be transmitted. Some time ago he devised an ingenious operation to lay bare the carotid artery on a rabbit, making it available for blood pressure determinations without a canula. As a matter of fact, he can put on a band and small bulb and pressure much like an ordinary blood-pressure apparatus and deter mine the blood pressure without any operation.\nVan Leersum is a man with lots of ideas. He is very clever, with a wide grasp of science,and is strong in his personal beliefs. In many ways he is an idealist, always working for \"those poor people,\" as he says. He writes for the papers and does a lot to popularize all scientific things. A deep research drive is in him. He used to drive 40 kilometers to Utrecht and back four days a week for two years, to do his research work when he had no laboratory in Amsterdam. On the other hand, he is anything but a diplomat. He fails to manage people. He had trouble at Leiden. Undoubtedly he was not wholly to blame. He was not well treated, but he antagonized people. Van Leersum is a disappointed man.\nHe was promised at Leiden a laboratory, dishes for work, etc., but was always put off. After twelve years of this postponement he resigned, which was an astonishing thing for a Dutch professor to do. If a professor fails to get the opportunity to teach properly, he generally says, \"All right, I will work less, I will get my salary, and let the rest go.\" But Van Leersum says that the principle\tis wrong.\tOn\tthe\tother hand,\nVan Leersum cannot change the Dutch mind, and they\tdo\tnot\tlike to have\nhim try to change it. His successor at\tLeiden, Storm\tVan\tLeeuwen, has\nno trouble in getting anything he wants\tat Leiden.\tHe is\tdoing a big\nbusiness in \"allergy\" on hay fever, etc.","page":287},{"file":"p0288.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O\nw\n8\nO\nVan Leersum has been working on rachitis. He finds it difficult to do research work. He thinks it best to have a central rat plant in Holland, a central colony, but now they have decided they want to start a special colony in Leiden. I think he wanted to have his colony used and either have rats sent to him or have him send them from his laboratory to various other places. I thought it a great pity that such a fine mind should be so \"in Dutch,\" so to speak, with every one. I find him as interesting as any man I have ever met. I do not find him too opinionated. He is firm, but not fanatic. He is lonesome scientifically.","page":288},{"file":"p0289.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"AMSTERDAM. HOLLAND\nEuropeans travelling in America.\nI got some interesting points on how important it is for us to see to it that our guests are well taken care of when in America. For example, when Storm Van Leeuwen came to Boston his experiences were all wrong. He got the cars all mixed up. His colleague, Professor van der Hoeve, when in Boston, was asked by Cushing to dine at the Harvard Club. He got to the University Club by mistake, and when he asked the taxi driver to take hira to the City Club, he wound up somewhere in Cambridge. Professor van der Hoeve told me an interesting experience of his in Philadelphia.\nHe had a Professor Fox of Philadelphia at table at his left and a Professor Fuchs of Vienna on his right. In an after-dinner speech he said he was having a \"Foxy\" time, which caught the crowd very well indeed.\nI had further information with regard to the use of alcohol given to me gratuitously. For example, Professor Van Leersum's Son-in-law in Amsterdam said that he could not take alcohol in wine and then drive his own car afterward. Professor van der Hoeve said he could not take wine at noon and do his work. It was very interesting to have such opinions gratuitously offered.","page":289},{"file":"p0290.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"9 O A\n\u00c0\u00bb \u00bby\nLEIDEN. HOLLAND.\nUniversity of Leiden. Physiological Laboratory.\nProfessor W. Einthoven.\nThere was nothing of special interest in Einthoven's laboratory, for he was working exclusively on the string galvanometer at the time of my visit, especially with very short strings with tremendously high periods of vibration. Einthoven*s admiration for Williams is great. Williams sent over, as a present, one of their new Hindle string galvanometers. In Leiden, however, they are making galvanometers for sale. They are all large, really armored, steel jackets, about 45 cm. long and 30 cm. in diameter, and a steel tube to jacket the whole business. Einthoven's son is interested in the radio wireless telegraphy in the post office in Amsterdam, where they use a very short string galvanometer in order to send 60 words per minute.\nEinthoven (see figures 164 and 165) has still three more years before he retires. He is sorry to leave, but he thinks the retirement rule is a good one, on the whole.\nI gave my lecture in Einthoven's lecture room, under the auspices of his department. In this connection two amusing incidents occurred. Thus, while I was lecturing, the assistant sprayed a stream of water on the screen, to make it more translucent. The projection apparatus was back of the screen, and the first thing I knew the stream of water was coming over the screen and sprayed ray coat and manuscript. The other incident occurred when the curtain covering the large skylight in the hall was rolled over to shut out the light; one would have thought that the whole building was falling down from thunder. In ray lecture I spoke in English and I was much interested in finding that this was the first place where any asides or jokes all \"got over\" to the audience. After this lecture there was some discussion of","page":290},{"file":"p0292.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O\n92\nFigure 165. Professor W. Einthoven in his new office at the Physiological Laboratory, University of Leiden.","page":292},{"file":"p0293.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"the question of the skin temperature falling after exercise, and it was brought out that in all probability this may be explained by the fact that the blood is taken away from the skin to the muscles. This was one of the explanations which I had in mind, but Leiden was the first place during my trip where this explanation was brought out. In fact, the general absence of discussion in connection with my lectures throughout the entire trip was disappointing.\n\u00bb","page":293},{"file":"p0294.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LEIDEN. HOLLAND.\nProfessor J. van der Hoeve and Professor W. A. Kuenen.\nAt a luncheon given by Professor Einthoven to Mrs. Benedict and myself we met Professor van der Hoeve, an ophthalmologist, who had been to America and who, Professor Einthoven says, is a remarkable man. We also met Professor W. A. Kuenen, who is, I think, an even more remarkable man. He has been for many years in India (Java and Sumatra), but says he does not believe in race differences. At first he thought he had found it in a higher blood-sugar level, but later on he found that the Bang method at a hot room temperature gave too high results. Secondly, he thought that there was a difference in the lipoids in blood and in gall stones, as the Javanese had no gall stones. But Europeans who came there did have gall stones. He thought there must be a real race difference here. On the other hand, when the Javanese came to Holland, they had normal lipoids and gall stones, a fact which showed that the difference was due to food and environment and not to race. Kuenen was keenly interested in the racial metabolism and said he would do anything for us in Java, if we asked him. He was really extremely nice and most appreciative of the lecture, and made a speech, or almost an oration, at the end. He was a most stimulating man to talk to. We found that he dominated the table at our lunch. We talked very much of the war and its causes, food versus ideals in war, and the population. The Dutch problem is that there are too many medical students. There are fifty million people in the Dutch Indies, of which forty-nine million are \"no-pay\". The state must pay for the medical service. But Sumatra is capable of indefinite expansion. There are miles and miles of forests, with large areas for the increase in population. Rarely have I met a man who has stimulated me more\nthan Professor Kuenen.","page":294},{"file":"p0295.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"CA1IBR IDGE . ENGLAND\nAddenbrooke Hospital, Department of Biochemistry.\nDr. G. G. L. Wolf.\nDr. C.G. L. Wolf (see figure 166) was at the Addenbrooke Hospital, but apparently had in large part lost his scientific drive and was playing around with some problems which I think he is inadequately fitted to tackle. He has high ideals and wishes to contribute material things, but I think he is biting off more than he can chew. He has a great many Indian students, and I hope he will make basal metabolism measurements on some of them. I have had a lengthy correspondence with Wolf about his work and his plans, and I hope I shall be able to persuade him to work on something a little bit more rational than what he is doing. It is a pity that in this foremost English university (the University of Cambridge) so little attention is given to human metabolism. The interest of Professor Barcroft lies in blood-gas analyses and he has very little interest in total metabolism. I tried to impress it upon Dr. Wolf that nowhere in England was there a metabolism center, in spite of the work of the noted English physiologists, and that with a large number of Indian students to begin with, a brave attempt could be made to control standard data and establish a metabolism center. I fear, however, that this cannot be done.\nFigure 166. Dr. C. G. L. Wolf in his office at the Adden-brooke Hospital, Cambridge.","page":295},{"file":"p0296.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nM\u00c9\u00dcH\n\nCAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND.\nInstitute of Animal Nutrition.\nDr. Thomas Deighton and Professor J. W. Capstiek.\nSince my last visit the Cambridge Institute of Animal Nutrition has undergone considerable increase in that they have a second respiration chamber of large size and the whole outfit is now mounted in a special basement or semi-basement room with a much better temperature control, or,\nI might say, a uniform temperature. As a matter of fact, as in every other place in England, I found the room very cold. They had been devoting a great deal of time to establishing \"constants\" of the new calorimeter and they laid considerable stress upon direct calorimetry, with no recognition thus far of indirect calorimetry and with little attention, it seemed to me, to the question of water vapor. They have two calorimeters,\u2014one a large calorimeter (see figures 167, 168, and 169) but not large enough for an adult ox, and one a small calorimeter (see figure 170) but not small enough for a sheep. They were using the Darwin thread galvanometer and they claimed there was no temperature correction, so that no matter how the temperature of the galvanometer changed, its \"constant\" did not alter and reference to the deflections on different days was always on the same basis. I was by no means convinced of the accuracy of their statements, and they told me they were going to repeat their tests and reply to my criticisms. They had a scheme for ventilation and for measuring the volume of air passing through the apparatus devised by a man named Watson. Evidently a description of this has been published recently. The scheme depends, as near as I could make out, upon the insertion of some special form of baffle plates in the circuit with pressure measurements on each side of the series of baffle plates. I could not get the details of the apparatus, as it was all boxed in, thoroughly well insulated, and of course could not be disturbed. It is worth while","page":296},{"file":"p0298.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"298\nFigure 168. View of Deighton\u2019s largest respiration calorimeter at the Institute of Animal Nutrition, Cambridge, England, showing the door closed.","page":298},{"file":"p0301.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"3 01\nlooking up, and I shall try to get the reference later. I imagine the description of it was published in the Philosophical Transactions.\nDeighton impressed me even more favorably than before, but I feel that he must be considerably repressed and is not allowed a free rein. Apparently Capstick is simply interested in the thing now as a consultant, and I imagine that T. B. Wood runs the whole show, but I was far from convinced that he is capable of real calorimetric investigations. Capstick*s complete disregard of physiology is, of course, the attitude taken by the ultraphysicists, but physiology cannot be disregarded now. They evidently have a good equipment and unlimited funds, for it is the \"thing\" now in England to subsidize their research and they have been given large grants. One comes away with the impression that they have an unwieldy organization, even as small as it is, and that they are scouting about in the ethereal phases of pure physics without any recognition of physiological needs, although they believe they are dealing with physiology.","page":301},{"file":"p0302.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"n i **\nO' \u25a0\nCAMBBID&E. ENGLAND.\nUniversity of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry\u00ab\nSir Frederick: Uowland Hopkins.\nThe laboratory of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins is a magnificent building, altogether too fine. It is a hive of industry, populated by a large number of people writing theses. The building is lined with white marble inside and is already over-crowded. I lectured in their lecture hall, to a large and appreciative audience, perhaps the most satisfactory audience that I had, for the discussion afterwards was very helpful and showed a keen critical sense.","page":302},{"file":"p0303.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"EDINBURGH\u00ab SCOTLAND.\nUniversity of Edinburgh, Department of Physiology.\nSir Edward Sharpey-Schafer.\nIn spite of his 75 years, Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer is extraordinarily active physically and mentally, but apparently is doing little in research, although perhaps we should be surprised that he is doing anything. I visited him at his home at North Berwick, but our conversation was quite general. I gave a lecture in his auditorium before a large and appreciative audience. When one considers how fortunate we in America are, so far as climate, excess of sunlight, and general cheeriness of atmosphere are concerned, it is marvellous to think that research of any kind can be carried out under such conditions as existed in England during our stay. The laboratory of Professor Schafer is of course very old, the lecture hall is old, and the whole place gave me the impression of a dungeon with lack of light or vitality of any kind. In spite of this, there was present a large group of people, both students and faculty, keenly interested in the lecture and most appreciative. Perhaps my depression was in large part accentuated by leaving a sick bed to lecture and returning to it immediately afterwards. The problem of Professor Schafer's retirement apparently is a great one. Ho flatly states that he has no intention of retiring, although he is 75 years old. He said to me definitely, \"What would have happened if Ludwig had retired at 67?\" The general impression is that he is not getting the snap into the younger group of men and is not building up a good line of succession.","page":303},{"file":"p0304.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"EDINBURSH, SCOTLAND.\nProfessor J. H. Ashworth.\nWe spent Sunday with the Ashworths and had a delightful time. He certainly gives one the impression of an ultra-conservative, extremely keen, and intelligent scientist, and is much interested now in the transfer of the new laboratories, which are singularly enough a long distance from the medical school. The problem of transporting students in the 10-minute period between lectures is going to be a real one, I fear.","page":304},{"file":"p0305.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"GLASGOW. SCOTLAND.\nUniversity of Glasgow, Physiological Laboratory.\nProfessor E. P. Cathcart and Professor D\u00ab Noel Paton.\nCathcart is, as usual, keen and active in everything he does, teaching and research. They are just now making a study of the physical fitness of two thousand women. They are going into factories and studying women as they enter into trade, noting the limitation of load and wondering whether it is wise to legislate with regard to working hours for women. Their idea is, first, to make a study and afterwards, if necessary, legislate. They have two women assistants to measure the height, the weight, and the length from the finger tips to the ground, and to record the menstruation history, effort, etc. In a certain chemical industry they found they had a fine group of women doing rather severe physical work, that their mothers and grandmothers had worked there, and that the women had not deteriorated in this severe work.\nCathcart is much interested in the respiratory quotient after and during work. He was designing a respiration chamber which had a volume of 6875 liters, but I told him that our chamber (a description of which was published in Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 280) was much better and that he must without question have Carpenter\u2019s gas-analysis apparatus.\nIn the laboratory for muscular work there was a very good equipment, with a rolling treadmill every bit as good as our% of the same design, but which actually runs more quietly. Cathcart has a good ergometer which, I think, should be copied, and they have the idea, entirely new to me, to measure the force at each point of revolution of a wheel. There is always irregularity in the push andpull, and one of his associates has devised a good scheme for writing this. Cathcart had also adapted this idea to a new ergometer much like Krogh's, but better. It measured everything you can think of on one kymograph drum. He uses the regular Krogh swinging pan for weights and adds to that a small tension spring and writes the","page":305},{"file":"p0306.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"differences on the kymograph. Also the degree of pull, that is, the degree of irregularity of each pedal revolution is written. The whole thing is very clever and adaptable to every form of apparatus and should be used by all laboratories. It is the design of his mechanic. Miss Bedale, his former assistant, has now married Dr. Wishart, who is an assistant in the laboratory and a good teacher, but not very much as a research man. They were all very much interested in the gas analysis.\nI took up the theory of Fleisch regarding the pendulum motion of a step-lift, and we had considerable discussion about this without reaching any definite conclusions.\nLecture. Although I had written Professor Cathcart that my lecture was not primarily for students, he told me that he preferred to have me speak to a few who were really interested and would appreciate what I said rather than to a general group. To my astonishment, when I entered the lecture room I found it filled with the stock undergraduate, student body, together with not a few of the faculty. In giving my lecture, when I discussed the work which Mrs. Benedict and I had been doing with the nude model there was an obvious disturbance, with sin element of levity which irritated me greatly. I recalled that the students of Glasgow are noted for their boisterousness and had actually \"booed\" lecturers out of the room. I was thankful that I lectured without an honorarium, and I had definitely made up my mind that if in thirty seconds things had not quieted down, I was going to express myself \"forcibly\" and leave the room. But things subsided. Professor Cathcart told me afterwards that he had felt certain the students were going to drive me out, so to speak. Such a state of affairs in a large university seems to me a sad thing, but apparently it has the grounds of precedence and history.","page":306},{"file":"p0307.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"SHEFFIELD. ENGLAND.\nUniversity of Sheffield, Department of Pharmacology.\nProfessor Edward Mellanby and Mrs\u00ab May Mellanby.\n/\nProfessor and Mrs. Mellanby work together and have for years. They have little interest in metabolism but great interest in vitamines and in animal feeding, Mrs. Mellanby making a special study of teeth formation, and Professor Mellanby of the toxic properties in oatmeal. Although subsequently I heard a great deal of adverse criticism of their work, and although I am admittedly not an expert in vitamines or in the manipulation of small animals, nevertheless I did feel that in Sheffield greater attention was paid to controls, so far as the selection of animals was concerned, than anywhere else in Europe. I have heard since that the experts in vitamines criticized them on the grounds that their feeding formulas are too general, i.e., contain too many uncontrolled things. But they are working with litters of dogs on rachitis, and their controls seem to be very good. They are carrying these techniques over to schools end to special groups of children, which are well under control. The whole thing impressed me as being very good. On the other hand, I found that, as in so many other English places, they felt always that they were on the defensive. They feel quite free in talking about their own troubles and the existence of cabals. This is an elaboration of the English freedom of speech, for nowhere in Europe does one find such general criticism as one finds among English scientists. Although they are all good friends, this excessive criticism makes for the belief that they are more or less persecuted, perhaps not necessarily unfairly, and that others \"have it in\" for them. This is nota.bly the case with Wolf.","page":307},{"file":"p0308.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I had the pleasure of meeting at the Mellanby home Professor J. B. Ieathes, end I lectured for the Mellanbys in their department, which I believe they called the Department of Pharmacology. There was a select and serious crowd present, and there was some general discussion afterwards. I think that any one interested in vitamine work, in the use of animals, and in the handling, care, selection, and particularly the use of controls, cannot but find a great deal of value in a visit to their department. They have not only a laboratory in the university in town but likewise a large laboratory several miles out of town, apparently a building left after the war, where they are carrying on an even greater series of researches, particularly with several litters of puppies.","page":308},{"file":"p0309.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"303\nLONDON. ENSLAND.\n*\nGuy's Hospital Medical School, Physiological Laboratory.\nProfessor M. S. Pembrey.\nWhen I reached London, I was still practically sick, but I gave my lecture in Pembrey's amphitheatre to a fair-sized and particularly interested audience, and there was not the slightest trace of the disturbances encountered in Glasgow. Pembrey is much interested in the heart and exercise. He says the size of the heart is determined by exercise and that the heart should be measured by the ventricles. He suggested the advisability of comparing the cage-bred pigeon with the wild pigeon.\n\u25a0\nt\u00abfc4ag ?4fcs*0 \u00efset\u00ae\u00bb (Mar was rlad to Ke","page":309},{"file":"p0310.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LONDON, ENGLAND,\n3 -,T 0\nUniversity of London, Department of Physiology.\nProfessor A. V. Hill.\nThat part of the laboratory used by Professor Hill is exclusively devoted to research, for he does no teaching, and one can see immediately that most elaborate experiments on various physiological problems are under way. He was working on the nerve currents and the heat formed. He has now a galvanometer which gives one one-hundredth of a millimeter deflection, but if he sends this light on a thermo-junction and relays it by a new method, it may be magnified one thousand or more times. This is using a method of amplifying the galvanometer devised by. Moll and Burger of Utrecht, Holland. I have already commented upon my meeting Dr. Burger (see page'2J8S).\nOf course I was still much interested in the question of respiratory quotients. Hill is sure that the work respiratory quotients are correct.\nHe says that a man can run up an enormous oxygen debt, and can use up 8 liters of oxygen per minute. Hill\u2019s work, particularly on the higher respiratory quotients and following these quotients after work, is the subject of a great deal of severe criticism. It would hardly seem possible that a man as intelligent as Hill could be very far on the wrong road, and yet the tremendous influence of sweeping out of carbon dioxide on the respiratory quotient makes it obligatory to use every conceivable control. Thus far Hill has confined all of his work to mouthpiece or mask breathing. It seems to me that he must carry out experiments in some form of closed chamber and check his results by this second method.\nHill is to work in America, at Ithaca, in 1927, and at the moment of dictating these notes (March 1927) is giving lectures at the Lowell Institute^ Boston. I was glad to meet Dr. Charles Best, who is going to work on similar problems in Toronto.","page":310},{"file":"p0311.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"OXFORD. ENGLAND,\nUniversity of Oxford. Department of Physiology.\nSir Charles Sherrington.\ni\nWhen in Oxford I had a long conference with Professor Sherrington, who was discussing his experiences on a commission which dealt with the relations between labor and capital shortly after the war. He was more or less the arbitration member, for the commission was ma.de up of two labor representatives, two representatives of capital, and he was the fifth.\nThey were discussing the great importance of bettering the relations between the two sides and cooperating in an extensive program to better production and meet competition. Discussing the various conditions to be met, especially in the matter of competition, one of the labor men spoke up and said, \"We must not forget that America has gone dry.\" This impressed Sherrington as a mute recognition of the importance of prohibition in labor productiveness. He was sure that prohibition was best for labor, but he thought it might have been met in another way than was done in the United States.\nSherrington was discussing the relationship between the Socialists and spoke about walking with Eddinger, a Jew, in Frankfurt, and discussing the matter of economic waste. Eddinger pointed out the great paternalism of the German government in buildings, bridges, and in instituting welfare insurance, and stated that whem any workman moved from one town to another he would have a transfer of his deposits and his policies and he would know always just where he was. This he pointed out was the great benefit of the German social legislation.\nHe also told of an incident when he went to visit Pawlow in St. Petersburg. Sherrington's brother apparently was on some economic commission, and they were invited to go out to the Czar's summer home. They were in-","page":311},{"file":"p0312.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"formed with the minutest details exactly when they were to leave the hotel, what streets they ware to traverse, and what railroad station they were to pass through. As they were riding on th\u00e9 train, one of the commission asked, \"Do you realize there are more Cossacks than telegraph poles along this line?\" Up to the time they reached the palace they were subjected to every surveillance, but after entering the palace all this obvious surveillance disappeared. They were given a banquet and every courtesy.\nAfter the banquet was over one of the Czar's representatives, in a very flowery speech, told them they were all at home and the Czar requested them to take anything off the table as a souvenir. The table was covered with massive gold dishes, etc. No move was made to take anything, and the next step was made by the Czar's representative, which consisted of handing them each a little pasteboard box which contained a medallion of some kind. Then they left the table. When they got on the train, each opened up his box and found that it contained a replica of the Czar done in chocolate and wrapped in tinfoil. Here was an indication of the liberality and largesse of the old days coming out in the shape of a two-cent piece of chocolate.\nSir Charles Sherrington presided at my lecture and made 3ome very complimentary remarks. The lecture was well attended and much appreciated, with, however, no discussion afterwards.","page":312},{"file":"p0313.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"OXFORD. ENGLAND.\nUniversity of Oxford. Department of Physiology.\nDr. C. Gordon Douglas.\n\u2022 *\u2022\nSubsequent to my lecture at Oxford we were at dinner at one of the clubs with Dr. Douglas, where a most interesting conversation was held for two or three hours. My main interest, of course, in going to Oxford was to see Dr. Douglas and his laboratory. Douglas says that A. V. Hill is very hard to understand and does not like to have criticism. He thinks that Hill's data on oxygen debt are not yet suitably checked and that it is not yet proved that fat goes into carbohydrate. Douglas does a great deal of work on the metabolism of his students. He has six or eight students on a work experiment, for example, or a feeding experiment, and he determines the metabolism or the respiratory quotient of each one; a regular curve should be formed at a definite time after the food, and each student realizes he must by careful technique and good analyses deliver the point at the curve assigned to him where it belongs. The students work well together and cooperate in every way. Using a Martin ergo-meter, Douglas makes experiments likewise on this basis. He has been working with a Krogh ergometer with no load and then with a load, and he tells the subject to keep the rate constant. He then studies the respiration and its increase. He is using a self-centering spirometer. This spirometer is made up like an accordion and is referred to by Dr. Miles in the account of his trip of 1920. I did not find out whether Dr. Douglas got a graphic registration of the pulse. Douglas is a man of the first order, and one should always keep in touch with him. He has good judgment, is good in criticism, fair, and a careful worker. I enjoyed very much my all\ntoo short time with him,","page":313},{"file":"p0314.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LOUVAIN. BELGIUM.\nUniversity of Louvain. Department of Physiology.\nProfessor A. K. Novons.\nEven before reaching Louvain I was aware of Professor Noyon\u2019s activity, for I had heard his several papers and seen his demonstrations at the Congress, and had been told at Hamburg that Professor Kestner had sent an assistant, Dr. Schadow, to work with Noyons for a few days. I was not surprised to find this laboratory, as in former years, very busy. There was a large lot of material accomplishment at hand but, singularly enough, little actual experimentation was in progress, and one always wonders how it is possible for Noyons to get all these things done.\nRespiration chamber for man. Professor Noyons (see figures 171 and 172) was just finishing a respiration chamber for man, embodying what he considers a new principle. The subject is placed inside the chamber and outdoor air is sucked through the chamber at a constant rate by a suction blower. The air is then passed through a large Bohr meter having a capacity of 15 liters for each revolution of the drum and having an electrical contact to record the number of revolutions. Noyons claims that there will be a definite rate of increase in the percentage of carbon dioxide coming out of the chamber, so that he can compute when 95 or 100 per cent of the maximum increase has been reached. By running the apparatus a definite length of time and calling the volume and rate of ventilation constant, he can get the basal metabolism by one single analysis at the end of the experiment (the last 10 minutes), that is, when the flat part of his ascending curve is reached, and thus he does away with the residual analysis at the start. This principle he discussed in his paper at Stockholm. I am by no means convinced that the rate of production is so constant with man (particularly with a hospital","page":314},{"file":"p0315.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n-\nmb*mm\n\u2022> i'er o J a\nfigure 171. Dr. and Mrs. Benedict and Professor and Mrs. Noyons in the home of the Noyons at Louvain, Belgium*\n^I\n","page":315},{"file":"p0317.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Ol W ;\nOJ. i\npatient, for whom the apparatus is especially designed) that one can assume a regular curve. As I see it, he does dispense with one analysis, that is, the one at the beginning. Otherwise one could do as we do, place a person in the chamber, leave him there without ventilation for approximately 20 minutes in order to bring the carbon-dioxide residual up to about the normal level when the usual rate of ventilation is going on, and then determine the amount of ventilation and the percentage of carbon dioxide. Noyons is enthusiastic about the whole thing and has imparted his enthusiasm at least to young Dr. Schadow. Furthermore, Noyons was preparing the apparatus to be set up in Hyman van der Bergh's medical clinic. Although I have discussed the matter solely from the standpoint of the content of carbon dioxide, there is no reason why the apparatus should not be used also for the determination of the oxygen consumed. Noyons has a ventilation rate, for example, of 32.5 liters per minute. He analyzes the air, determines the carbon-dioxide increment and the oxygen deficit, and calculates therefrom the total carbon-dioxide production. As I look at it, his method consists chiefly in avoiding the residual analysis. He stresses its value in the clinic.\nThe parts of the apparatus are a respiration chamber, a ventilating pump or blower, a Rotamesser, a Bohr meter, sampling devices, and an electrical control of the increase in carbon dioxide in the outcoming air. (See figures 173, 174, and 175.)\nChamber. This is certainly a most remarkable chamber and, viewed from the standpoint of the clinic, is far in advance of anything else ever put out.\nIt is practically entirely of plate glass and very well made. It is well illuminated and psychologically is very pleasing indeed. The door is closed by rubber gaskets and ten thumb screws. The necessity for absolute tightness of closure is not so great as with a closed-circuit apparatus, and although","page":317},{"file":"p0318.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u25a0MNBMMMiMMflW --\t------\n\nQl o\nO o\nFigure 173. New respiration chamber with glass walls devised by Noyons of Louvain for hospital use.\nThe bed rolls out, the cover locks down with thumb nuts, air is drawn in from outdoors and is sucked out by a blower (not shown) at the left.","page":318},{"file":"p0319.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nO -1\nO JL\nFigure 174. Side view of Noy-on*s respiration chamber for man at Louvain showing counterweight on heavy metallic front door and the general light and visibility through the chamber.\nFigure 175. Ventilating and aliquoting apparatus for Noyon\u2019s glass-walled respiration chamber for man at Louvain.\nThe suction blower is not shown. A Rotamesser is on the left of the table. A Bohr meter gives the total ventilation. Sampling tubes are slightly in the rear.\nFigure 176. A small respiration chamber for rabbits devised by Hoy-ons, of Louvain.\nThis view shows the meter for determining the total ventilation, the sampling tubes, and the spiral inside the chamber for cooling water. A glass aquarium jar drops down over the spiral and forms the chamber itself, being sealed at the bottom.\n","page":319},{"file":"p0320.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"he is presumably always sucking into the chamber uncontaminated, outdoor air, if the closure is not perfect he will suck in some of the room air with a little higher carbon-dioxide content. As the chamber is constructed of plate glass, the loss of heat is not easily controlled and it is necessary to cool the chamber by passing cold water through pipes, upon which are strung a number of square disks of copper to increase the heat-absorbing capacity, much as we do with our bed calorimeter. The plate glass is set in special iron angles or Tee irons with white lead and a special cement. Later on Noyons told me that the cement is \"seccative\", made up chiefly of the smallest amount of oil, white lead, turpentine, and a little dryer. The apparatus is 190 cm. long, 66 cm. wide, 36 cm. high at the foot, and 50 cm. high at the head. The top is in one sheet of plate glass, 187 cm. long by 65 cm. wide.\nThe water-cooling pipes are arranged to run along about every edge inside the chamber. The bed itself is very flat, of woven wire, and there is but little clearance under it. There are no fans inside the chamber, but a good distribu tion of air is secured by having the air enter through a series of small holes in a pipe near the head and leave through a series of small holes in a pipe near the foot. I entered the chamber and found that cigarette smoke showed the distribution of air to be perfect. A large rubber gasket is used to close the door, which is hinged with a counter weight. There are three clamps each on the top and bottom of the door, and four clamps on each side. The water-cooling pipes are about 10 mm. outside diameter. The disks are about 35 mm. square and they are spaced about 30 mm. apart. There is a thermometer inside. I thought the bulb was too near the right shoulder of the man. Noyons thought that the air inside was saturated, because he saw water condensed on the square brass disks. We discussed this matter in\ndetail, and I think he was convinced that the air was not saturated.","page":320},{"file":"p0321.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"o o i\n0> fW\nVentilation. Outdoor air is used. It goes into the chamber by natural draft, due to the fact that air is sucked out of the chamber. The air leaving the chamber passes by the sampling tubes into a 15-liter Bohr meter.\nHe uses distilled water in the meter. The temperature of the air is taken as it comes out of the meter. The air then passes through a small, highspeed, rotary, positive blower, and finally is discharged into the room.\nThere are two ventilators. One is for the main stream and one, a smaller one, is to send the second part of the main stream over the electric carbon-dioxide analyzing device. Both of these blowers are placed on the common shaft of a large, noisy motor. It is only fair to say that the blowers and the motors will be ultimately greatly simplified.\nRotamesser. To maintain a constant rate of ventilation Noyons has in\nthe circuit a Rotamesser. He uses these Rotamessers a great deal, of many different\nsizes and capacities, both for air and for water. They are made by the A\nDeutsche Rotawerke in Aachen, Germany, which is only a day's ride by automobile from Louvain. It is a matter of great regret that these most ingenious, practical instruments are not easily obtainable in America,for thus far I have seen no American representative. The Rotamesser is in the main line between the chamber and the Bohr meter. It is 80 cm. high, including the heavy iron base. There is a tube of glass about 15 mm. in internal diameter.\nA little floating, rotating, conical base of some light-weight material (it looks like hard rubber, but probably is not) is floated and spun as the air passes through. The graduations on the tube are from 200 to 2,000 liters per hour.\nBohr meter. The Bohr meter used was the large 15-liter type. I have never seen one before in which there were 15 liters for one revolution of the drum. I did not learn exactly how it was calibrated. In fact, I was not quite satisfied that the calibration was as accurate as it ought to be. Still,","page":321},{"file":"p0322.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"MBWtMMMIIMMMMil\u00c9\u00c9\u00c9\u00c9H\u00c9iHflHliHHM\n900 O\u00bb 6j\nI would not say that they had not taken this into oareful consideration.\nAir-sampling tubes. To draw air from the chamber for subsequent analysis, Noyons had a long tube 28 cm. long and 20 mm. in outside diameter, with glass stopcocks at each end of the double type, formed like those on the Haldane apparatus. A small, movable disk of hard rubber with seven holes bored through it, each hole of about 2 mm. in diameter, was blown inside the sampling tube. Noyons claimed that if one took a sample containing about 0.7 per cent carbon dioxide and let it stand, the lower part of the sample would be higher in carbon dioxide than the top, that is, the carbon dioxide settles out. I expressed my vigorous dissent to this view and said it was of sufficient importance to have it tested out at the Nutrition Laboratory.\nTwo days prior to dictating this (March 17, 1927) Dr. Carpenter completed a paper discussing experiments in which this point was tested out in a clever way, and he showed that this view has absolutely no basis. That as good a man as Noyons was holding to this view justified our making this experiment,\nI believe.\nElectrical control of carbon dioxide. Using a resistance method with galvanometer and a heated platinum wire (a method which he outlined first to me three years ago), Noyons keeps track of the percentage of carbon dioxide by the galvanometer deflections and sees when it reaches the maximum. He\nI\nuses the carbon-dioxide electric device to check up the ascent of the carbon-\ndioxide curve, and when the curve reaches constancy, he determines the basal\nmetabolism in a 10-minute period. But he is sure that by using time alone\nthis level can be obtained and the electric device for analyzing carbon\ndioxide will not be a permanent part of the installation. An interesting\npoint in connection with this device was the rapidity with which the conductivity\nof the platinum wire was affected in an earlier experiment, when he used a\nV\nrubber tube to conduct the sample to this wire and subsequently found aberrant\n\n","page":322},{"file":"p0323.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nMMM\nO .-J/.\nresults. It transpired that the rubber tube had been used for mercury, and apparently mercury vapor was carried along and affected the platinum.\nRotation pump. The two rotation pumps that he had were certainly noisy affairs. The pump is called a rotation pump, D.R.G.M. No. 712457, and is manufactured by Kipp in Delft, Voorstraat. This costs about 30 guilders.\nIn comparison with our Crowell blowers, Cenco blowers, and Collins blowers, this seemed to be a crude, noisy, unsatisfactory affair, although inexpensive.\nAspiration device for circulation of liquid and air. Noyons has devised a clever gas aspirator in which the air, acting on the injector principle, \u2022 circulates a liquid in which the gas can be absorbed over glass beads. He found that if one used glass beads 4 mm. in diameter, with no holes, there was no tendency to have the water or liquid stop or clog up the free passage of air. I found that he had made considerable use of this in several of his apparatus, especially when he was studying the oxygen consumption and glucose consumption of isolated organs, the heart specifically.","page":323},{"file":"p0324.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Noyons\u2019 calorimeter. The biggest thing in Noyons' laboratory, aside\nO w ri\nfrom the remarkable personality of the man himself, is his differential calorimeter. He had written me at times that he was able to make the determination of the water vaporized from a man's body likewise a differential matter. I found this difficult to understand, in spite of some drawings and correspondence which he sent me, and I was anxious to see how he was able to do this. The most important thing for me to note in Louvain, therefore, was this technique. The calorimeter was essentially the same as it was three years ago, with some betterments, as was to be expected. By employing a series of thermo-junctions made much as A. V. Hill makes his (by plating on the wire), Noyons had formed a wet and dry bulb thermometer, so to speak, in the air currents and was able to vaporize in his respiration chamber an extremely fine spray of water at such a rate as to hold the humidity of the air leaving the chamber exactly the same as the humidity in the chamber with man. It is an extraordinarily clever device, but I doubt whether it is necessary. It is another method of going at the problem. Sometimes I am inclined to think that Noyons is almost obsessed by the idea of doing something different from everyone else. He is so-extremely clever that this does not entail any great effort in time or ingenuity, but because of the limited funds at his disposal one would almost think that a great deal of this could be eliminated. His whole instrument is fortunately described now in a very attractive monograph printed in English, entitled \"The differential calorimeter\", published in Louvain, 192?, a copy of which he has just presented to the Laboratory. It is unnecessary in this report, therefore, to do any more than refer to this book for the innumerable details of an extremely clever system. I was fortunate in seeing the manuscript of this book while at Louvain, and spent a great deal of time in correcting, in so far as possible, the text, without introducing revolutionary type changes. Correc-","page":324},{"file":"p0325.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O \u2014\nVA\t0,wi>\n>\ntions in the latter part of the book I was able to catch pretty well in the manuscript, but unfortunately the first part was already in proof. Thus far Noyons has made no measurements by indirect calorimetry, i.e., of the gaseous exchange, but bases everything upon direct calorimetry, at least with man. He lays great stress upon the importance of his calorimeter in the clinic, but I feel that the dark chamber and the isolation of the subject are bad and there might be difficulty with patients. That he has convinced at least one clinician (H. van der Bergh of Utrecht) of the ultimate value of such an apparatus is evidenced by the fact that a second calorimeter is actually in the process of construction in a machine shop near his institute.\nOf special interest to me was the fact that the entire shell was oxy-acetylene welded,- an admirable job. In his book he gives a number of basal metabolism measurements, as he calls them, on humans, to emphasize the value of the apparatus for the clinic.\nOther apparatus. In the laboratory are many other apparatus. One is a small apparatus for pigeons and dogs, with which he has been working upon the effect of tartrate of ergotamine which he finds reduces the high metabolism in toxic goitre. Another is a small respiration chamber for rabbits (see figure 176).\nConclusions regarding Noyons. The only conclusion that one can come to with regard to Noyons' institute is that \"the man is the thing\". One feels as if every corner of the building, every test tube, every wire is impregnated with the spirit of Noyons himself. He certainly is the most marvellous man, technically, in Europe and when I heard him talk on all conceivable subjects, medicine, surgery, electricity, and physics, to say nothing of international politics, I felt that he was one of the most remarkable men I had ever met.\nHe has his problems, is extremely sensitive, and has a good deal of opposition in certain ways to his tremendous drives and advances in trying to push forward","page":325},{"file":"p0326.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"his laboratory. I came away feeling that the man was literally wearing himself out. There was in the air at the time I was there a strong feeling that he would be called as successor to Zwaardemaker in Utrecht, and I think he was a little bit inclined to feel that he would like to go. But I urged upon him strongly that Belgium needed him, Louvain needed him, he had established the most active calorimetric center in Europe, and it would take him a long time to become reoriented in Utrecht, and I rather think he will stay. No one can have an adequate view of calorimetry, either for animals or man, without visiting Noyons' laboratory, and a perfunctory visit will not do. I could have spent at least one week more there. In fact, I begrudged the time given to his manuscript, although I was glad to do it, for it enabled me to become acquainted with the innermost parts of his calorimeter and enabled me to help him in getting out the\nEnglish book.","page":326},{"file":"p0327.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O f>\nBR\u00dcSSELS \u2666 BELGIUM \u00bb\nLecture at the Solvay Institute.\nAt Brussels I gave my lecture at the Solvay Institute for Physiology, under the presidency of Professor A. Slosse. Owing to two sudden deaths of intimate friends, both Professor Slosse and Professor E. Zunz were so preoccupied that arrangements for the lecture were very badly managed and were put through only by the activity of the younger Slosse. There was a fairly good attendance, but the projection lantern was the worst I have ever seen, wholly inadequate to project slides. In giving my lecture in French at Louvain I found I occupied more time than I ought to have taken.\nSo I asked Noyons what I should cut out of the lecture before giving it at Brussels. He finally decided that I could take out that part of my discussion of animal metabolism dealing with rats and pigeons. Singularly enough, after the Brussels lecture the one thing that Professor Slosse wanted to know about was the rat and pigeon work, and he was so interested that Mrs. Benedict typed that part of the lecture for him and sent it on from Paris. I found similarly in Paris and Strasbourg that people asked me what we were doing about the metabolism of rats and pigeons. It is likely that if I had cut out something else the questions might have followed along the same lines, but it was a queer coincidence.\nNothing was going on at the Solvay Institute along our line. Indeed, no effort was made to show me the equipment.","page":327},{"file":"p0328.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\t\t\t\n---\u2014\nBRUSSELS. BELGIUM.\nMilitary Laboratory for Physical Study.\nDr. A. Govaerts.\nAfter the lecture I was taken by Dr. A. Govaerts to the Military Laboratory for Physical Study, where he showed me a lot of data they had been accumulating on muscular work. They were compelled to make their studies immediately after the work ceased. That is, a man ran around and then immediately thereafter he began to breathe into the apparatus. By graduating the exercises, they were able to get some curves that were thought to be of some significance. They also tried heavy work followed by light work. Govaerts impressed me as being a clever fellow, but much more of a statistician than a physiologist. They had a Haldane apparatus with a good many Douglas sacks.\nSince my visit Govaerts has ordered a knapsack apparatus from Mr. Collins. I found that Govaerts had spent some time at Cold Spring Harbor some years ago. His English was so horrible, however, it is difficult to imagine he has ever left Belgium. He is a serious, well-intentioned man who, given proper equipment, should carry on a great many researches.\nIn July, 1927, Govaerts sent me for criticism a number of protocols of basal metabolism measurements on about ten athletes.","page":328},{"file":"p0329.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS. FRANCE\u00ab\nProfessor and Madam Louis Laplcque.\nUnfortunately I could not see Professor and Madam Lapicque at their\nlaboratory, but I met them at a dinner at Professor Gley\u2019s. They are\nmuch interested in the use of bran in France. As I understand it, they\nare of the opinion that wheat should be coarsely milled and they are\nopposing the use of white flour, thinking it a great mistake economically\non the part of France to feed the cattle any part of the wheat that can be\neaten by man. Without knowing at the tine of this discussion the chief\nargument which was pointed out by Alquier, I told Lapicque that in America\nwe were inclined to take white flour from the\u2019 aesthetic standpoint but that\nwe were now starting an extensive campaign to eat the bran away from the\nflour, that is, eat it in other forms than in flour. This interested them\nhighly, and I have sent Alquier samples and advertising literature of many of\nour bran products, to show him how the propaganda for the separate use of\nbran may be carried out. Commenting upon the possibility of using bran,\nhe pointed out that French cooks would not attempt new methods. Apnarently\nboth the Lapicques are very strong in their ideas with regard to the question\nof white bread. In fact, Alquier states that they believe nothing bit the\ncoarsest flour should be sold. (See p.211 for Alquier's views on this\nmatter.) In discussing the use of v/ine, Lapicque stated that the cost of\nwine and the cost to the nation in transporting it is very great. On the\nother hand, he said that the Socialists argue that the most important thing\nin the life of the Frenchman is his wine. I was astounded when he stated\nthat enormous amounts of alcohol were taken regularly by men who were\nconsidered good, sober Frenchmen and fathers of families; indeed, from the\nlist of wines and aperitifs that were taken, he computed that 1500 calories\nper day may be taken in the form of alcohol, which is of course equal to the basal metabolism. (See figure 177.)","page":329},{"file":"p0330.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 177. Notes drawn by Professor Lapicque at the dinner given by Professor Gley in Paris in discussing the milling of grain and the problem of bran.\n\u00e2t the right are calculations of the alcohol intake of a French worker, which show that the alcohol intake amounts to approximately 1500 calories per day.\ntj\u00c6cv\u00d9-y","page":330},{"file":"p0331.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS\u00bb FRANCE.\nDinners with Professor s, Glgy\u00ab\nThe most striking figure in scientific Paris that I ran across was Professor Gley. (See figure 178.) I had first seen him at Stockholm where he, as the French member of the International Committee, played a large role in the international features of the Congress. His oration at the banquet (which I did hear) and his speech at Upsala (which I unfortunately\ndid not hear) were masterpieces of diplomacy. On arriving in Paris we\n\u2022 ^\nreceived a kind invitation to dine with him. On this occation we met\nProfessor and Mrs. Calkins of Columbia University, Professor Pierre Janet, the psychiatrist, the Lapicques, Monsier Alquier, and a son of Monsieur Gley. When one thinks of how an ordinary dinner in an American home runs to a great deal of inane twaddle and when I recall the type of conversation at that dinner table, I can easily understand why the French are noted for the brilliancy of their conversation. There was nothing pedantic about the conversation, but both during and after the dinner it was most stimulating.\nA few days later we had the privilege of having dinner again at the Gleys, at which there were present Professors von Mueller of Munich, Benda of Berlin, Pi Suner of Barcelona and his wife, Achard of Paris, and Febiger of Copenhagen. It was an impromptu but charming dinner, and we listened to a very interesting conversation on Gley\u2019s ideas of the housing problem, i.e., that whenever possible houses should be torn down and rebuilt. The evening was most delightful and extraordinary.\nAs a result of the contacts established that evening with Professor Pi Suner and his wife, the son, Dr. Jaime Pi Suner is here at the Nutrition Laboratory working (winter and spring of 1927) and is persona grata with everyone.\nThe dinner was quite international, as the list of guests shows, and","page":331},{"file":"p0333.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O O\nO \u00ab i \u00fc. f-\nthe toasts and greetings were frequently in German, indicating a very happy international spirit. Gley is certainly a diplomat of the first order. His son is a worthy son, young but evidently working in the footsteps of his father. So far as I personally am concerned, I found myself perfectly hypnotized by the brilliancy and beautiful character of Professor Gley.\n\n\u25a0 mmsmam","page":333},{"file":"p0334.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS. FRANCS.\nO o \u00ab\no,, 4\nStation Physiologique. College de France.\nDr. Albert Pezard.\nOn a day subsequent to the dinner at his home, Professor Gley drove us out to Boulogne, to the Station Physiologique, and introduced us to his associate, Dr. Albert Pe'zard. There we had a most striking afternoon, looking over their work upon sex and the changing of the secondary sexual characteristics by transplants. I was quite interested in the reports given me at this place with regard to some metabolism measurements on birds.\nThey had one of the most decrepit, defunct looking metabolism apparatus I have ever seen. It consisted of a large cement base with a trough in it, over which was placed a large aquarium jar. They had a very bad model of the Laulanie/ gas-analysis apparatus and apparently allowed the carbon dioxide to accumulate, measuring it from time to time. The apparatus seemed to me very crude. They told me they had found the most striking effect of castration in pigeons,- that in one hour after the operation the metabolism falls one-third. It seemed to me as if their whole experimental basis was very poor, although the possibility of obtaining interesting and important findings was very great. I certainly profited most thoroughly by the afternoon in the line of suggestions and plans. Thus, I think that with such a closed chamber one should study the influence of the accumulated carbon dioxide, i.e., how soon and at what point does it affect metabolism? They also emphasized the importance of the level of nutritition, and it seemed to me an important thing to study with a group of animals the basal metabolism at a high-protein level, and at a hi^i carbohydrate level, to see if the basal metabolism is altered.","page":334},{"file":"p0335.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS. FRANCR.\nlaboratory of General Biology. College de Frann*.\nA visit to Professor Gley\u2019s laboratory at the Coll\u00e8ge de France showed a decrepit, poorly lighted, horribly smelling place, where it is almost inconceivable that any one could carry on any work. Gley is apparently doing nothing in metabolism. I should judge, from vhat his son said, that he is carrying on some work not unlike that at the Station Physiologique and more or less closely correlated with it.","page":335},{"file":"p0336.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS\u00ab FRANCE.\nUftiversity of Paris\u00ab Clinic of General Pathdlogy and Therapeutics.\n\u2022\ti\nProfessor Marcel Labbe.\nProfessor Labbe/ had recently visited Boston and was very keen about\nwhat he had found in America, one morning we went to his clinic and saw\nthe metabolism work that they were doing. I also met there at that time \u2713\nDr. Stevenin. The equipment seemed to me very poor. It consisted of a Tissot dry meter, with a Laulani\u00e9 gas-analysis apparatus such As is so commonly used in Paris, and a mask. The whole thing looked to me very crude and not at all up to what one would expect in an up-to-date clinic such as Professor Labbe' is supposed to maintain and for the most part does maintain. I went into great detail about much of the matter of oxygen determinations with him. Special emphasis was laid upon skin temperature, in which he took great interest. Subsequently his technician came to the hotel, and I went into considerable detail about the skin-temperature technique and other matters. Since my visit to his clinic I have sent, with the compliments of the Nutrition Laboratory, a thermo-couple to Dr. Labbe', and have prepared and sent to him an article describing in extenso the technique of the measurement of skin temperature. This article is ultimately to be translated into French and published in some French journal. I found Professor and Madam Labbe two of the most interesting people I had met in a long time. One can but wish that one could see more of such people and be thrown more with them.","page":336},{"file":"p0337.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u00ab.?\nPARIS\u00ab FRANCK.\nDr. Henri Janet.\nDr. Henri Janet, the pediatrician, came to the hotel and we talked at considerable length about the measurement of the metabolism of children. Hampered as they are by the low rate of exchange, they find it difficult to have an apparatus of the first order. But I was able to give Dr. Janet a number of suggestions, to start him on some work,\n\n>","page":337},{"file":"p0338.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS\u00ab FRANCE.\nQ O O\n<d> \u00ab...5 O\nSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d'Hygiene Alimentaire.\nMonsieur J. Alguier and Professor j, Lef\u00e8vre.\nThe situation at the Socie't\u00e9 Scientifique d'Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire had materially altered since our visit in 1923, in that Lef\u00e8vre has now a massive and imposing array of equipment. It really is stunning to see the amount of material he has collected in the large room in *hich the calorimeter is located. Excessive and meticulous design dominate in every corner, but in looking into the details one sees a tremendous hodge-podge of excellent refinement combined all the way through with a seeming utter disregard of physiology. The calorimeter is not unlike the original chamber at Middletown. One wonders almost whether its design had not dominated him. The interior and also.the exterior were all new and looked very beautiful, and every provision for convection and particularly the interchange of heat from the walls had been made. Lef\u00e8vre's idea, as near as I could make out, was to carry away the heat by a current of cold air.\nHe had an elaborate system of thermo-regulating and thermo-registering devices, but nothing was checked or controlled. He had made, to be sure, an electrical check after a fashion. But certainly, if the room were at the temperature at which it was when we were in it (I should judge it must have been at least 12\u00b0 or 10\u00b0 C.), no work with patients could be done and normal individuals surely must have shivered after a short time. An illustration of the minuteness of detail in the methods which Lef\u00e8vre employs is the fact that he had introduced a tremendously elaborate system of bottles and an electric furnace to burn up all the \"poisonous gases\" given off by the body, so that they would not bo in the air when it returned to the respiration chamber. He absorbed the products in a number of sulphuric acid and soda-lime bottles. He thought there might be a very small trace, perhaps","page":338},{"file":"p0339.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"0.000002 per cent, but nevertheless it should be removed. Another illustration of his misuse of minuteness of detail is that he criticised Noyons' apparatus because he maintained that water could be \"condensed\" on Noyons' balometer wires. I felt as if it were hopeless to talk to him any longer. The next day Alquier showed me one or two photographs that Lefevre himself had recently taken. Lefevre has published a 2 or 3 page pamphlet describing the calorimeter, a proceeding about which Alquier knew nothing. Alquier promised to get me some photographs and a copy of the pamphlet describing the calorimeter. These he sent to me after my return to Boston, and they are included herewith. (See figures 179 to 192.)\nLecture. On December 11, 1926, I gave my lecture at the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d'Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire. (See figure 192.) The skin-temperature measurements mentioned in the lecture apparently appealed to most of the men, for a great deal of attention and thought was subsequently given to them.\nMonsieur Jules Alquier (see figure 194) I have known chiefly as an administrator. in this capacity he is marvellous. He arranged every detail for my lecture.\tIn fact, the details were carried out with the\nmeticulous care shown in the crowning of royalty, such as, for example, testing out the auditorium for reverberations and noting in which direction I should speak, so as to have my voice carry best. The janitor was instructed carefully to remove a small stain on the floor and every detail was carried out, even to the presence of stenographers to take down extemporaneous remarks. gut entirely aside from his administrative capacity, Alquier has a great deal of interesting scientific information at his command.","page":339},{"file":"p0340.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Un Laboratoire de Recherches\nsur\nla Chaleur Vitale, la Machine Animale et le Moteur Humain.\nJ\\p^rcZ*UA^/t0<-^ rw'*~\nlL^C~U****\n\u00e0-oc. ( 3. hi*\u00f9>\n\n","page":340},{"file":"p0340s0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\n\u2022isdJonA ijealo\u00fclto Sri ** no \u2018VbaaKOriaco* eri\nmid oJ ril\u00c4t o; J\ni\u00e0di ariqa-igoJoriql\nagdq \u00a310 S\u00ab \u00c4oxil\n\u25a0\n'mtvi x\u00aeldpia rioiriw srf$ 'io v oo m.rjei xe$x^ ai\n{.sei oJ evil\nWotoo\u00fc sriJ\n/\n0*1*1$j\u00e4'ieqiil\u00f6J-niria yf\u00eel\n\u00bbri$ \"io $aom a$j K :r/iy ^Icnajd\nAja 8\u00fc T\u00e7Jnteix\n\u2022/x xe -\t- tj\nari$ riilw $0C ,tl< ..X\u00a3> -XOT\n\u00aboWosiI\u00f6 rioiriw #\u00e4w *io$ ii Il\u00a3$9b ajx9T\u00ae -nie$ie awori esU\u00e4i\n\n,i\u00a3iio\u00abq\u00ab3 evii \u25a0 , to.-,.\u00fcoo eiri $\u2022\u00a3 nol .\n* ->\u25a0 ''\nsael\u00f6rii't^vS'T ;\nI H\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u25a0 a>\n\nf ^ --'v-\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t","page":0},{"file":"p0340s0002.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PRINCIPE\nVeritable machine animale, notre corps est un Irans-formateur qui, avec l\u2019\u00e9nergie chimique de ses aliments, produit toujours de la chaleur et souvent aussi du travail (i) etude de cette double production pr\u00e9sente un int\u00e9r\u00eat ca-\n?, 3 ' TV65, \u00b013 elle n0US donne Ies lois et nous trace la courbe de la vie elle-m\u00eame. - Elle nous fait conna\u00eetre\niameTa 5 \u201cmima \u00e9nergie r\u00e9clam\u00e9e par le service fondamental de 1 organisme et la chaleur suppl\u00e9mentaire qu\u2019il st capable de produire pour r\u00e9sister au froid. Elle mes\u00fcr\nn aueeSrrCeS\tdu co^ et rendement m\u00e9c\"\nnique de son syst\u00e8me musculaire ; d\u00e9termine les rations et\nVif\u2019Se manifeste par une succession ordonn\u00e9e et ininter\n?*\u201c sSHSSSrf\nDe fait H vie se \u00b0f^ i S6 rattache ainsi aux sciences \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques, flnv n \u2019tr >Se derouIe sur un courant continu d\u2019\u00e9nergie dont le\n\u00fcSPsg","page":0},{"file":"p0340s0003.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"les combustibles alimentaires appropri\u00e9s \u00e0 ses divers besoins d\u2019\u00e9nergie ; d\u00e9finit les meilleures conditions du travail, de l\u2019entra\u00eenement, du d\u00e9veloppement de la puissance calorifique, de l\u2019entretien et de la r\u00e9paration du transformateur vivant.\nOn peut vraiment dire avec Dastre que \u00ab l\u2019\u00e9tude de la \u00ab machine animale nom ouvre l\u2019intimit\u00e9 la plus recul\u00e9e du \u00ab processus vital et que sa mise au point repr\u00e9sente le seul u tr\u00e8s grand progr\u00e8s de la Physiologie contemporaine. \u00bb\nNulle installation de\u2018recherche ne pourra donc mieux, servir l\u2019humanit\u00e9 que celle qui se consacrera \u00e0 cette science aussi riche d\u2019enseignements pratiques que de connaissances\nth\u00e9oriques.\nC\u2019est d\u2019ailleurs une science bien fran\u00e7aise. N\u00e9e avec les m\u00e9morables d\u00e9couvertes de Lavoisier sur la respiration et les sources de la chaleur animale, illustr\u00e9e par les beaux travaux de Dulong, de Despretz, de R\u00e9gnault et Reiset, orient\u00e9e par les remarquables \u00e9tudes thermochimiques de Rerthelot, la Science de l\u2019Energ\u00e9tique animale a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9fi-nitivment codifi\u00e9e en 1911 par le tr\u00e8s important trait\u00e9 de J. Lef\u00e8vre (Paris, Masson).\nCependant, il y a 25 ans environ, l\u2019Ecole Am\u00e9ricaine d\u2019Atwater et Renedict r\u00e9alisait la premi\u00e8re Chambre calorim\u00e9trique destin\u00e9e aux \u00e9tudes \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques compl\u00e8tes sur l\u2019homme. Les travaux d\u2019Alvvaler ont eu un grand retentissement dans le monde des biologistes. Sans analyser l\u2019appareil ni discuter les importants r\u00e9sultats des auteurs am\u00e9ricain, nous dirons seulement que la France, berceau de la Rio\u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, ne pouvait laisser & la seule Am\u00e9rique l\u2019honneur de poss\u00e9der un tel laboratoire, et qu\u2019il fallait qu\u2019elle en e\u00fbt un \u00e0 son tour.\nCe laboratoire, entrepris par le professeur J. Lef\u00e8vre, avec l\u2019active collaboration de M. A. Auguet, s\u2019ach\u00e8ve aujourd\u2019hui sous l\u2019autorit\u00e9 du Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Agriculture, i6, rue de l\u2019Estrapade, au 'Centre de recherches scientifiques de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019hygi\u00e8ne alimentaire (Institut des recherches agronomiques), \u00e0 travers les grosses difficult\u00e9s mat\u00e9rielles de l\u2019heure pr\u00e9sente.","page":0},{"file":"p0340s0004.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nj ses divers b\u00e9tons du travail, Duissance calo-transformateur\n\u00ab l\u2019\u00e9tude de la ilus recul\u00e9e du ir\u00e9sente le seul \u00efnporaine. \u00bb\nra donc mieux, \u00e0 cette science connaissances\ne. N\u00e9e avec les respiration et par les beaux ault et Reiset, lochimiques de ale a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9fi-irtant trait\u00e9 de\noie Am\u00e9ricaine Chambre calo-compl\u00e8tes sur grand reten-s analyser l\u2019ap-auteurs am\u00e9-ce, berceau de ieule Am\u00e9rique et qu\u2019il fallait\npur J. Lef\u00e8vre, t, s\u2019ach\u00e8ve au-igriculture, 16, scientifiques de des recherches It\u00e9s mat\u00e9rielles\n","page":0},{"file":"p0340s0005.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"fv^rr g\u00abtt **\u00ab\u00ab\n1\u00a9\u00a3[$0flA 6\u00a9ai >iJ Ino 31 3 -\u2022 3j> no \u201dl>93s.3X>acoM \u00a9cf \u00f6l ffliXl oJ 3CI&J oi 3\u00ab $BiiJ arlo-vxao\u00eeonf; fl \u00e8* \"*10 \u00c4 ,.\u00bbi>- -in w\u00a9\u00ab3C nelt/pX i xtoxrt'?'fl \u00a9rfi \"io ijqoo \u00e2 J\u00e2 td","page":0},{"file":"p0340s0006.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"DESCRIPTION\nNous donnons le sch\u00e9ma rapide de cette installation, dont la photographie ci-jointe montre l\u2019ensemble et les principaux d\u00e9tails.\nLe sujet habite une Chambre m\u00e9tallique de forme parall\u00e9lipip\u00e9dique (longueur 2 m. 3o ; hauteur 2 m.; largeur i m. 3o) convenablement meubl\u00e9e (lit ; table, chaise pliantes). Munie dune porte a double vitre, parfaitement \u00e9tanche \u00e0 1 air et \u00e0 la chaleur, cette Chambre est plong\u00e9e, comme une marmite norv\u00e9gienne, dans une grande caisse en bois int\u00e9rieurement doubl\u00e9e d\u2019une \u00e9pais matelas de ka-poc. Le laboratoire, o\u00f9 elle se trouve d\u00e9j\u00e0 si bien isol\u00e9e, est lui-m\u00eame calorifug\u00e9 sur ses 6 faces par un rev\u00eatement int\u00e9rieur de li\u00e8ge agglom\u00e9r\u00e9 ; et sa propre temp\u00e9rature est automatiquement r\u00e9gl\u00e9e \u00e0 un 1/2 degr\u00e9 pr\u00e8s. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ces pr\u00e9cautions la Chambre est \u00e0 l\u2019<abri de toute perte calorique.\nIl s\u2019agit de mesurer la chaleur et le travail produits par le sujet qui l\u2019habite.\na) Mesure de la Chaleur. \u2014 La production calorique du corps d\u00e9pend de la temp\u00e9rature de son milieu ; elle est d\u2019autant plus grande que ce milieu est plus froid. Il faut donc que 'la temp\u00e9rature de lia Chambre, connue par des thermom\u00e8tres \u00e0 cadrans sp\u00e9ciaux (thermom\u00e8tres Fournier), soit bien d\u00e9termin\u00e9e et reste invariable pendant toute la dur\u00e9e d\u2019une exp\u00e9rience. Dans ce but on fait passer \u00e0 travers la Chambre, au moyen d\u2019injecteurs appropri\u00e9s au m\u00e9lange, un courant d\u2019air froid qui emporte la chaleur du sujet au fur et \u00e0 mesure qu\u2019il la produit.\nCette circulation d air est ferm\u00e9e : c\u2019est toujours le meme air qui, sorti chaud de la Chambre, y rentre ensuite, apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 refroidi en traversant un syst\u00e8me de tubes","page":0},{"file":"p0340s0007.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ad Mmdn i \u00abaolerfit^vo/r tu 99 ieq .:00\u00ab,\ni\u00df,\n\u2014 4 \u2014\nplong\u00e9s dans un bac r\u00e9rig\u00e9rant. Il suff\u00eet de multiplier cette masse d\u2019air (mesur\u00e9e au compteur) par r\u00e9chauffement qu'elle a subi dans la Chambre, pour calculer ais\u00e9ment la chaleur rayonn\u00e9e par le sujet pendant le temps de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience. Mais ce n\u2019est pas tout. Une autre partie de la chaleur est emport\u00e9e avec l\u2019eau \u00e9vapor\u00e9e par lia peau et par les poumons. Il faut pour conna\u00eetre cette chaleur latente d\u2019\u00e9vaporation, mesurer la vapeur d\u2019eau d\u00e9gag\u00e9e par le sujet. On la mesurera tout en purifiant l\u2019air qui sort de la Chambre. Pour -cela on fait passer cet air \u00e0 travers une s\u00e9rie d\u2019appareils absorbants (flacons et four \u00e0 combustion align\u00e9s sur de longues tables) o\u00f9 se fixent la vapeur d\u2019eau, l\u2019acide carbonique et les gaz produits. Convenablement purifi\u00e9, refroidi et recharg\u00e9 d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne, l\u2019air rentre ensuite dans la Chambre et recommence ind\u00e9finiment son circuit. La pes\u00e9e des vases absorbants donne la quantit\u00e9 de vapeur d\u2019eau et, avec elle, la chaleur latente produite par le sujet. En ajoutant cette derni\u00e8re \u00e0 la chaleur rayonn\u00e9e, on aura la chaleur totale. Cela suffit dans les exp\u00e9riences de repos. Mais 1 appareil doit \u00e9galement servir aux exp\u00e9riences de travail.\nb) Mesure du, travail. \u2014 A l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de la Chambre le sujet peut appliquer la force de ses bras ou de ses jambes, soit sur une manivelle, soit sur des p\u00e9dales de cycliste, pour mettre en mouvement une dynamo ext\u00e9rieure et produire un courant \u00e9lectrique dont l\u2019\u00e9nergie s\u2019inscrit sur un compteur. On a ainsi le travail produit. Les quantit\u00e9s essentielles sont donc connues. Ajoutons que l\u2019appareil peut \u00eatre habit\u00e9 pendant plusieurs jours. Les aliments d\u2019une part, les excr\u00e9ments et les produits urinaires d autre part, sont p\u00e9riodiquement pass\u00e9s \u00e0 travers la muraille de la chambre munie d\u2019une double hublot ; ce qui permet de faire, quand on le d\u00e9sire, la balance exacte des entr\u00e9es et des sorties de la mati\u00e8re et de l\u2019\u00e9nergie chez le sujet \u00e9tudi\u00e9.\nLa marche d un tel appareil doit \u00eatre \u00e0 tout moment r\u00e9gl\u00e9e. Pour \u00e9viter la tyrannie et les t\u00e2tonnements d\u2019un r\u00e9glage \u00e0 la main, on a pr\u00e9vu des r\u00e9gulateurs automatiques.\nSur la photographie on voit \u00e0 droite la Chambre avec","page":0},{"file":"p0340s0008.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"s\n\u00ceO\n\u2014 5 \u2014\nles cadrans de ses thermom\u00e8tres Fournier et le tableau des mesures \u00e9lectriques du travail produit \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur. Au pre-imer plan sont les tables portant les flacons absorbants et les tours \u00e9lectriques de combution \u00e0 800\u00b0. Au fond \u00e0 gau-c e appara\u00eet l\u2019extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 du bac r\u00e9frig\u00e9rant ; le lono\u00b0 du mur on remarque les canalisations d\u2019air \u00e0 l\u2019aller et au retour ainsi que le tableau des relais \u00e9lectriques de r\u00e9glage.\nfr,;cGette \u2022 j,nst\u00a3!1 Jation-,uniqi 1 e en son genre, a entra\u00een\u00e9 des /s considerables ; elle en exigera beaucoup d\u2019autres pour s derniers essais et son plein rendement scientifique La crise financi\u00e8re actuelle r\u00e9duit malheureusement au mini-mum les ressources de ce laboratoire. Il y a l\u00e0 un p\u00e9ril nue lim iahve priv\u00e9e peut et doit conjurer. En dehors de il-\nen effet\u201961)\u2019/ lqUC *\t^ teIle \u0152UVre\u2019 \u00ab\u2019\u00abst-ce pas,\nn effet, honneur national lui-m\u00eame qui est en jeu ?\nProfesseur J. LEFEVRE, Directeur.\nA. AUGUET, Directeur-adjoint,\n","page":0},{"file":"p0341.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"34\nFigure 179. The wooden framework of the calorimeter chamber of Professor Lef\u00e8vre-at the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d Hygiene Alimentaire, Paris, France.\nF is the Fournier thermometer for determining the temperature of the interior metallic wall.","page":341},{"file":"p0342.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 180. Flew of the interior metallic wall of the Lefevre calorimeter.\n\n_","page":342},{"file":"p0346.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"3 4 \u00df\nFigure 184. Connecting petroleum oil meters.\nA, principal meter; B, sampling meter with coupling chain; S, Root blower.","page":346},{"file":"p0347.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nFigure 185.\nT, electric resistances for the heating of the air.\nand Rg, control rheostats for regulating the heating of the air.\nF, Fournier thermometer with double electric contact for the control of the temperature of the air entering the chamber.\nM, electric motor for working the relay.\nA,\telectric relay for the control of the temperature of the\nlaboratory.\nB,\telectric relay for the control of the humidity of the cham-\nber.\nC,\telectric relay for the control of the temperature of the air\nentering the chamber.\nD,\telectric relay for the control of the speed of the air current.\n","page":347},{"file":"p0348.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"J)\u00bb","page":348},{"file":"p0349.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 187. 7iew No. 1 of entire apparatus.\n\n\n","page":349},{"file":"p0357.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PABIS. FRANCS.\nLaboratory for Agricultural Research.\nMonsieur J. Alquier.\nVitamines. In another part of Paris is the laboratory of which Alquier is the Director, and which I visited. He is working there on vitamines, chiefly with rats. At certain seasons of the year they have a large number of cows, but at that time (December, 1926) they had all been sold. Alquier states that he has had evidence that the law of conservation of energy seems not to hold, because different individuals in separate places have found that the rabbit, horse, and cow seem to eat enough calories and yet do not gain. Alquier thinks that vitamines and salts are pretty much the same thing. Although not convinced of the extreme accuracy of Alquier\u2019s work on vitamines, I felt that anyone working with vitamines should certainly get in touch with him. He does not work with the pure Mendel diets, but is more interested in bran and milling problems, and maintains that these especially highly purified diets are unnecessary to solve his particular problem.\nUltra-violet light. TThen animals are receiving sufficient food of good quality, Alquier states that the ultra-violet li^it can increase the growth 25 per cent. In the case of animals receiving deficient food qualitatively, it prolongs life, but the animals do not grow well. Alquier uses a carbon arc for ten minutes per day every second day.\nDevice for separating feces and urine. Alquier has an ingenious device for separating the feces and urine of the rat, rabbit, and guinea pig by having the base of the cage slope toward an electric light bulb in the center. The feces stay above it held by the bulb and the edge of the hole in the cage\n(clearance 2 mm.), but the urine collects, runs around the bulb, and drops\n\\\ninto a funnel below it. It is a very clever, practical little device.","page":357},{"file":"p0358.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Loss of urine in collection apparatus. Alquier stated that he had made up an artificial urine consisting of\n3 5 8\n\nAmmonium oxalate...............\nTri-sodium phosphate..........\nSodium sulphate................\nSodium chloride...............\nSaccharose....................\n7.0 grams per liter\n3.7\tgrams per liter\n7.5\t\"\t*\u00bb\t\u2022*\n6.8\t'*\t\u2022\u00bb\tit\n7.0\t\"\t\"\tf*\ntut the saccharose should be inverted. To malce the whole thing antiseptic he used some thymol. He made up 7.11 liters of this urine and poured it six or seven times per day down around the stall and around the floor where\nthe animal would stand, and he got back 6.07 liters, but he used in addition 4.4 liters of water to wash it down. He found at the end of the day he had lost 14 per cent of the oxalate of ammonia, 113 per cent of the phosphate of soda, 14 per cent of the sulphate of soda, 23 per cent of the sodium chloride, and 24 per cent of the saccharose. He cannot account for it and things this point should be controlled. He does not think it can be solely a mechanical loss, and yet he questions all stall collections of urine.\nHe suggested that Professor Ritzman certainly should malce this test before describing his device for the separation of feces and urine.\nWeights of cows. Commenting upon the fact that Ritzman and myself are very much opposed to the use of the body weight as a measure of gain or loss of tissue and that we believe the average body weight can be obtained only by averaging the weigits on a number of days (not less than three and preferably ten to fourteen) Alquier argues in this way. He says it has been his experience that if the cows are weighed at 4.30 a.m. after they get up in the morning, urinate and pass feces, but before they eat or drink, the daily fluctuations in weight will practically always disappear. Subsequent discussion with Professor Ritzman opposes this idea. Professor Ritzman says that certainly American cows are not so regular in their habits of defecation and urination, that they are u^ and down all ni^it long, and he has no reason to believe that this procedure would give a more regular series","page":358},{"file":"p0359.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"of weights.\nConclusions about Aiguler. I felt as if Alquier had shown himself to me in an entirely new light and that he should really be considered more as a scientist tha\u00fc we have been inclined to consider him. in subsequent trips it will be more necessary to go into the details of much of his scientific work. I think he is rather a good critic.","page":359},{"file":"p0360.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O\nO\n\nA\nPARIS\u00ab FRANCE.\nDr. E. Joltrain.\nDr. Joltrain, with Dr. Claude Gautier, was much interested in metabolism. After Dr. Carpenter's lecture in Paris they had had a portable apparatus made by a standard concern, \"Bouillete\". They were interested in the intra-ocular pressure and thought they might study metabolism, but I showed them it would be almost impossible to do this for more than one minute owing to the pain, and it would be practically impossible to get the effect unless it was very prolonged. Subsequently I tested out the respiration apparatus, and found that at least one of the valves was letting air back throu^i it, and hence the man must have been re-breathing. The bell was very, very poor.\n","page":360},{"file":"p0361.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS. FRANCE\nDr. F. Mignon.\nThis enthusiast and great talker was at my lecture. He buttonholed me immediately afterwards and was very anxious to talk with me more about scientific matters. He kindly invited us both to his house for dinner, where we had a delightful time with Madam Maignon, who is a very charming lady. Monsieur Gley and his son were likewise there. Monsieur Maignon had been working on certain experiments and had a number of enthusiastic statements to make, but I find his work is not taken seriously by many people. He had a good deal to say about the habit of thought of different races. He said that the German was primarily a '\u00bbcollector\" of data, that the Englishman was always \"protesting\", and the Frenchman was always \"imaginative\". He said that the finding of the planets Neptune and Uranus was the result of French imagination. I found Maignon at home very different from what he was after the lecture. He has many good ideas and one could derive a great deal from getting more in touch with him.","page":361},{"file":"p0362.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n.o -* r\u00bb O ^\n\n. \u00ab\t\u2666c'-\u2019a f 'i\u00e9bn\tNOTRfc - DAME\nPARIS. FRANCS.\nCentenaire de La\u00ebnnec.\n' Jj. \u2022(- l\u00fc;*ci\u00ceR\u00e2\u00ef 01 BO:' U* h(\u2019V \u2022\u2022\u2022>\nThrough the kindness of Professor Gley I was able to participate officially in the program dealing with the \"Centenaire de La\u00ebnnec,\" although it was purely a medical function. Throughout the entire series of days I was tremendously impressed by the fact that so much time and attention would be given to such a formal celebration of the hundredth anniversary of La\u00ebnnec*s death. That such honor could be given to a medical man was most impressive. One fears that such celebrations could not take place in America. Two printed notices regarding this celebration are appended herewith.\n","page":362},{"file":"p0363.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"CENTENAIRE DE LA\u00cbNNEC\nVous \u00eates pri\u00e9 d\u2019assister \u00e0 la MESSE de REQUIEM qui sera c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9e \u00e0 NOTRE-DAME, le Lundi 13 D\u00e9cembre 1926, \u00e0 11 heures 1/4\nsous la pr\u00e9sidence de\nS. E. le Cardinal DUBOIS, Archev\u00eaque de Paris\npour le repos de l'\u00e2me de\nRen\u00e9 Th\u00e9ophile Hyacinthe LA\u00cbNNEC\n1781 - 1826\nLa Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 M\u00e9dicale de Saint-Luc,\tLes Amis de la Conf\u00e9rence La\u00ebnnec,\n74, rue de l\u2019Universit\u00e9.\t12, rue d\u2019Assas.\nEN L'\u00c9GLISE M\u00c9TROPOLITAINE DE NOTRE-DAME\nLundi 13 D\u00e9cembre 1926, \u00e0 11 heures l/4\nsous la pr\u00e9sidence de\nS. E. le Cardinal DUBOIS, Archev\u00eaque de Paris\nMESSE DE REQUIEM\npour le repos de l\u2019\u00e2me de\nRen\u00e9 Th\u00e9ophile Hyacinthe LA\u00cbNNEC\nLa Messe sera c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9e par M. l\u2019Abb\u00e9 LANCRENON, Docteur en M\u00e9decine L\u2019\u00e9loge fun\u00e8bre sera prononc\u00e9 par le R. P, de TONQU\u00c9DEC\nLa Ma\u00eetrise sera dirig\u00e9e par M. l'Abb\u00e9 MERRET Le grand orgue sera tenu par M. VIERNE\nPLACE R\u00c9SERV\u00c9E\nEntr\u00e9e par la porte centrale de la fa\u00e7ade principale\n\n","page":363},{"file":"p0364.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u2022 ' 1","page":364},{"file":"p0364s0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"CENTENAIRE DE LAE N NEC\n13-14-15 D\u00e9cembre' 1926\nCOMIT\u00c9 D\u2019ORGANISATION\nPR\u00c9SIDENT\nProfesseur CHAUFFARD\nVICE-PR\u00c9SIDENTS\nProfesseurs ACHARD, CALMETTE J.ETUI.LE et ROGER\nSECR\u00c9TAIRE G\u00c9N\u00c9RAL\nProfesseur ROUSSV\nSECR\u00c9TAIRE G\u00c9N\u00c9RAL-ADJOINT\nProf. agr. DAIGNEE-LAVASTTNK\nTR\u00c9SORIER\nPiekke MASSON, \u00c9diteur\nSECR\u00c9TAIRE\n]>' Ch. GRANDCLAUDE\n.MM.\nbLLM^^ri^^'\t\"r; p,,ris: B'zv- \u2022-\t, i.ari\u00bb;\n\nLundi 13 D\u00e9cembre\nPROGRAMME DES C\u00c9R\u00c9MONIES\n\nK ,\n13 h. 3o\n\nR\u00e9ception des d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie de M\u00e9decine.\n17 heures. \u2014 R\u00e9ception \u00e0 l\u2019H\u00f4tel de Ville.\n21 he\u201cres: ~ C\u00e9r\u00e9monie au grand Amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Sorbonne, en pr\u00e9sence de M. Gaston Doumerg\u00dbe de l\u00e0 Guir\u00efe. P ^ et SOUS la Presldence de M- \u2018\u2019\u00ab\u00ab1 Painlev\u00e8, Membre de l'Institut, Ministre\n\u25a0Allocution de M. Lapie, Recteur de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie de Paris.\nLa d\u00e9couverte de l\u2019auscultation, par M. le Professeur M\u00e9n\u00e9trier.\nLa\u00ebnnec au College de France, par M. le Professeur d\u2019Arsonval.\nLa\u00ebnnec \u00e0 la Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, par M. le Professeur Roger, Doyen de la Facult\u00e9 La tuberculose depuis La\u00ebnnec, par M. le Professeur L\u00e9on Bernard.\nAdresses de MAL les d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s officiels des gouvernements \u00e9trangers.\nAllocution de M. Paul Painlev\u00e9, Membre de l\u2019Institut, Ministre de la Guerre.\nMardi 14 D\u00e9cembre\n9 h. jo. \u2014 Visite \u00e0 l\u2019Amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre de l\u2019H\u00f4pital de la Charit\u00e9.\n10 h. jo. \u2014 Visite au Mus\u00e9e Carnavalet.\ni5 heures. \u2014 S\u00e9ance solennelle \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie de M\u00e9decine.\nAllocution de M. le Professeur Bar. Pr\u00e9sident de l'Acad\u00e9mie.\nLes origines m\u00e9dicales de La\u00ebnnec, par M. le Professeur Mikaeli\u00e9.\nLa\u00ebnnec anatomo-pathologiste, par M. le Professeur Letulle.\nLa\u00ebnnec clinicien, par M..le Professeur Sergent.\nLe role de La\u00ebnnec dans l'\u00e9volution de la m\u00e9decine, par M. le Professeur Achard. Exposition des souvenirs de La\u00ebnnec.\nMercredi ig D\u00e9cembre\n10 heuies. R\u00e9ception \u00e0 l\u2019H\u00f4pital La\u00ebnnec (Dispensaire L\u00e9on Bourgeois).\nM. Rist \u00ab La fonction du m\u00e9decin d'h\u00f4pital dans la lutte antituberculeuse, cent ans apres La\u00ebnnec \u00bb.\nti h. jo. \u2014 Visite \u00e0 l\u2019H\u00f4pital Necker.\ni5 heures. \u2014 R\u00e9ception \u00e0 l\u2019Institut Pasteur.\nM. Calmette \u00ab La prevention de la tuberculose depuis La\u00ebnnec \u00bb.\nheures. \u2014 Banquet \u00e0 l\u2019H\u00f4tel du Palais d\u2019Orsay.\nApr\u00e8s les c\u00e9r\u00e9monies, une excursion sera organis\u00e9e \u00e0 Nantes et \u00e0 Quimper, sous la direction de M. le docteur Miralli\u00e9\nWJO-26.","page":0},{"file":"p0365.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"O\nO\nSTRASBOURG. FRANGE.\nI went to Strasbourg to lecture at the medical school. The first evening there I met several of the professors, including Schaeffer, Blum, Ambard, and Fontes. At our dinner the talk turned considerably upon the use of alcohol. Professor Blum stated that he rarely drinks alcohol, that all of the professors have wine cellars, but only ten to twelve bottles of wine a year would be commonly used. They do not drink beer, only water.\nThis statement dealt, however, mostly with people of their generation, among whom there was a strong movement against alcohol. During the war the troops were given much alcohol in the trenches in the belief that it was \"needed as a stimulus\" and after the war many of the soldiers con-\ntinued the use of it.\nAt the lecture there was a large crowd, but things went badly. Difficulty was experienced in the darkening of the windows, and the lantern slide operator exhausted all twelve possibilities for introducing the slides in the wrong way. Things finally ironed out with the assistance of Professor Ambard. Professor Schaeffer was not surprised that I mixed up my correspondence between Terroine and Weiss, for my correspondence was very confusing. There was a delay, and almost at the eleventh hour I received a telegram from Professor Weiss about my lecture.\nI noticed with interest that in Strasbourg, although German was theoretically forbidden, one could not in general get along so well with the people in French as one could in German. The taxi driver, for example, answered me in German, and while I was talking over some matters with Professor Schaeffer, when he got into a corner in discussion he always\ndropped into German. The Portier at the hospital also spoke always in German.\n","page":365},{"file":"p0366.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nSTRASBOURG. FRANGE.\nProfessor Leon Blum.\nAlthough today Blum's main interest is perhaps in nephritis, he said he had had about 2,000 cases of diabetes. Commenting upon Wagner's book in Vienna, he said there was nothing new in it. Blum has no success with \"sanycrosin* and maintains that the Danes do because it is a national thing. The Blums were very much excited because they had just had a baby -their first. Blum says that the Germans do not understand themselves.\nProfessor G. Fontes.\nProfessor Fontes made the same pleasant impression upon me as he made three years ago, but unfortunately I did not have time to visit him in his laboratory, or Professor Nicloux, who was away.\n!\n||\n\n","page":366},{"file":"p0367.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"STRASBOURG. FRANGE.\nO ' t\u00aby\nProfessor Georges Schaeffer.\nMost of ray time at Strasbourg was spent with Professor Schaeffer, and I was glad to see much of him, for he made a better impression upon me than he did three years ago. He talked very intimately with me and stated that he was distinctly against his colleague, Professor Terroine, on the matter of the surface-area law. Schaeffer is a professor of physiology in the Faculty of Medicine and Terroine a professor of general physiology in the Faculty of Sciences. He hinted that (as I had surmised from my correspondence with Weiss and Terroine) there might not be the best relationship between the Medical Faculty and the Faculty of Sciences, but he said nothing against Terroine except that they were antagonistic.\nSchaeffer is now working with the Warburg method. He finds the greatest metabolism in the nerves, liver, and organs, and the least in muscle, but since in all adult bodies the greatest weight of material is in muscle, the muscle must play a very big role. He is trying to determine the active mass of protoplasmic tissue. Creatinine will not do. Perhaps some use of glucothione may be of value. He is trying all methods, including Thunberg's method, but he finds that a modification of Warburg's method is the best.\nHe does not agree with Grafe, but does agree with Meyerhof and Wells (?) that tissues differ. He says that Terroine states that all protoplasm is the same. Schaeffer does not understand Terroine's reasoning. Schaeffer says that Rubner's articles are very hard to read, especially the last two articles in the Biochemische Zeitschrift. Lapicque is also very dogmatic, as is Rubner. According to Schaeffer, Andre7 Mayer said to Lapicque,\n\"You should question your own attitude at times.\"\nSchaeffer made a fine impression. I was glad to have seen him. He is a serious thinker, combining the French tendency to hypothesis with the German tendency for getting data. He finds that the activities of young\n_________\u2014.....-\u00ab-\u00bb*..\t.. \u25a0 h U ... ii il I ni I\n........................^ \u2022","page":367},{"file":"p0368.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"tissue are greater than those of old tissue. He was familiar with the history of the surface-area law and stated that Rameaux was from Strasbourg, and that the work of Rameaux is to be reprinted shortly in Andre\" Mayer's new journal. He also stated that v. Hoesslin should have been accorded much more thought. He thinks that today there is too much writing and too little experimenting. He says that Terroine is today talking in terms of the older ideas, and that Terroine believes that the form is first and then the protoplasm is adjusted to it. Schaeffer trunks that the protoplasm is first and the form is adjusted to the needs. I mentioned the work of Przibram on rats with extreme modifications in tne growth of ears and length of tail, which he studied at 15\u00b0 , 20\u00b0 , and 25 C. Schaeffer stated that Gley, before he became a physiologist, was a philosopher, and then went to experimental psychology.\nSchaeffer said that when the nerve is cut and the muscle of the leg becomes affected, the tissue three months later would be found by the Warburg method to have a low metabolism. He also thinks there is some recovery by repairing the nerve. He says it is very surprising that Richet, a gentleman, working in the laboratory, with utter absence of controls, should have successfully hit upon anaphylaxis. He also said that there was a man in Zurich who has a fine apparatus for measuring brain temperature. He thinks his name is. Cloetta (?) This man should be looked up on any subsequent visit to Zurich.\nI was interested to note that Schaeffer did not know that the publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington were on deposit in the library at the University. That brought to my mind the thought that we should write to all laboratory workers, giving them the addresses of\ntne different institutions in the town where the Carnegie publications could be found.","page":368},{"file":"p0369.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"STRASBOURG. FRANCK.\nProfessor L. Ambard.\nProfessor Ambard asked, \"Is the rectal temperature of Orientals any different from that of white people!\u201d I told him I was not sure, but I told him of our measurements of the skin temperature of Chinese girls and said I thought that our measurements showed no difference. Ambard said Richet in an experiment on the insensible perspiration of the tortoise found that the animal actually gained weight, and that when he weighed a dead tortoise, he found it also gained weight. Then he took a piece of lead and found that that gained weight. Finally he found he was using a w\u00b02\u00e2SS balance, and the hygroscopic nature of the arms altered the weight so as to show these false weights. Pstren is very ooo\u201e1\u201er. glum says that Friedrich Muller never did an original thing, but he is a good clinician,\nunderstands chemical problems, has a good group of men about him, and hence is very successful.\n\n","page":369},{"file":"p0370.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"f> 'Try\nO ' ' \u2019\nPARIS. FRANCE.\nAs I travelled from Strasbourg on my return to Paris I felt again that it was a great pity that I could not have had more time at Strasbourg with Schaeffer. I also felt sorry that I had missed Professor Terroine, but hoped to see him in Paris. Subsequently it transpired that he had gone to Paris but was taken ill very suddenly and had to go away for a rest, so I missed him entirely. I also missed Professor Andre' Mayer, who formerly was in Strasbourg but now is in Paris.\nSl -7 '\"T \u2014\t\u00abT T C . .\n","page":370},{"file":"p0371.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"SUMMARY.\nLectures.\nThe general thesis of going to European laboratories seeking the latest information and prepublication results, with something in one\u00bba hand to give to them in the shape of a lecture, photographs, tables, or drawings, is sound. Although I have never had occasion to suspect that information which I asked for was withheld, I feel a great deal freer in asking questions if I lay the newest things of the Laboratory before them without reserve. I often emphasized to my audiences that I was showing them t:he Ig:s:L-Paaes of our notebooks, but I also emphasized that the information in all cases had been sufficiently controlled and checked to represent a fact. I found there was great interest in the lectures everywhere I went. I was distinctly handicapped in that I could not very well act as my own advance agent. When Dr. Carpenter went to Europe, I made a very elaborate letter canvasSin my name, suggesting lectures, etc., and hence most of the arrangements were started before he sailed. In my own case I felt somewhat diffident, to say the least, in urging a lecture upon a group. In many instances a lecture was requested of me in Stockholm, and I received advance requests on my way through Europe. In many cases it was embarrassing to write, asking if I might give a lecture and seeming to ram it down their throats.\" I found in the vast majority of cases not only that the lectures were well announced beforehand, but that an excellent and frequently an inconceivably large audience had assembled. Once or twice very bad management, crossed wires, etc., left things up in the air. Perhaps the poorest management was at Brussels, and undoubtedly the best was at Paris where Alquier had charge. I see no other way of advancing lectures than the one I took, although one does not like to be one's own","page":371},{"file":"p0372.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"advance agent.\nIn projecting lantern slides I found that frequently the typewritten material was too small, and since my return I have arranged with Miss Wilso to use only capital letters in typing material for slides. By this means and by the use of carbon paper on the back side of the copy to intensify the blackness, we have obtained some good results. I think that all the care given to the preparation of tables is well spent. A few slides in English, a few in French, and a few in German are desirable. When one is lecturing to a foreign audience, one can read or translate the titles and give a moment to the discussion of the column headings. The figures of course, being in Arabic, are self-explanatory.\nIn several instances I was able to secure copies of announcements of my lecture. These announcements are appended herewith.","page":372},{"file":"p0373.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nT> f\nMEG HI V\u00d4\nA KIR. MAGY. TERM\u00c9SZETTUDOM\u00c0NYI T\u00c2RSULAT\n\u00c9LETTANISZAKOSZT\u00c2LY\u00c2NAK\n1926 SZEPTEMBER H\u00d4 10.\u00c9N, P\u00c9NTEKEN ESTE F\u00c9L 7 \u00d4RAKOR\nAZ \u00c9LETTANI INT\u00c9ZET (VIII, ESZTERH\u00c4ZY=UTCA 9.) TANTERM\u00c9BEN\ntartand\u00f4\n208. \u00dcL\u00c9S\u00c9RE.\nT\u00c2RGYSOROZAT:\nPROF. F. G. BENEDICT (BOSTON), Neuere Stoffwechselun.er. suchungen an Menschen und Tieren.\nK\u00e9rj\u00fck az \u00e9rdekeltekkel k\u00f6z\u00f6lni!\tFarkas G\u00e9z\neln\u00f6k.\n3590.81926. \u2014 kjrAlyi jiagyar egyetemi nyomda, Budapest.\nSOCI\u00c9T\u00c9 M\u00c9DICALE DE GEN\u00c8VE\nLa Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 M\u00e9dicale est convoqu\u00e9e :\nJ/\u00eeercredi 22 septembre, \u00e0 2\u00fb h. 30 pr\u00e9cises, Clinique m\u00e9dicale.\nConf\u00e9rence du Prof. Benedict, Directeur du \u00ab Nutrition Laboratory \u00bb de Boston :\nEtudes r\u00e9centes sur le m\u00e9tabolisme humain et animal.\nLe Secr\u00e9taire : Dr J. GOLAY.\nP- S. \u2014 Vu la notori\u00e9t\u00e9 du conf\u00e9rencier et l\u2019importance du sujet trait\u00e9, vous \u00eates pri\u00e9s d\u2019assister nombreux \u00e0 cette s\u00e9ance.\n? O","page":373},{"file":"p0374.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Physikalisch - medizinische Gesellschaft\nIX. Sitzung\nam Donnerstag, den 7. Oktober 1926, abends 73/< Uhr\nim H\u00f6rsaal der medizinischen Klinik, Luitpoldkrankenhaus.\nProf. F. G. Benedict, Direktor des Ern\u00e4hrungslaboratoriums, Boston, als Gast: Neuere Stoffwechseluntersuchungen an Menschen und Tieren.\nIaT (\n= Studierende sind zum Besuch der Vortr\u00e4ge eingeladen. =\nAu\u00dferordentliche Sitzung\nder\nBerliner Physiologischen Gesellschaft\nam\nFreitag, den 22. Oktober 1926, abends 8 Uhr\nim gro\u00dfen H\u00f6rsaal des Physiologischen Instituts der Universit\u00e4t, Hessische Sir. 3/4.\nHerr Professor Benedict (als Gast):\n.Neuere Untersuchungen \u00fcber den Stoffwechsel\n............\"\"\"\"\"\"H\"\"\"......HU.......Il.lll.l......\ndes Menschen und der Tiere\".\nIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIII|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||imM||,,mi,,lm|||||mm|m|M|||||||||||m||||\nG\u00e4ste willkommen.\nAtzler, I. Schriftf\u00fchrer. Invalidenstra\u00dfe 103 a.","page":374},{"file":"p0375s0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Hamburgische Universit\u00e4t Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t\nMedizinische Gastvorlesung-.\nHerr Prof. Dr. Francis G. Benedict\nv\u201em Carnegie .nation Nutrition Laboratory in Boston\nw.rd auf Einladung der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t der Hamburgischeu Universit\u00e4t\nam Mittwoch, den 27. Oktober 1926, vormittags II Uhr\nim Horsaal des pathologischen Instituts\nvortragen \u00fcber\n\u201eNeuere Untersuchungen \u00fcber den Stoffwechsel des Menschen und\nder Tiere\u201c\nDie Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t beehrt sich hierzu einzuladeu.\nProf. Dr. Heynemann,\nDekan der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t.","page":0},{"file":"p0376.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HHl A\u00dcealuui cA-et DTAediocAe AAneu fleilAuezeenipinAeefe cAe \u20ac\u20ac\u20ac AIu Li le nao,cAipen lo,l Ael Ap.uxo.nen aan cAe Aezinp,\ncaeAAe\t'/blU^\u00dfCc cAx^i /.Ab ........ xUcA uo.at&leAl uoa-z\nAAe A A teenipinp leAo-ucAen op..^\t19 H....,\npy\tst -\t' /r y^/\tsi\t* /A\neAe.x uuosuAa ie . -J...... nut in CAjL.AL\n\u00a9ncAe\ntuxetp:.\n. a-d\nG,\ncryx\n-r: S' \u2014\u2014\n\n\u25a0 ' L. S.\nIjf ,-'\u2022\t\u201e\".4\ny>:t .\u00abft 6est\u00fcur van het Nederlandsch Instituut voor Volks-voediiig noodigt U uit tot het bijwonen van \u00e9en voordracht:\nRecent Studies in Human and Animal Nutrition\ndoor\nProf. Dr. FRANCIS BENEDICT,\nDirecteur van het Nutrition Laboratory of Carnegie Institute of Washington (Boston).\nDeze voordracht zal plaats hebben op Vrijdag 5 November te half acht, in de groote collegezaal van het Laboratorium voor de Gezondheidsleer, Mauritskade 57.\nNamens het Bestuur,\nE. C. van Leersum.","page":376},{"file":"p0377.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"fy","page":377},{"file":"p0377s0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.\nADVANCED LECTURE IN PHYSIOLOGY.\nA LECTURE on\n\"THE DORK OF THE CARNEGIE NUTRITION LABORATORY\"\nwill be given at\nGUY'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL (Borough, i.E.l)\nby\nDR F. G. BENEDICT\n(Director of the Carnegie Institute for Nutrition)\nat 4.30 p.rn. on MONDAY, 22nd NOVEMBER, 1926.\nTHE CHAIR/.'ILL BE TAKEN BY\nPROFESSOR M. S. PEMBREY, F.R.S. (Professor of Physiology in the University)\nThe Lecture is addressed to students of the University and to others interested in the subject.\nADMISSION_______FREE,___V ITHOUT TICKET.\nEDWIN DELLER,\nAcademic Registrar.\nIMG. 300. 18.11.26.","page":0},{"file":"p0378s0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u00e0 l\u2019Institut de Physiologie,\nle Yendredi 3 d\u00e9cembre, \u00e0 5 h. de l\u2019apr\u00e8s-midi\nde\nMonsieur FRANCIS G. BENEDICT\nDirecteur du Laboratoire de Nutrition de\nl\u2019Institut Carnegie\n\u2014---SUJET;\nP\nEtudes r\u00e9centes sur le m\u00e9tabolisme\nhumain et animal","page":0},{"file":"p0379.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"MINIST\u00c8RE de L'AGRICULTURE\nINSTITUT DES RECHERCHES AGRONOMIQUES\n16 R,ip ril Tp r I de Recherches sur l\u2019Alimentation V\n16, Rue de 1 Estrapade (5. Arr*) - T\u00f9aph. : Gobelins 38-02\n----------------\nM\nSci!ntifilque7HyJne TlinunZir^ u\u00eettiendra davst \u2018\u2018 *\t* h Sod\u00e9t\u00e9\nGrand Amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre de l\u2019Institut Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire\nC'\u00b0tilde 6t ^ ''^wAthion A5!imentaire\nSous U Pr\u00e9sidence du D^GI KY P\t,926' \u00f4 IS Heures.\nLa\t\u2019 ft^\u201cr \u201c\u201c CM\u00e8ge de F'\u2122\u2018- *\u00bb*\u00ab de VAcJLie de M\u00e9decine\nProfesseur PrancTs G BENEDICT^ co\u201cmunkation du\n* ta \u25a0aSi\u00c2\"?*1**\u2019-\nEtude\u00bb receute\u00bb \u00bb\u201er le m\u00e9tabolisme humain et animal \u2022\u2022\n\"LTi/Z* l'inUrit * r\u00bb -\u00bb\n* r \u201c'R?\u00ab\u00ab f\u00abi\taZ lZZlTZT? * f\u00bb \u00eej\u00bb*\u00bb\u00bb \u00e0 \u00abmit\nd\u2019Alimentation\t' ? \u2022 ow \u00a3 Nutrition, de M\u00e9tabolisme basal\n\u00cf\u00cfZ\u00dcu 7l\u00e4r:, ^ V0US Prk\u2019 FexPression de \u2122 sentiments d\u00e9vou\u00e9s.\n0 \u201cr\u00e9sident de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifinup\t\u00ab1;__\nLe Directeur de l'Institut de Recherches Agronomiques, Eug\u00e8ne ROUX,\nLe Pr\u00e9sident de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d'Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire O. de ROUG\u00c9,\nS\u00e9nateur,\nMembre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie d\u2019AgricuIture\n7 J1-26\nDocteur \u00e8s Sciences, Conseiller d\u2019Etat Membre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie d\u2019Agriculture.\u2019","page":379},{"file":"p0380.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"4\nMIN_____\nINSTITUT \u25a0 Gai\nStatin?1Hei\u00df, Rue de >itiers.\nie rue back AM All\nivW to\nJ\u2019ai I honneur de v? f?j Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne s des I\nGrand Amphith\u00e9\u00e2t ' '\n(Entr\u00e9e : Ai le Samet\nSous la Pr\u00e9sidence du Dr GL\nLa s\u00e9an Professeur Francis de la \u201c\n\u201c Etudes r\u00e9cen\nTHE NEW YORK HERALD\nEUROPEAN EDITION OP THE\nPuhulh \u2022 ,\\\u00b0RK .HERALD TRIBUNE\nSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 innn^f^3 ^ew York Herald Company, lete anon. fran\u00e7aise au capital de 500,00\u00fcfr.\nf a rrr\u00bb.. DGDEN REID, President.\nURENCE HILLS, Editor and General Manager, r .\u201e?.,AVEN,l.:E DE L\u2019OPERA, PARIS. Telephone: Gutenberg- 04.28 and 28 1S\nRe\u00b0ufr\u201cP>1\u00b0 raddress: HERALD, Paris .\n: Ufpistie du Commerce, Seine No. 20,162.\nCOMPTE-CHEQUES POSTA\u00fc\u00ceTro. 380.13, Paria\"\nLdnmda\u00ab23torU\u00ee du Louvre. - Tel.: Gut. 03.18 NEW Y()rV-9.V -n\u00ef,;dlSta,nce: Inter- sp\u00e9cial 368. West 10til street.\n~cmcAra*$\u00c0 \u00ceT<00udwarri BliiIdins:-\nI- Am-\u00c4g.\nB\u00c2^ \u00c2\u201c'\u00efyC\" W'\u00b0- \u2019Ph0M:\nN\tHorotheenstrasse.\nmOE. 7 Promenade des Anglais. 'Phone: 42.41.\ndav\u2122 pBY ^KkIEr\u00c2ld is published every fn VrancI! \u00b0 s Sold per copy at 70 \u201cntimes TERMS to SUBSCRIBERS, daily, Sunday included: ONE YEAR ........ ..\t:\nTlmE^MOvrira\"' \u00f6\u00b0fr......\u25a0' L\u00d4fr.\u2019\nYHS.... O Ofr.. Soir\nONE MONTH ..... \u201820fr.... 30fr\u2019\nManuscripts and other Editorial communies-\n.\u00c4rl^Paris. *\u00b0 the Edit<,r> 38 rus du\nIlln:\nPARIS, Thursday, Dec. 9, 1926. i\nat very\nFROFESSOR BENEDICT\nTO LECTURE TO-MORROW\nProfessor F. G. Benedict* director of the Nutrition Laboratory of the Institution Gamete of Washington, will give an illustrated lecture to-morrow afternoon at 3 o\u2019clock, in the grand amphi-tWtre of the Institut Scientifique\nfhe TnT- ?enuUile- Tlle \u00ab\u2018Tance to <f f 1Sat the a,igle of tlle rues\nI e\u00b0\u00f4n Proi EStraSade\u2019 1)ear the Pantheon. I \u00eeofessor Benedict will siwol-\n011 Recent. Studies on Humor, \u00ce Animal Metabolism \u201d\td\nAM\nTH\nSoci\u00e9t\u00e9\nlire\nA\u00e9decine.\nhirJteZeJer\u2122etS feSPerer\u2019 -\u00e9tant donn\u00e9 l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00e9t de cette reunion, que vous voudrez de rin/ u U lfivltatl0n- Je vou* serais reconnaissant de la transmettre \u00e0 ceux et d\u2019Alimentation*1 SmUreSSmt aux 1uestions de Nutrition, de M\u00e9tabolisme basal\nVeuille^ agr\u00e9er, je vous prie, l\u2019expression de mes sentiments d\u00e9vou\u00e9s U MU\u00bb ds la Soci\u00ab. ta-ta \u00ab\u00abta Alimentaire,\ti, Direct,, * n\u201e8lilul de Retherc'he8 A,Ionomiqueii\nDE ROUGE-\tEug\u00e8ne ROUX,\nS\u00e9nateur,\nMembre de l\u2019Academie d\u2019Agriculture\n711-20\nDocteur \u00e8s Sciences, Conseiller d\u2019Etat Membre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie d\u2019Agriculture.\u2019","page":380},{"file":"p0380s0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"IIS\nlirajj\n;jh,|\nq\u00ab!0\npttB\n.mots\nU7f<a 1\n3,10\n-sim otjiprnaas tto l\u00e4ofxjy pue gitotSai iK[0ct aqp put; \u2018sauiuuoti aoadoiwa 9Ift \u2019lI\u00bb Sui)[S(A \u2022\u2018utfUi Suno.v e se jeap l\u2018Ba.t\u00a7; \u00ab papaAi/.i} \u00f9T\u00cbtz\u00e2apcqj aomia ,/asneo iBuoutiti aqi ot \u2018uoinpe.ii d].iO)S[q qpr.rv papeauuad \u2018saotAjas gpj pttB \u25a0 A\u2019ptjapij spt .tajjtx op \u2018sassejo aaqpo.. aqp xi\u00ae \u00ae2(Jl \u2018p\u00ab[3 st* qmqAt \u00ffnq \u2018BlttSfp'.\nOfiqnd ui uotpe.ioqejx\u00f6o 9iqtstlt>dsa.r prie1 poaitp OAi.o oi uodn u.\\VB.ip* ..\\(9Aiistu;q -xa opiaquq pou ssb[o b op Suo;oq jn\n\u2014rptes\n\u2018OMqB ^OOf SU\u00d6l+i\u00e4l SUI9S\t9\u00c29 UBtL\nspread jB9j qo;igm ^is\u00a3 OS M.OIS OqsAui pire ;U9ifc SupsBf Jiaqj qjpw suoi;b^\nqoatag 9q*\nMINIST\u00c8RE DE L\u2019AGRICULTURE\nINSTITUT DES RECHERCHES AGRONOMIQUES\nStation Centrale de Recherches sur l\u2019Alimentation 16, Rue de l'Estrapade (5\u00ab An-*) \u2014 T\u00e9l\u00e9ph. : Gobelins 38-02\n------000------\nM\nmen assister a la reunion de la Soci\u00e9\nJ ai f honneur de vous prier de vouloir men assister Scientifique d Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire qui se tiendra dans le\nGrand Amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre de l\u2019Institut Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire\n(Entree : Angle des rues Clotilde et de l'Estrapade), Panth\u00e9on 5\u00ab\nC , \u201e , ., le Samedi II D\u00e9cembre 1926, \u00e0 13 Heures.\nla Pr\u00e9sidence du Dr GLh\\, Professeur au Coll\u00e8ge de France, Membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie de M\u00e9decin\nPm,\u201e ira Sl\"an^ ?era consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 une communication du Professeur Francis G. BENEDICT, Directeur du \" Nutrition Laboratory \u201d de la Carnegie Institution of Washington \u201d, sur ses\n\u201c Etudes Meentes sur le m\u00e9tabolisme humain et animal \u201d\nProjections\nhJlZ Pern?ets fesperer, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de cette r\u00e9union, que vous voudre bien r\u00e9pondre a notre invitation. Je vous serais reconnaissant de la transmettre \u00e0 ceu\net d\u2019\u2019Alimentatiorr1 SmtereSSent qUeSti\u00b0nS de Nutriti\u2122> de M\u00e9tabolisme basa Veuillei agr\u00e9er, je vous prie, l\u2019expression de mes sentiments d\u00e9vou\u00e9s U Pr\u00e9sident de \"W\u00ab \u00ab-J-J\u00ffWta Htannh,\tL, Di,\u00bb[teur d, .-Institut d\u00bb ta**\u00ab A.mnotniqnes,\nMembre de l\u2019Ac\u00e4dem\u00dc d\u2019Agriculture\t^cte\u201cr \u00e8* Sc,ie,lc'=' ConseUler d\u2019Etat,\ngricuiture ^\tMembre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie d\u2019Agriculture.","page":0},{"file":"p0381s0001.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"R\u00c9PUBLIQUE FRAN\u00c7AISE\nMINIST\u00c8RE DE L\u2019AGRICULTURE\nINSTITUT des recherches agronomiques\nStation Centrale de Recherches sur\u00bb l\u2019Alimentation\nSamedi U D\u00e9cembre1326, \u00e0 15 heures\nDE LTHSTim\nAngle des Rues Clotilde et de l\u2019Estrapade - Panth\u00e9on (5e arr')\nSous la Pr\u00e9sidence du Dr GLEY, Professeur au Coll\u00e8ge de France, Membre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie de M\u00e9decine\nle Professeur Francis G. BENEDICT\nDirecteur du Nutrition Laboratory de la Carnegie Institution of Washington.\nLe Pr\u00e9sident de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire :\nO. de ROUG\u00cb, S\u00c9NATEUR,\nMembre de F Acad\u00e9mie d\u2019Agriculture,\nLe Directeur de l\u2019Institut des Recherches Agronomiques\nEug\u00e8ne ROUX\nDocteur \u00e8s Sciences, Conseiller d\u2019Etat.\nMembre de F Acad\u00e9mie d\u2019Agriculture.\nParis, le 1er D\u00e9cembre 1926.\nLe Ministre de l'Agriculture,\nH. QUEUILLE\nVannes. \u2014 Imprimerie IAFOLYE Fr\u00e8res et O. 709-26","page":0},{"file":"p0382.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Salient problems arising in discussion.\n> o\n1\nMost of the audiences in the various places were naturally not qualified to discuss keenly the general, larger phases of the Nutrition Laboratory's activities. Perhaps the four things that were most frequently commented upon immediately after the lecture and on subsequent days were the question of skin temperature, the insensible perspiration, the new\nrespirstion apparatus, and the metabolism of ruminants (particularly with regard to environmental temperature and the effect of food). It was more and more borne in upon me that the Nutrition Laboratory should study obesity. As pointed out by a number of men, we have worked extensively upon complete fasting (short and long periods with man and long periods with man and ruminants) and we have studied undernutrition both with man and ruminants, and now we should lay great stress upon overnutrition with particular reference to obesity.\nMuscular work.\nMy original plan was to study the physiology of muscular work (muscle physiology) from the standpoint of metabolism and from the psychological standpoint perhaps of fatigue. Such a study would, I think, have been a very wise one, had funds and a research man been available. I found a strong tendency to criticize the experiments of Professor A. V. Hill on muscular work and the statement that muscular work is performed entirely at the expense of carbohydrate. Many people asked why we did not repeat these experiments with our technique.","page":382},{"file":"p0383.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"/\n38\"\nMetabolism of ruminants\u00bb\nIn spite of the immense economic importance of the feeding of ruminants (domestic cattle), in spite of the vast sums formerly given by the European governments to their large experiment stations, and in spite of the history of the development of these stations, I found the experimental work on this problem of feeding ruminants in a woeful state. The Zuntz equipment is worthless. The Hagemann equipment is worthless. The Kellner equipment at Leipzig makes the Agricultural Institute at Leipzig the only hopeful spot in Germany. That institute, I think, will develop, provided Fingerling (Kellner's successor) does not have to give his entire time to administrative work and \"passing the hat.\" The work of Capstick, Wood, and Deighton in Cambridge does not impress one at all as of practical significance, although Deighton is an extremely good man, yet lacking good physiological control. M^llgaard's institute in Copenhagen is the most promising center of this work in Europe. When one considers the state in which Armsby's equipment in America has been left, one feels that a conference should be held, if possible, to get together in one place M^llgaard, Fingerling, Ritzman, Meigs, and possibly some representative of the Pennsylvania State Experiment Station.\nThe work of the Nutrition Laboratory, through Professor Ritzman, is extremely well appreciated, not only from the standpoint of animal physiology but of general physiology, for without doubt knowledge concerning the differences in the physiological activity of the ruminant in more ways than one is going to thro^v^.xght on general physiology, just as the knowledge of normal physiology throws light in pathological cases on the general physiological processes. All of the work is of the first order and marks a distinct advance over anything done thus far. The fact that such an experimental program can be carried on with apparatus representing such a small investment of money and with a mere handful of assistants astonished the workers","page":383},{"file":"p0384.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"in Europe. I think a great deal of credit for the accomplishment of this work may be attributed to the deep scientific drive of Professor Ritzman. The research at Durham represents, in my judgment, an ideal form of cooperation with another laboratory, as the work is not all thrown upon one side.\nAlcohol.\nNaturally, since I visited so many different countries and saw so many people socially, the use of alcohol and particularly the attitude of America in introducing prohibition were the subjects of a great deal of discussion. It would be impossible, in the narrow limits of this type of report, to describe the attitude of the various men with whom I talked.\nBut in general it may be said that most European countries find it inconceivable to understand how America could have accepted prohibition, and how she ever can maintain it. This last conception is, of course, much strength ened by the newspaper reports of the so-called \"failure\u201d of prohibition.\nOn the other hand, it is clear that in general in Europe much less alcohol is consumed than formerly. This is due chiefly to two causes. It is difficult to say which is the more important, but possibly the economic reason. Thus, beer, wines, and spirits cost more than formerly. It costs more to produce and to transport them, and all the incidental selling expenses have gone up. So alcohol becomes more of a luxury than ever. The second factor is the increasing interest in sport. More young people are interested in athletics (not only organized athletics but in the outdoor life, such as hiking, etc.) than ever before, and they automatically find that alcohol does not go well with these sports. On the other hand, the economic situation, at least in some countries, is such that it makes sport itself a more expensive problem than ever before and automatically cuts down the normal demand for sport.","page":384},{"file":"p0385.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"38\nIt is certainly true that on the Continent at least one sees very little evidence of the immediate deleterious effects of alcohol, for obvious drunkenness is much less noticeable than was the case formerly in America or is the case at present in England. This may be due to the fact that the custom on the Continent is to drink wines and beers more in connection with meals than away from the table, and that frequently these are taken with food so that the effect is distinctly diluted, so to speak.\nThe automobile and alcohol.\nI was, personally, very much interested in the effect of the introduction of the automobile upon alcohol consumption. The automobile traffic is nothing like ours as yet, but it is becoming thicker and thicker and, at least in parts of Paris and London, is very confusing. There is rarely such a procession as one sees on the avenues of New York, but there are very hectic corners and, although the control of traffic is very well organized, the fact remains that there is still a large automobile traffic with unquestionably a regular consumption of alcohol. I, personally, saw very few accidents. All of them were minor. It seemed to me there were just as many accidents played up in the newspapers as with us. Perhaps not so many children were killed, but a great many automobiles were colliding with others. A number of men expressed their personal opinion and experiences with regard to the effect of alcohol on their own driving. The larger proportion of automobile owners do not, as in America, drive their own cars. It is the invariable rule to insist that the chauffeurs should not take any alcohol. When I made inquiries as to how this rule was controlled, I found that it was very rarely controlled satisfactorily from a scientific standpoint. The men all believed that their chauffeurs did not drink, but in the last analysis they had no definite proof of total abstinence. The men who drive their own cars said that they could not","page":385},{"file":"p0386.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"take even moderate amounts of alcohol without seriously affecting their own driving. This information was in every insts-nce volunteered to me.\nI did not ask leading questions. This experience seems to me to have some basis of fact. I predicted (at times, frankly, to start discussion) that as the automobile traffic increased they would, because of their narrow, tortuous roads (particularly the streets in their cities), automatically have to decide whether they would have automobiles or alcohol; that as the accidents increased somebody would analyze the situation as we have, would find an increasing proportion of accidents attributable to excessive and also moderate use of alcohol, and the question must ultimately be raised.\nIt is a fact, however, ths.t alcohol plays a great role as a food, particularly in France. The ordinary worker frequently takes 1500 calories a day in alcohol as a regular thing, and one can see that this amount is not an insignificant proportion of his total daily food intake.\nInternational amities.\nIt is outside the confines of this report to go into any political discussion, but insofar as the relations between physiologists and (even a little farther) between scientists of different countries are concerned, one could not fail to find a much healthier attitude internationally than has ever existed before. The Stockholm Congress showed entire absence of national antagonism. Not a trace of any adverse criticism could be noted there. Perhaps the most festering spot in Europe at present is the Balkans with Hungary ver^actively sore as a result of her treatment at Versailles. This has nothing whatever to do, however, with the scientific relationships, and I found that one could not put one's finger on any point in Europe where there was not the best feeling, scientifically, between the different\ncountries.","page":386},{"file":"p0387.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"The feeling between scientists themselves in different countries varies greatly. On the Continent one hears that the best feeling between scientists is shown in England, but I found in England not a little tendency to captious criticism, a belief in the existence of cabals, etc., which is in a way discouraging. I still feel that no matter what is the age or the experience of the man, if he spent as much time in productive scientific work as he spends in adverse criticism of others or in complaining of his situation, he would rise above the situation in every instance and be far better off. It is a fact, however, that frequently men in the highest places devoted a great deal of time to acidic criticism of others. It seems to be, in a way, the \"favorite indoor sport.\" I do not think it exists in this country anywhere near as strongly, although wherever there are men there will always be strong differences of opinion.\nIn general, I found the whole atmosphere scientifically and (as far as I could see by reflected light) politically in Europe on an infinitely better plane than three years ago. There is more a spirit of concord, a disposition to work together, and a freer spirit of discussion, and I think that research carries one far above the petty jealousies of the politician.\nI cannot close this report, however, without reflections on the attitude of certain Americans, particularly with regard to foreign scientists. Since my return I have been frequently challenged by a statement to this effect, \"Aren't the Americans now way ahead of the Europeans? Aren't we cutting circles all around them?\" If one were to answer this in one word, perhaps the only answer would be, \"Yes.\" But I believe a spirit of humility should surround all our laboratory life. It is only as the result of a great cataclysm in which, by the grace of God, America was not too heavily involved, that we are financially and economically in a better situation than most of the European countries. In spite of our vast numbers, our vast material resources, the large number of universities, and the re-","page":387},{"file":"p0388.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"search poste open to practically every good man, it would be a serious question as to whether we are, in proportion to our resources, anywhere near as much in advance of Europe as we think we are. Momentarily, owing to our vast resources, there is a large scientific output, but when one sees the indefatigable energy, the will to work, and the norsonal sacrifices made by such men as Dr. Aszodi of Budapest and Professor Karl Thomas of I^ipzig, one can but feel that with economic recuperation in Europe any advantage that America may now have will, in all probability, not be","page":388},{"file":"z0003.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\u25a0 L \"\t:\t.V -\n\n\n\n\n\nd !!:! Hi!\n\u2022HilS\u00ef\u00ef:;:\ng*\u00a7|jj\nBll\n<aS\u00ab5: \u2018v\n:g:|i\n1 S\nM\n\n\n\n\n? \u25a0 i\n","page":0},{"file":"z0004cover.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"-\n\u25a0ti\u00c9I\n\n\n\n\u25a0\n-r- \u2022\ny:;\u2019-\n-\nI\n","page":0}],"identifier":"lit39748","issued":"1907-1933","language":"en","title":"Reports of Visits to Foreign Laboratories, vol. 5 (1926-27) [Illustrated Typoscript in 7 volumes] Reproduced with the kind permission of Dr. Cecil E. 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