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{"created":"2022-01-31T13:02:48.939738+00:00","id":"lit39749","links":{},"metadata":{"contributors":[{"name":"Benedict, Francis Gano","role":"author"}],"fulltext":[{"file":"0003.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"^Harvard University\nlibrary of\nChe CDedical School\nand\nChe School of \u201cPublic ^Health","page":0},{"file":"0004.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I","page":0},{"file":"0006.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"CONFIDENTIAL\nREPORT OF A VISIT TO FOREIGN LABORATORIES JANUARY THROUGH JUNE 1929\nBy\nFrancis G. Benedict\nNutrition Laboratoiy of the Carnegie Institution of Washingt\nBoston,\nMassachusetts","page":0},{"file":"0007.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"C A ->\n/\u00ab/\u2022 (t\n\n\u2022\u2022--I' \u00fc\u00ef\u00e2fiOi \u25a0\u25a0 v'Ci- . O, ri-'iv ,\t. 'H\nSSSX ......JL ii:UOF- X \u2022 , f ; J.\n6\n\n\nta\n\u00efDi\u00e0snsS >v \u00abJtofj\u00f4Tr'\u00ef\n\n\nsnrev.y-. \u2019c^L ; 1 ,ao?aoS\nss","page":0},{"file":"0008.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ITINERARY AND INDEX\nGity\nParis\nStrasbourg\nInstitutions\nIntroduction\nLaboratory of Professor Widal,\n1*H\u00f4pital Cochin\nH\u00f4pital des Enfants Malades and Pouponni\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9\nLaboratoire de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire et d'Alimenl Rationnelle de l\u2019Homme\nH\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9\nApparatus of Boulitte\nPediatric section of the Salp\u00e9tri\u00e8re\nInstitute of Actinology\nCollege de France\nDepartment of Physiology\nMiscellaneous Parisian savants\nUniversity of Strasbourg\nInstitute of Biological Chemistry\nFaculty of Medicine, Clinique Medicale B\nInvestigators\tPages\n\t1\nWolff\t3\nNob\u00e8court\t10\nJanet\t10\nBoehet\t10\nAlquier\t16\non Javillier\t16\nLef\u00e8vre\t16\nRadoiJ\u00ffv-\"\t16\nLabbe\t28\nLe Goff\t29\nBoulitte\t31\nRibodeau-Duma. s\t32\nMeyer\t32\nL\u00e9vy\t32\nSaidman\t34\nMayer\t36\nPlantefol\t36\nLapicque\t39\nMaignon\t41\nGley\t42\nBull\t42\nE.F.Du Bois\t43\nNicloux\t47\nBlum\t48\nWeiss\t49\nMerklen\t49","page":0},{"file":"0009.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City-\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPages\nStrasbourg\tUniversity of Strasbourg\tSchaeffer\t50\n\tLaboratory of Physiology\t\t\n\tDepartment of General Physiology\tTerroine\t51\nBasel\tUniversity of Basel\t\t52\n\tMedical Polyclinic\tGigon\t\n\tMedical Clinic\tStaehelin\t55\nGeneva\tInternational Labor Office\tWeber-Bauler\t55\n\t\tBerry\t55\n\t\tDatr\u00e8s\t55\n\t\tStocker\t55\nLyons\tUniversity of Lyons,Faculty of Sciences\t\t56\n\tDepartment of General and Comparative Physiology\tCardot\t\n\t\t\t\n\tUniversity of Lyons,\t\t60\n\tUniversity Council\tGheusi\t\n\t\tGarner\t60\n\tRockefeller Faculty Medical Group\t\t62\n\t\u00e9cole Vete^rinaire\tJung\t64\n\tLecture\tLepine\t67\nBerne\tUniversity of Berne Physiological Institute\tAsher\t70\n\t\tAbelin\t70\n\tSurgical Clinic\tde Quervain\t72\nZurich\tUniversity of Zurich\t\t74\n\tLaboratory of Physiology\tHess\t\n\tInternational Alpine Physiological Station\tHess\t75\n\tAgricultural Institute for Feeding\tWiegner\t78\n\tDomestic Animals\tKleiber\t78\nVienna\tUniversity of Vienna\t\t85\n\tKlinik f\u00fcr Kinderkrankheiten\tPirquet\t\n\t\tHelmreich\t85\n\tPhysiological Institute\tDurig\t86\n\t\tWastl\t86\n\t\tBercseller\t86","page":0},{"file":"0010.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"3\nCity\nVienna\nBudapest\nBelgrade\nBrno\nPrague\nFrankfurt\nHeidelberg\nLeipzig\nHalle\nBerlin\nInstitutions\nSt. Elizabeth's Hospital First Medical Clinic\nBiological Society - Lecture\nUniversity of Budapest\nPhysiological-Chemical institute\nAgricultural Institute\nUniversity of Budapest\nDepartment of Physiology\nUniversity of Belgrade\nDepartment of Physiology\nSocial Events Masaryk University\nGerman University\nPrivate Clinic\nUniversity of Frankfurt\nDepartment of Social Hygiene\nUniversity of Heidelberg\nAgricultural Institute\nUniversity of dalle\nPhysiological Institute\nKrankenhaus Lankwitz\nKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Biologie\nKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie\nAmerika Institut\nInvestigators\tPages\nFalta\t90\nPick\t91\nMeyer\t91\nDillon\t91\nHari\t94\nAsz<\u00a3di\t94\nWeiser\t98\nFarkas\t100\nTangl\t100\nGiaja\t107\nChahovitch\t107\nJ. Dyneley Prince US\nSuk ,\t115\nPetrik\t115\nBelehradek\t115\nStarkenstein\t121\nBiedl\t121\nEislacher\t121\nvon Noorden\t124\nSimonson\t125\nAscher\t125\nKrehl\tISO\nGessler\t130\nP\u00fctter\tISO\nFingerling\t131\nAbderhalden\t135\nZuelzer\t136\nMeyerhof\t138\nM\u00fcller\t139\nBenda\t141\nKraus\t141\nGrossmann\t142\nBertling\t142\nv t\u00bbi i o o\t 143","page":0},{"file":"0011.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\nCopenhagen\nStockholm\nHamburg\nDortmund\nD\u00fcsseldorf\nBrussels\nAmsterdam\nUtrecht\nInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPages\nUniversity of Copenhagen\t\u2022Faber\t144\nMedical Clinic\tMiller\t144\n\tHolten\t144\nMedical-Physiological Institute\tHenriques\t146\nCarlsberg Laboratory\tSorensen\t149\nUniversity of Copenhagen\t\t\nLaboratory for the Physiology of Gymnastics\tLindhard\t151\nLaboratory of Zoophysiology\tA. Krogh\t154\n\tM. Krogh\t154\nAgricultural Experiment Station\t\t\nDepartment of Physiology\tMpllgaard\t161\nCarolin Institute\t\t\nPharmacological Laboratory\tLiljestrand\t166\nPhysiological Laboratory\tJohansson\t168\n\tAbramson\t168\n\tH\u00e4ggqvist\t168\nSerafime Lazaret\tHolmgren\t168\nDr. Martin Odin of Umla, Sweden, and the racial metabolism problem St. Georg Hospital\tOdin\t175\nLaboratory of Pharmacology\tBornstein\t178\nUniversity of Hamburg - Lecture\tSudeck\t182\nAllgemeines Krankenhaus Eppendorf\tBrauer\t185\n\t\t185 188\nCity Hospital at Altona - Medical Division\tLichtwitz\t\t192\nHagenbeck Animal Park\tZukowsky\t193\nKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr\tAtzler\t194\nArbeitsphysiologie\tM\u00fcller\t194\n\tLehmann\t194\n\tMeyer\t201\n\tKrauss\t217\nMilitary Laboratory for Physical Study\tGovaerts\t218\nNederlandsch Instituut voor Volksvoeding\tVan Leersum\t221\nPhysiological Laboratory\tNoyons\t222\n\tNoyons\t235\nDutch Biological Society - Lecture\tDirken\t237\n\tVan den Bergh\t237","page":0},{"file":"0012.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"City\tInstitutions\tInvestigators\tPages\nCambridge\tInstitute of Animal Nutrition\tWood\t240\n\t\tCapstick\t240\n\t\tDelghton\t240\n\tAddenbrooke Hospital\t\t\n\tDepartment of Biochemistry\tWolf\t241\n\tLow Temperature Station\tAdair\t244\n\tBiological Laboratory - Lecture\tHaldane\t244\nEdinburgh\tBritish Physiological Society\tSharpey-Schafer 245\t\n\t\tAshworth\t245\n\t\tEvans\t245\n\tRoyal Dick Veterinary School\tDry erre\t245\nGlasgow\tUniversity of Glasgow\tV\t\n\tPhysiological Laboratory\tCathcart\t246\nLondon\tGuy\u2019s Hospital Medical School\t\t\n\tPhysiological Laboratory\tPembrey\t247\n\tNational Institute for Medical Research\tLeonard Hill\t256\n\tLondon Hospital\tClark-Kennedy\t261\n\tUniversity of London\t\t\n\tDepartment of Physiology\tA.V.Hill\t262\n\tUniversity of Oxford\tDouglas\t264\n\tDepartment of Physiology\tPriestley\t264\nBirmingham\tUniversity of Birmingham\tPickworth\t\u2018 268\n\tThe Research Laboratories\tGraves\t268\nSummary\tWhales\tDale\t279\n\t\tHinton\t279\n\tTechnical details and physiological\t\t\n\tproblems suggested by the tour of 1929\t\t281\n\tSalient features of the tour\t\t286\n\tInfluence of lectures\t\t287\n\tXlllth International Congress of\t\t\n\tPhysiologists, Boston, August 19-2S,\t1929\t302\n\tAlcohol\t\t303\n\tGeneral summary\t\t306","page":0},{"file":"0013.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"INTRODUCTION\nIn planning this tour, I decided to visit the European laboratories prior to the convention of the Xlllth International Congress of Physiologists in Boston in August, 19S9. On ny last visit in 1926, the tour began with the Congress in Stockholm; this time the reverse procedure was followed.\nThe tour began the first of January, 1929, and ended the last of June. As usual, a carefully prepared lecture on the latest researches of the Nutrition Laboratory, copiously illustrated with slides, in three different languages, was taken. Thanks to the kindness of Miss A. Vuilleumier this lecture was translated into French, and through the courtesy of Dr. Fritz Strieck into German. It was thus possible to give the lecture in three different languages. A second lecture on the respiratory quotient, essentially the lecture given at the Brigham Hospital just before we sailed, was used on several occasions, accompanied by some slides in addition to those of the regular lecture. Finally, a third lecture was prepared en tour and given in a number of instances to students.\nAs usual, the main object of the tour was to secure for the Nutrition Laboratory information with regard to the latest researches, unpublished, in the various European laboratories. Particular attention was paid to any new developments of technique, photographs and sketches being made to illustrate the several points. The special subjects discussed on this tour were the physiology of muscular work, the physiology of the ruminant, racial metabolism, metabolism of the cetacea, and the possibilities of work with the fetus.\nThe general reception accorded us all along the line can be described only as extraordinary. Indeed, both in governmental and in diplomatic circles unexpected recognition was received. Thus, in view of the nature of the lecture trip, diplomatic assistance was offered and rendered by the embassies of Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Jugo-Slavia in the form of visas and special advices to the frontier officials.\nFrom the first day until the last day of our tour it would seem as if our foreign friends were bent upon expressing in every conceivable way their appreciation of our efforts, not only from the standpoint of science but from the standpoint of international diplomacy. They especially appreciated the giving gratuitously of a lecture which contained so much new, unpublished material. My impression is that they were overwhelmed with new material. In the short space of 55 minutes, approximately 50 slides were shown and so many topics touched upon that were new that the audience (even the experts) was frequently too confused. In subsequent tours it is clear that less material must be given. Dr. Strieck, who talked over this matter with me very carefully and was very helpful, was convinced that the German idea of having a guest discuss in extenso one fundamental topic was best. If it were possible to prepare several lectures for the different countries, such a lecture exclusively for Germany migit be justified. I think on the whole, however, that the lecture would best cover the usual outline but with not so many topics.","page":0},{"file":"0014.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Giving the lectures in the three languages is a graceful courtesy that is very much appreciated. On the other hand, I found it quite clear that, although the lecture was written in admirable German, they preferred to have me speak extemporaneously, that is, not to read the lecture but use my rather bad German. It was absolutely necessary for me to use French and read it. Whenever English was used, special effort was made to speak very slowly, very distinctly, and to speak to all parts of the hall. This, I think, is very important for a foreign lecturer. He certainly should not concentrate upon the front row of seats. Neither should he concentrate upon the rear row of seats. Above all he must speak very slowly and clearly, preferably must not use the pointer, and under no conditions must he turn his back to the audience while pointing out anything on the screen. The choice of language was at times rather interesting and inexplicable. At Belgrade, for example, French was demanded; at Brno English, and at Copenhagen German. This selection was out of my hands, but in all of these three cases I heard criticisms of the selection.","page":0},{"file":"0015.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS, FRANCE.\nLaboratory of Professor Widal, l\u2019H\u00f4pital Cochin.\nDr. Rene Wolff.\nProfessor Widal had recently died and his organization was much upset. Dr. Wolff had developed a modification of the closed-circuit spirometer type of respiration apparatus, of which he spoke to me, and I paid a visit to this laboratory to see this device. (See rough sketch on page 4.) He has the ordinary long spirometer bell, perhaps 18 inches, but instead of using a blower has a mouthpiece and two Tissot valves. The important feature is that at the base of the apparatus is a mixing chamber into which the expired air first passes. Above this is some soda-lime, and provision is made to prevent any possible dropping of soda-lime from the upper chamber into the lower chamber. The apparatus (see figures 1, 2, and 3) is admirably made from the mechanical standpoint, by the firm of Gauthier and Company, 26 Rue Daubenton, Paris.\nA work-adder wheel at the top is connected with a train of light, delicately adjusted gears with a three-wheel dial adding up the total ventilation. The oxygen is measured, as usual, by the kymograph, and the kymograph is attached to one side of the chamber itself. There is a spring with a resistance brake, which consists of a knife-edge piece of leather. As the speed increases, the pressure on the leather increases. It was reported to me to move in a very constant speed. No timing device is employed, but Wolff marks with a lead pencil every minute and states that the spaces per minute are always very constant.\nThe kymograph drum was large, I should say about 10 inches high, with the ordinary diameter of about 6 inches.\nThe usual Thiery-Tissot-Chauveau valves (metallic) were used, but he employed a glass housing much as is used with our Sadd valves, to show the valves. At the base in the mixing chamber the expired air enters and is thoroughly mixed. I should estimate that this mixing chamber held about 2 liters. The air then rises from this chamber and enters the soda-lime, contained in a can inside the spirometer. This can has a tube at the bottom with a rubber stopper so that the can and stopper, which is somewhat tapered, easily enters the tube in the bottom of the spirometer itself. There is a bend in the pipe rising from the mixer, so that if any soda-lime should drop down it would not remain in the mixture and alter the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air there.\nWolff's general scheme is to determine the oxygen consumption as usual by contraction in volume, but into a little gas-analysis apparatus for carbon dioxide only he draws from this mixing chamber a sample of the air, say about three times for each 10-minute period, and thus analyzes the average percentage of carbon dioxide in the air. This multiplied by the total ventilation, as recorded on the dial and work adder, gives him a measure of the carbon-dioxide production. Having both, he computes the respiratory quotient. It takes about 100 c.c. of air for gas analysis, and the burette is so arranged that he can determine as high as 6 per cent on it. The KOH bulb has glass tubes in it. An interesting modification","page":0},{"file":"0016.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"4\nRough sketch of Dr. Rene Wolff's for O2 and CO2. Paris. Jan. 21.\n","page":0},{"file":"0017.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"*\nFigure 1. The respiration apparatus of Dr.Rene Wolff, of Paris,France. This view shows the mouthpiece and two tubes with valves, the mixing chamber at the base of the spirometer, the gas-analysis apparatus for carbon dioxide only attached to the spirometer wall,and the kymograph. Note the integrating volume reader on top of frame.\n\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0018.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 2. Side view of respiration apparatus of Dr. Rene Wolff of Paris, showing method of drawing sample from mixing chamber, with glass tube rising to gas-analysis apparatus .","page":0},{"file":"0019.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 3. Dr. Rene Wolff of Paris standing beside his respiration apparatus.","page":0},{"file":"0020.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"8\nis the connection of the levelling bulb to the system so that, as he withdraws 100 c.c. of air from the system, he pushes out of the levelling bulb the equivalent volume into the system and thus does not alter the level. To avoid changes in levelling and pressure, he has the side bulb to the KQH pipette very wide, so that the pressure differences are inconsiderable.\nThe whole apparatus is very well made mechanically, especially the bell. His little friction adder wheel is very ingenious. Some of the details are shown in figures 1 to 3 and in the prospectus from the manufactur\u00e9f^T^me apparatus seemed to me very good indeed as a record of the total volume of respiration. By determining the carbon dioxide every few minutes, he found as typical, for example, a series of about 3.10, 3.15 and 3.12 per cent. He said he finds it usually not far from 3.2 per cent, but he has not made many experiments thus far. There is a thermometer in the bell and also in the water bath of the gas-analysis apparatus. It was interesting to see that the counterpoise ran on two stretched wires to guide it,the old principle that Collins and I employed and gave up. At present he has to get his Wilson soda-lime from England. He does not like the Nutrition Laboratory soda-lime, as it cakes and the Wilson is easy to remove. To ray mind his Wilson soda-lime seemed very fine, too fine. The base is much recessed, so that the total volume of soda-lime is only about 6 inches deep. He mi$it have had it the whole depth of the spirometer bell and used some other device for preventing soda-lime from dropping into the mixing chamber. I believe he is to make a report on this apparatus at the Congress in Boston, August, 1929.s/\nGauthier had devised a clever support to attach the glass parts of the gas-analysis apparatus right to the outside wall of the spirometer vessel. This had a flexible coil spring and a hard rubber screw cap which made it possible to attach the glass parts rather rigidly and yet allow for considerable take-up of strain. He gave a specimen of this to me, and it will probably be worth while copying in some of our work at the Nutrition Laboratory.\nI emphasized to Wolff that his entire equipment must stand the tests of an alcohol check and a physiological comparison. Until such tests are made, he cannot say very much. My impression of Wolff\u2019s apparatus was that it had some very clever ideas in it, so far as principle is concerned. I doubt if it would make a very accurate apparatus or much better than any of the standard Haldane or Tissot methods. One has to determine carbon dioxide at least three times for each 10-minute experiment, although one does not determine the oxygen by gas analysis.\nWhile in Wolff\u2019s laboratory I saw a sort of porcelain plate which was called \u2019\u2019Luminophor.** It is made in Holland, apparently coated with some radio-active material, and one can use it for making blue-prints, for example, instead of employing artificial li^it. Although I took down the Amsterdam address, I did not think it worth while to buy it for our equipment.\n^/He did not make a report (March, 1930).","page":0},{"file":"0021.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"v y\n\u25a0ai\nM\u00ca\u00c8\u00cagB&\u00e2gm&s\u00e0\nR\nFEB 281929\n\nGAUTHIER et C\n26, Rue Daubenton \u2014 PARIS (5e)\nP-\nI\nI\nI\nl\nf\nAPPAREIL PERFECTIONN\u00c9\nPOUR LA MESURE DU M\u00c9TABOLISME DE BASE ET DU QUOTIENT RESPIRATOIRE\nBREVET\u00c9 S.G.D.G.\nMaladie de Basedow, Myx\u0153d\u00e8me,\nSyndrome de dysthyro\u00efdie, Ob\u00e9sit\u00e9 (associ\u00e9 au Q. R.)\nTraitement m\u00e9dicamenteux ou opoth\u00e9rapique, Intervention chirurgicale, R\u00e9gime alimentaire, etc.\nAVANTAGES\nLa simplicit\u00e9 de manipulation le rend accessible \u00e0 tout praticien.\nLa rapidit\u00e9 de la mesure en fait une m\u00e9thode pratique et accessible \u00e0 tout moment sans mise au point pr\u00e9alable.\nENCOMBREMENT R\u00c9DUIT\nSeul appareil donnant en m\u00eame temps la consommation d oxyg\u00e8ne par la m\u00e9thode graphique et le quotient respiratoire.\nLa dur\u00e9e d\u2019une \u00e9preuve calculs compris ne d\u00e9passe pas un quart d\u2019heure.\nDIAGNOSTIC\nINDICATIONS\nTH\u00c9RAPEUTIQUES","page":0},{"file":"0022.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"GAUTHIER et O \u2014 26, rue Daubenton, Paris (5e)\nLa recherche du m\u00e9tabolisme basal en pathologie a pris une extension consid\u00e9rable dont t\u00e9moignent les nombreux travaux qui lui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 consacr\u00e9s ces\nAPPAREIL DE B\u00c9N\u00c9DICT, perfectionn\u00e9\n( Mod\u00e8le R. Wolff. )\nBrevet\u00e9 S.G.D.G.\nderni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Entre les mains de B\u00e9n\u00e9dict, Magnus-Levy, Krogh, etc., cette m\u00e9thode est devenue un moyen accessible \u00e0 la clinique et n\u00e9cessaire pour","page":0},{"file":"0023.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"9\n.V-;-\t\u25a0-\n\nGAUTHIER et Cie\n26, rue Dauben ton, Paris (5e)\nr\u00e9soudre de nombreux probl\u00e8mes qui se posent pour le diagnostic des troubles d\u2019origine endocrinienne pour une th\u00e9rapeutique rationnelle appliqu\u00e9e au traitement m\u00e9dicamenteux opoth\u00e9rapique, radioth\u00e9rapeutique jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019intervention chirurgicale dans la maladie de Basedow.\nRappelons-en bri\u00e8vement le principe.\nOn sait, depuis les m\u00e9morables d\u00e9couvertes de Lavoisier, que tout \u00eatre vivant d\u00e9pense continuellement de l\u2019\u00e9nergie qui lui est fournie par l\u2019alimentation et dont les t\u00e9moins les plus sensibles sont la respiration et la thermog\u00e9-n\u00e8se. Li\u00e9e intimement \u00e0 tout acte vital, cette d\u00e9pense dure autant que la vie elle -m\u00eame. Elle varie naturellement suivant l\u2019intensit\u00e9 du sujet. Cependant, cette d\u00e9pense se trouve r\u00e9duite \u00e0 un minimum chez un sujet au repos n\u2019\u00e9prouvant pas la sensation de froid et \u00e0 jeun depuis 12 heures. On l\u2019\u00e9value, soit directement en mesurant le nombre de calories rayonn\u00e9es par un sujet enferm\u00e9 dans un calorim\u00e8tre, soit plus simplement, sachant que l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne absorb\u00e9 par le poumon est l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment indispensable de toute combustion, en mesurant cet oxyg\u00e8ne par des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s sur lesquels nous reviendrons.\nRigoureusement constante pour le m\u00eame sujet, cette d\u00e9pense varie naturellement lorsque l\u2019on compare plusieurs sujets, suivant le poids, la taille. Mais Charles Richet et Rubner ont montr\u00e9 que la d\u00e9pense calorique minima \u00e9tait surtout en relation \u00e9troite avec la surface du corps. Elle varie proportionnellement avec cette surface, On trouve ainsi, que pour tout sujet normal, quel qu\u2019en soit le poids et la taille, la d\u00e9pense minima par heure exprim\u00e9e en calories et rapport\u00e9e \u00e0 1 m\u00e8tre carr\u00e9 de surface de peau est une CONSTANTE PHYSIOLOGIQUE. c est la d\u00e9finition du m\u00e9tabolisme basal. De nombreuses statistiques \u00e9tablissant les l\u00e9g\u00e8res variations du m\u00e9tabolisme basal suivant le sexe et 1 \u00e2ge, ont permis d \u00e9tablir des tables de m\u00e9tabolisme s\u2019appliquant \u00e0 tout sujet normal.\nM\u00e9thode indirecte pour la mesure. \u2014 L\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne du sang arrivant au contact des tissus donne heu \u00e0 une oxydation des graisses, des sucres ou des albumines, un litre d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne utilis\u00e9 pour la combustion d\u2019un de ces trois corps donnera heu \u00e0 un d\u00e9gagement respectif de 4 cal. 61, 5 cal. 05, 4 cal. 81. Une bonne mesure calorim\u00e9trique par l\u2019\u00e9tude des \u00e9changes respiratoires doit donc permettre d \u00e9valuer d\u2019une part le taux d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne consomm\u00e9 par heure et d\u2019autre","page":0},{"file":"0024.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"GAUTHIER et Cie \u2014 26, rue Daubenton, Paris (5e)\npart pr\u00e9ciser la valeur calorique de l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne qui est tr\u00e8s variable ainsi que 1 on vient de le voir. Une pareille mesure permettra d \u00e9valuer la proportion des trois aliments qui sont oxyd\u00e9s.\nCes deux mesures sont actuellement r\u00e9alisables, la premi\u00e8re par la d\u00e9termination du volume de gaz expir\u00e9 dans un temps donn\u00e9 et la recherche du taux d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne par l\u2019analyse des gaz, la deuxi\u00e8me par la d\u00e9termination dans l\u2019air\nCO 2\nexpir\u00e9 de l\u2019acide carbonique et de l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne, le rapport ' q 2' est appel\u00e9 le QUOTIENT RESPIRATOIRE, ce dernier varie uniquement en raison du taux relatif de graisse, de sucre ou d\u2019albumine qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 oxyd\u00e9. Egal \u00e0 1 lorsque le combustible a \u00e9t\u00e9 le sucre, il tombe \u00e0 0,70 pour les graisses. La recherche du quotient respiratoire permet de calculer le m\u00e9tabolisme basal avec la m\u00eame pr\u00e9cision que par la m\u00e9thode calorim\u00e9trique, elle donne en plus un \u00e9l\u00e9ment important \u00e0 conna\u00eetre pour appr\u00e9cier des troubles de nutrition difficiles \u00e0 saisir autrement.\nIl existe actuellement de nombreux mod\u00e8les d\u2019analyseur des gaz de la respiration; la cause principale qui s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la diffusion de ces appareils r\u00e9side dans leur maniement assez d\u00e9licat demandant un apprentissage tr\u00e8s long, des manipulations tr\u00e8s d\u00e9licates et laborieuses, ne donnant de bons r\u00e9sultats qu\u2019entre les mains de personnes expertes.\nL\u2019appareil de B\u00e9n\u00e9dict, universellement appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 par sa simplicit\u00e9, ne donne pas le quotient respiratoire et prive, de ce fait, le m\u00e9decin d un renseignement important.\nL\u2019appareil de B\u00e9n\u00e9dict, perfectionn\u00e9 par M. R. Wolff, repr\u00e9sente une combinaison du principe de mesure respiratoire en circuit ferm\u00e9 et de d\u00e9termination volum\u00e9trique de 1 acide carbonique. Un sujet reli\u00e9 par une pi\u00e8ce buccale et deux tuyaux de caoutchouc \u00e0 l\u2019espace clos d\u2019un spirom\u00e8tre \u00e0 cloche, \u00e9quilibr\u00e9 par un contrepoids, et faisant des mouvements d\u2019inspiration et d\u2019expiration imprime des mouvements d\u2019oscillation \u00e0 la cloche,qui s\u2019inscrivent sur un tambour enregistreur; un r\u00e9cipient \u00e0 chaux sod\u00e9e intercal\u00e9 sur le circuit absorbe l\u2019acide carbonique au fur et \u00e0 mesure que les gaz d\u2019expiration le traversent.\nL\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne contenu dans la cloche spirom\u00e9trique se transforme progressivement en acide carbonique par passage dans le poumon et disparait\nau","page":0},{"file":"0025.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"GAUTHIER et C,e \u2014 26, rue Daubenton, Paris (5e)\ncontact de la chaux sod\u00e9e ; il en r\u00e9sulte un abaissement progressif du niveau de la cloche qui se traduit sur le graphique par une suite de mouvements oscillants dont l\u2019ensemble est inclin\u00e9 sur l\u2019horizontale.\nCette inclinaison permet de calculer la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 absorb\u00e9e pendant une \u00e9preuve.\nD\u00e9termination de l\u2019acide carbonique. \u2014 Un eudiom\u00e8tre permet de pr\u00e9lever des \u00e9chantillons de gaz d\u2019expiration ayant, gr\u00e2ce aux dimensions appropri\u00e9es d\u2019un r\u00e9cipient m\u00e9langeur, une composition moyenne, et de d\u00e9terminer par un passage sur une solution de potasse le taux d\u2019acide carbonique pour cent.\nUn totalisateur \u00e9lectrique sans frottement fix\u00e9 sur la poulie de renvoi de la cloche enregistre automatiquement le volume total d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne inspir\u00e9 pendant une \u00e9preuve.\nOn poss\u00e8de ainsi les \u00e9l\u00e9ments \u00e0 partir desquels un calcul simple permet de d\u00e9terminer le taux d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne, le quotient respiratoire et le m\u00e9tabolisme de base; on peut d\u2019ailleurs d\u00e9terminer uniquement l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne et appliquer la technique simplifi\u00e9e de B\u00e9n\u00e9dict lorsque l\u2019on n\u2019a en vue qu\u2019une d\u00e9termination approximative du m\u00e9tabolisme de base.\nAPPLICATION EN PATHOLOGIE\nLe m\u00e9tabolisme basal, d\u2019une remarquable constance chez le sujet normal, pr\u00e9sente des variations tr\u00e8s importantes dans les maladies des glandes \u00e0 s\u00e9cr\u00e9_ tion interne. Mais, ce sont avant tout les affections du corps thyro\u00efde qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de cette m\u00e9thode. Dans les \u00e9tats frustes, si nombreux en pratique m\u00e9dicale, la recherche du m\u00e9tabolisme basal est actuellement la seule m\u00e9thode qui permette d\u2019\u00e9tablir un diagnostic pr\u00e9cis, mais dans la maladie de Basedow ou le Myx\u0153d\u00e8me son utilit\u00e9 n\u2019est pas moindre. Mieux que les sympt\u00f4mes cliniques, elle permet d \u00e9valuer le degr\u00e9 de dysthyro\u00efdie, et, surtout, le m\u00e9tabolisme est un guide pr\u00e9cieux pour r\u00e9gler la th\u00e9rapeutique. Dans la maladie de Basedow, de nombreux m\u00e9decins et chirurgiens (Mayo, etc...) jugent de 1 opportunit\u00e9 d une intervention chirurgicale suivant le r\u00e9sultat de 1 \u00e9preuve de m\u00e9tabolisme.\nDe nombreux travaux sur les maladies de la nutrition ont montr\u00e9 1 importance du m\u00e9tabolisme basal et du quotient respiratoire.","page":0},{"file":"0026.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"GAUTHIER et Oe \u2014 26, rue Daubenton, Paris (5e)\nDans l\u2019ob\u00e9sit\u00e9, la recherche du m\u00e9tabolisme basal associ\u00e9e \u00e0 celle du quotient respiratoire, est indispensable pour \u00e9tablir le diagnostic causal et pour r\u00e9gler le traitement. Le m\u00e9tabolisme basal permet d \u00e9tablir une discrimination entre les causes exog\u00e8nes et les causes endog\u00e8nes (M. Labb\u00e9), mais associ\u00e9e au quotient respiratoire, seule, elle permet de reconna\u00eetre les insuffisances h\u00e9patiques, l\u2019insuffisance de la lipodi\u00e9r\u00e8se et m\u00eame les types associ\u00e9s (Faillie et Mathieu P. M\u00e9dicale 1927, p. 1145).\nL\u2019\u00e9tude du quotient respiratoire permet enfin d\u2019appr\u00e9cier par des \u00e9preuves alimentaires l\u2019importance de la glycolyse dans le diab\u00e8te (Joslin).\nAvec chaque appareil nous fournissons la brochure explicative per mettant d\u2019obtenir le dMl\u00e9tabolismc et le Quotient respiratoire.","page":0},{"file":"0027.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"JLK et O \u2014 26, rue Daubenton Paris (5e)\nAppareillage pour la mesure du M\u00e9tabolisme basal\npar la m\u00e9thode \u00e0 circuit ouvert\n(Sudiom\u00e8tres Laulani\u00e9, Haldane, etc. .\nMasque \u00e0 soupapes de Tissot :: :: Flacon M\u00e9langeur ::\t::\nSac \u00e0 gaz en caoutchouc Spirom\u00e8tre compens\u00e9 de Tissot Spirom\u00e8tre clinique T uh e caoutchouc\nAPPAREIL DE B\u00c9N\u00c9DICT SIMPLE APPAREIL DE B\u00c9N\u00c9DICT perfectionn\u00e9\n( Mod\u00e8le R. Wolff. )\nBrevet\u00e9 S.G.D.G.","page":0},{"file":"0028.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"10\nPARIS, FRANCE.\nH\u00f4pital des Enfants Malades and Pouponni\u00e8re de la Sante^.\nProfessor P. Nobecourt, Dr. Henri Janet, and Mlle. M. Bochet.\nThe Director of the H\u00f4pital des Enfants Malades (at 149 Rue de Sevres) is Professor Nobecourt. In his service is Dr. Henri Janet and Mlle. M. Bochet, who is the assistant of Dr. Janet. This hospital is the one to which the Carnegie Institution of Washington had given our baby chamber, which I found in one of the laboratory rooms marked with a brass plate, indicating that this was a \"Don\" (gift) of the Nutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Photographs were taken of this apparatus. (See figures 4 and 5.) Professor Nobe'eourt and Dr. Janet were very appreciative and expressed frequently their appreciation of this gift. As with so many laboratories in France, they were dominated by the Laulani\u00e9 gas-analysis apparatus. Their model seemed to be particularly bad, but they stated they were going to adopt the Plantefol modification. They thou^it that probably the carbon dioxide could be determined to within one or two per cent of the total with a carbon-dioxide content of only 1 per cent. Subsequent investigation left me skeptical with regard to this point. They had a rather good ventilator, but not sufficiently tight to be used for a closed-circuit apparatus.\nAn adjunct institution is the so-called \"Pouponni\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 3 bis Rue d'Alesia. Mlle. Bochet and Dr. Janet were planning work in both places.\nRespiration scheme of Miss Bochet. Miss Bochet (see figure 6) had a rubber chemise which fitted at the top around a tin ring, with a rubber tube stretched over it, and so as to just fit the interior mouth or base of a bell jar. (See figures 7 and 8.) There was a tube below the ring to take out the air sample. At the bottom end of the chemise there was a zipper arrangement for closing it. She thought that a baby could lie in the bag and be very comfortable. She thought that rubber cloth might diffuse carbon dioxide and she planned to use \"balloon cloth\", some samples of which she had there and pieces of which she very kindly gave me. She ties up the feet of the bag tigit, but with the withdrawing of air out of the chamber or bag there would be likely to be a leak into the bag, that is, a leak of room air. She explained this apparatus to me with a sketch. Then I went over to the Pouponni\u00e8re to see it. The apparatus consists of a 50-liter Tissot gasometer, a rotary blower, quite positive, used by surgeons for aspirations, a Plantefol gas-analysis apparatus of medium accuracy. There was a section of a burette made for carbon dioxide, then a bulb, then a section for oxygen much after the plan of Dr. Carpenter's apparatus. There was no water bath and no compensator, for they thought the analyses were made so rapidly that no change in temperature or humidity would take place. Now the unique things about Miss Bochet's apparatus for the baby were, first, a bag open at the bottom. The bag, when lying flat, was about 30 inches long,\n18 inches wide, with a zipper fastener at the bottom. The second feature was a rubber ring collar attached to the back, and the third","page":0},{"file":"0029.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 4. Nutrition Laboratory infant respiration chamber given^ to L'H\u00f4pital des Enfants Malades, Paris. At the left is a Laulanie gas-analysis apparatus, at the right a hair drier ventilator of French type. The apparatus is not assembled for running.\nFigure 5. Infant respiration chamber given to L*H\u00f4pital des Enfants Mala.des of Paris by the Nutrition Laboratory. Cover raised.\n","page":0},{"file":"0030.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"12\nFigure 6. Mlle. Bochet (at left) and her brother (at right). Taken at Meudon, France.\nFigure 7. Infant respiration apparatus of Mile. Bochet at the Pouponni\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Paris. Bell jar over face; balloon cloth bag; Tissot valves for intake; suction pump, rotating pump, with electric\tJ\nrheostat. Air is driven to the left through a Tissot spirometer, not shown.\n","page":0},{"file":"0031.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"13\n\nI\n\n\n\nFigure 8. Close up, badly out of focus, of bell jar on the Bochet apparatus for infants at the Pouponni\u00e8re de la Sant/, Paris.\nn\n\u25a0\nt\n?\ni\n\nM","page":0},{"file":"0032.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"14\nwas a glass bell-jar holding about 2 1/2 liters. Closure of this bell-jar was secured by vaseline between the glass and the rubber collar. There was first a tin ring made and the balloon cloth was carried over this ring. Then a rubber collar was placed over that and the bell-jar jammed down inside to make a tight joint. There was a ring large enough to go over the baby's head, with a perforated brass tube for air to be withdrawn from this system. A ventilator blew room air into the bag, and then the air passed out through the brass ring with holes in it to the Tissot spirometer. On making a few tests I was quite convinced that practically all the air entered through the zipper fastener, as it was not at all tight. I made a number of suggestions to them. One was that the end of the chemise with the zipper fastener should be simply dipped into a little trough of water. That would make it absolutely air tight. Another was that the ring around the neck should be doubly filled with a water seal, and the bell-jar placed in that, putting the water in after everything was in place and firmly clamped. The fundamental idea of her apparatus is good, I think. The baby lies in bed, looking up into the bell-jar. They employed the bell-jar in a demonstration experiment to show how easily the baby was accessible, how they could look at it, how they could dangle objects above it, and thus entertain the baby.\nBut I was not at all satisfied with the gas-analysis apparatus, and I suggested that Mile. Bochet should test the bag for the impermeability of carbon dioxide and that she had better weigh the carbon dioxide coming off in a U-tube system in 10-minute periods, changing from one set to the other, and furthermore that she should take samples of air over burning alcohol at a carbon-dioxide percentage of about 2 and see if they could get a respiratory quotient approximating 0.666 with the gas-analysis apparatus available. The blower looked rather good, but when we put it under water and blew on it, there was quite a leak for a closed-circuit apparatus. It would do of course for an open-circuit apparatus. Still, with a heavier grease and a better bearing, it might be satisfactory. I suggested that she use U-tubes and the weight of total carbon dioxide, and assume a respiratory quotient until she had proved that the gas-analysis apparatus could find 0.666 with burning alcohol. Obviously with a Carpenter apparatus all would be satisfactory. But with a Laulani\u00e9 and even with a Plantefol with this degree of accuracy, the carbon dioxide would probably have to be at too low a level. I discussed with Miss Bochet a great deal about the matter of diffusion tissues, balloon cloth, etc. She later reported to me that she had made a test something like I had suggested and found no loss of carbon dioxide over a period of three-quarters of an hour. Since I visited there, I have had a letter from Mile. Bochet (dated April 11, 1929) in which she writes that she has taken steps to have her apparatus patented so that it may not be exploited by pharmacists. She has not yet published any communication regarding the apparatus. If the tissue is proof against diffusion and with a good Carpenter gas-analysis apparatus one should do well in measuring the metabolism of small children. The volume of air about the child will never be known definitely, but this can be kept down to a small amount in proportion to the ventilation. I think the method is possible for use with children, provided a non-diffusible fabric can be found. After all, the alcohol check test will be the critical thing.","page":0},{"file":"0033.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Much time was spent in suggesting adaptations for use of the chamber we sent them. As the baby chamber was set up, the mattress was very thick and the child was too near the top. They were much disturbed because the spring was too stout, and I suggested the substitution of a weaker spring or using rubber bands or even putting in additional weights to bring it down a bit so that it would not stay in contact with the top. I suggested the use of a rubber air mattress as simpler, as small as possible, or the use of a hammock so that the air all about it might have free circulation. To use the Laboratory gift I suggested that they determine oxygen only, that is, by connecting the apparatus with a blower, passing the air through soda-lime, and then feeding in oxygen in accordance with the contraction in volume. Mile. Bochet had some 400 c.c. pipettes connected with a levelling bulb, in which she could shoot in 400 c.c. of oxygen at one time. I told her she could use as an index or measure the length of time required by the child to use up 400 c.c. of oxygen and thus determine oxygen only.","page":0},{"file":"0034.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"16\nPARIS, FRANCE.\nLaboratoire de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d'Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire\net d*Alimentation Rationnelle de 1\u2666Homme,\nMonsieur J. Alquier, Professor Maurice Javillier,\nProfessor J. Lefevre, and Mme. Radoim.\nThis institution has three divisions, one in agronomics or animal metabolism and the study of animal feeds, controlled by Alquier, who is also the Secretaire General and practically the business manager for the whole concern. There is also a chemical laboratory controlled by Professor Javillier, and then there is a great calorimetric section presided over by Lefevre. The whole organization is very puzzling. It was founded with the best of ideals, is nominally, I believe, controlled by a committee of which Andr^- Mayer is a member.\nBut apparently the thing is running as three independent shows with practically no intercorrelation whatsoever and with no correlation with any other work in Paris. It seemed to me a grossly mismanaged concern.\nI found also that in general there was very little respect shown to it anywhere in Paris. People admired Alquier*s organizing ability and his general handling of social and business affairs, but did not have much confidence in his scientific work. Javillier was considered a good chemist but with his nose on a test tube all the time and not much beyond that. Lefevre was judged by some to be a marvel and by others to be a man dabbling in a subject beyond him. A great deal of money was spent to have a good building, but the building is not particularly well arranged for coordinated research. Lefevre has the best part of it and apparently is spending the most money. Alquier does very little research in this building but has another laboratory in another part of Paris, where he is working on cows and the inevitable white rat and vitamines.\nA Mme. Radoim was working with Alquier. I did not see her personally to speak to, but I found she is very well spoken of and her work is seemingly of good order. I had little interest in what Javillier or Alquier were doing, and did not visit Alquier*s laboratory on the other side of the city at all. Naturally Lef\u00e8vre 's department occupied most of my attention.\nMy lecture was given in the large amphitheatre with the usual details worked out in advance by Alquier. I found an American, Herbert M. Evans, had lectured at the amphitheatre last spring and evidently had made a fine impression, for his lecture was referred to frequently in conversation. Group photographs were taken preceding and following the lecture. (See figures 9 and 10.)\nThe situation with Lefevre remains almost exactly as it was three years ago. He has a very imposing equipment. He has one assistant, or assistant director, as he calls him, Monsieur A. August, a very pleasant, nice man, but I am quite convinced, not at all critical of Lef\u00e8vre and","page":0},{"file":"0035.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"17\nFigure 9. Group in Alquier's office in Paris prior to the lecture. Sitting, left to right, Marcel Labbe7, Mrs. Benedict,\nMrs. Labbd'. Standing, left to right, H. Labbe\", unknown gentleman, Lef\u00e8vre, Gabriel Bertrand, F.G.B., Madam Armand Gautier, Gley, Madam Bertrand, L.Bull, unknown lady, Nicloux, Javillier, and one half the face of a colleague of Javillier.","page":0},{"file":"0036.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 10. Group in amphitheatre of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d\u2019Ifygiene Alimentaire after the lecture. From right to left, front row, M. Labbe, G. Bertrand, Madam Bertrand, Madam Labbe', Gley, Mrs. Benedict, Madam Gautier, Lef\u00e8vre. Immediately back of Madam Labb\u00e9' is Javillier. Back of Gley is Bull, speaking with Madeun Labbe and Dr. Le Goff.","page":0},{"file":"0037.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"19\nquite a Gallic edition of the traditional American \"Yes, Yes, man.\"\nThe mechanic, Emile Guth, impressed me very well indeed. I think he knows his job and knows his apparatus.\nThe laboratory is still lost in the midst of intricate details.\nI saw relatively few changes and note here the most important points.\nI saw some excellent Williams bottles. They are made out of pyrex glass and cost in Paris about six dollars. They seemed rugged and much better made than any I have ever seen. In his gas sampling device Lef\u00e8vre passes his air current through four parallel series of bottles of sulphuric acid, soda-lime, sulphuric acid, etc. There is not an equal stream in each series of bottles and the four bottles are not by any means a check upon each other, but the carbon dioxide collected in all four series is added together. The Williams bottles are 140 mm. in diameter and 200 mm. high. Much use was made of a form of soda called \"Soude granul\u00e9e.\" It looked a little like rice. It is not soda-lime but caustic soda, and was used in gas masks during the war. I ordered about 50 kg. for use at the Nutrition Laboratoiy. They spoke of it very highly indeed, and I found that some other laboratories were using it. The preliminary tests made at the Nutrition Laboratory have not been reported as being successful. It costs about 6 1/2 francs per kg. They order it in 200 kg. lots.\nThe four parallel air circuits together have about one-fifth of the total ventilation, which is very, very high. The hi$i ventilation is for two reasons, first, because he uses air to bring away all the heat and, second, it holds down the carbon-dioxide residual in the chamber, although they think that carbon dioxide often passes the absorber.\nAs a matter of fact, in this principle it makes no difference. If it passes, it goes back into the system and is picked up again or changes the residual somewhat. But this very high rate of ventilation holds it down. For example, they had a 50-kg. sheep in the chamber and were using 20 cubic meters of air per hour in the total ventilation.\nThis would be twenty thousand liters, or, roughly speaking, 350 liters per minute or fifteen times that used by us for the ventilation of a human chamber, an enormous ventilation. He uses the temperature difference of the ingoing and outgoing air times the volume and specific heat to get the heat per hour.\nLef\u00e8vre claimed that he had had a good alcohol check experiment.\nHe had burned 400 grams of alcohol in 6 hours, had got a good respiratory quotient and good heat, but it was very hard to get water. He said he also had made an alcohol check so as to have the heat produced the same as that of a sheep, that is, the equivalent amount of alcohol was burned to have the heat given off by the sheep. The ventilation therefore with the sheep of 50 kg. was 20 cubic meters per hour and with a man he uses 30 cubic meters per hour.\nHis principle is to hold the carbon dioxide and the humidity inside the chamber absolutely constant. This carbon dioxide is held constant by means of changing the ventilation and the water is held constant by the temperature of the refrigerating bath and the supplementary re-heating effect. He uses three sulphuric acid Williams bottles which weigh,","page":0},{"file":"0038.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"20\ntogether, about 12 kg., and three soda-lime bottles which weigh about 18 kg. This I copied from a paper on his balance case. He had two very-large, enormously expensive (I think, two thousand gold francs each)\nCollot balances, made by C. Longue Suer., Paris.\nThe gas meters, very large (see figure 11), were all filled with vaseline oil, so as not to affect in any way the humidity. It is interesting to see that the calibrations of these meters, as furnished by the factory, were accepted and yet all the air measurements were made under considerable pressure. In other words, the meters have a pressure probably of not far from 33 centimeters of water. This pressure, which is on the meters, thus is used to drive the air through the four parallel systems, Williams bottles, etc. Consequently there must be a heavy pressure inside these meters. The calibrations as made by the factory were undoubtedly not under this pressure and yet they are accepted and enter into the calculations.\nI made a later visit to the laboratory of Lef\u00e8vre in company with Dr. Du Bois, who was visiting Paris at the time.\nAn ingenious method of determining the heat (I am not certain of its accuracy) is the use of a differential recording thermometer. This draws curves on paper of the difference between the ingoing and outgoing air.\nThey then cut out this paper with shears, following the tracings, and weigh the paper. They have found that this paper is of constant weight and constant humidity, and hence the area representing the difference between the two thermometers can be taken as a measure of the average difference in temperature. They use 0.306 calorie per cubic meter of air (per degree, I imagine) and multiply the average weight of air by this factor. They get the water absorbed by having some cans immersed in cold alcohol. As a matter of fact, they were much distressed because they did not have enough alcohol to run the experiments. The coolers were about one half out of the bath. It seemed rather singular that with all the excess alcohol in France, they could not get enough to run their apparatus.\nI took a number of photographs showing Lef\u00e8vre and Dr. Du Bois, as well as the mechanician, and the door to Lefevre's respiration chamber and the meter for measuring oxygen. (See figures 12 to 18.)\nI asked Lef\u00e8vre why he was using a sheep in the apparatus. He said he could not hire a man. He did not have money enough to pay a man subject. I said '\u2019If you are interested in the metabolism of sheep, that would be justifiable.\u201d He said he could not get a soldier assigned to this work. I thought Dr. Du Bois\u2019s comment on the situation was very much to the point. He said there was not enough money to pay a human subject, but enough money to buy three times the apparatus needed.\nThe whole situation is extraordinarily complex. It represents a great waste of money and lack of organization, and it is pitiable to think that when France and the European countries need every effort they can to get the most out of their research work, there should be this unwise expenditure of funds and time. To be sure, Lef\u00e8vre is only on part time.\nHe is there only one or two days a week. The cost of running is enormous and they think it best to run but once or twice a week so as to keep the","page":0},{"file":"0039.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"21\n\nFigure 11. Two gas meters with chain between them to insure regularity of motion, the larger for the main air current, the smaller for the sampling air current. Used in Lefevre\u2019s respiration chamber at Paris.","page":0},{"file":"0040.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"22\nFigure 12. Door to Lef\u00e8vre's respiration calorimeter in Paris. The larger door is for manj closed with tongue nuts. The upper part of this door has a glass window, back of which, inside,hangs a bell. The lower part of the door forms another opening large enough for sheep, also closed with thumb nuts. Note the immense amount of wax over thumb nuts to insure tightness.","page":0},{"file":"0041.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n23\nFigure 13. Meter used in Lef\u00e8vre's respiration calorimeter for measuring oxygen, with a Williams bottle to moisten the air and an oxygen bomb with reduction valve. There is a distance thermometer in the upper right-hand corner.\n","page":0},{"file":"0042.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"!--------------------------------------------\n\n\nFigure 14. Lef\u00e8vre's laboratory in Paris,France. Three distance thermometers with recording device on shelf above, and the mechanician,Emile Guth. The top of the valves and the piping to the sulphuric acid and soda-lime bottles are shown at the right. Everything is massive and rather unwieldy.\nI","page":0},{"file":"0043.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figures 15 and 16. LefWre, Du ^ois, and F.G.B. in Lef\u00e8vre\u2019s calorimeter laboratory. Immediately back of Du Bois is the door of the calorimeter. The meters are at the extreme right.","page":0},{"file":"0044.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"26\nFigure 18. Du Bois and Lef\u00e8vre, in court of building.\nFigiire 17.\nDu Bois and Lef\u00e8vre in court of entrance door.\n","page":0},{"file":"0045.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"overhead down. I cannot imagine a more massive, imposing display of machinery without any practical use. As I have so often remarked, if Lef\u00e8vre should die tomorrow, no living man would or could go on with his equipment. It would represent a dead loss and it would be ready to put into the discard, in exactly the same category as the defunct calorimeter of Dr. Letulle and Mile. Pompilian. It is nothing more nor less than a great pity.","page":0},{"file":"0046.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS, FRANCE.\nH\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9. Professor Marcel Labbe.\nDr. St\u00e9venin is no longer with Labbe', although he came there at the time I visited. He has a division of his own. Labbe uses thyroxin in obesity to whip up the metabolism and burn up the excess tissue.\nHe uses it only when the subject cannot take exercise. Exercise is preferable. He pointed out, for example, that he had a very fat woman whose legs had atrophied as a result of infantile paralysis so that they were practically rudimentary. She could not take exercise.\nAnother case was a fat man who J\u00e4jjrery^bad heart. Labb\u00e9 is also one of those men who have patients who^tnfrot lose wei^it and yet have very low calories. He cited a case in point, and he believed the man was honest and that he was under control constantly, etc. One wonders whether one should not follow up just such cases and definitely once for all settle this point. It seem3 incredible that a man living, say, on a thousand calories a day cannot lose weight.\nA faker had been at Paris, who claimed that he had a depressed metabolism and that he could be buried alive for two hours. Labbe went on the stage to see him and challenged him to visit the laboratory and have his metabolism studied. The man capitalized this immediately, with a great deal of reclame from the stage, but he never showed up at the laboratory.\nDeaths after diabetic coma are found only when the patients bre\u00e4c training away from the hospital and arrive in an ambulance nearly dead. French insulin is very good but very costly. Labb^ tries to educate his patients dietetically. He has not many diabetic children, but, however, has some.\nI was so much impressed by the seriousness of purpose and the intelligence of Dr. Labbe in his laboratory and clinic that I insisted upon Dr. Du Bois going there and took him there later. We had a most interesting discussion on a number of points, especially diabetes insipidus. While walking about with them, the following thought occurred to me with regard to the question of diabetes and glycogen. Question. -Would the course of the respiratory quotient give a good index of glycogen storage? Supposing, for example, we started a man or woman at the usual 12 hours, post-absorptive, and followed the quotient while still fasting, for two or three days. The normal man might react as follows: The first day, 0.82; second day, 0.78; third day, 0.75.\nAnother person might have quotients of 0.82, 0.75, and 0.71. This would indicate a rapid and complete removal of glycogen and a much lower store of glycogen in the second than in the first case. Thus it appears to me that there may be a real use for the respiratory quotient as a measure of glycogen storage.\nI heard incidentally that Tissot, although still at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, was very nervous and sick and people considered him impossible to do anything with. I did not even attempt to call upon him, having been so unsuccessful on former attempts. ","page":0},{"file":"0047.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"29\nPARIS, FRANCE. Dr. J. M. Le Goff.\nDr. Le Goff always impresses me as being a man of marvellous command of literature, with many intelligent ideas, and it is a great pity that he has had to confine himself to private practice with his research drive inhibited by lack of opportunity and equipment. We spent a Sunday at their country home, and I found he was making some interesting experiments there on the toxicology of cobalt. I have an idea he was stimulated by the fact that Bertrand found cobalt in insulin and his idea was that possibly cobalt had a direct physiological action and perhaps it was an activator of insulin. Bertrand finds a tenth of a milligram of cobalt in one kilogram of insulin, but my own feeling is this is not significant. Bertrand finds all sorts of small amounts of various metals and other people do not. Le Goff says that in all the books on toxicology, cobalt is reported as being very poisonous. He had tried it on rabbits. He says that it does not affect growth and that there is a large excretion of the cobalt in the urine. It lowers blood pressure, but the most important thing of all is that there seems to be a selective action on the sympathetic nervous system to regulate the blood circulation of the head. By giving cobalt, for example, he can alter the flushing of the face in man. He injected cobalt into the ear of a rabbit. In two minutes there was a profuse coloration, showing diffusion of the blood. This disappears in about fifteen minutes. The rabbits do very well indeed and tolerate fairly large doses. In other words, Le Goff says he has a method of making a man blush automatically.\nI had an interesting talk with Dr. Le Goff and Dr. de Bertrand, a local physician, discussing the matter of alcohol. They claim that it cost 50 centimes to make a litre of wine in the wine district and that they can buy very good wine for 3 francs per liter in Paris. Not long ago there was a strike in the vineyards. The workers had an allowance of 3 liters per day and struck for two more liters. They often drink 5 or 6 liters per day, and little else, perhaps a piece of bread. But they have two months of very hard work, from 5 a.m. to sunset. The alcohol is about 8 per cent. That would be 80 c.c. per liter, which is, roughly speaking, 64 grams. That would be about 450 calories per liter or, with 6 liters, 2700 calories in alcohol of wine alone per day, to say nothing of the calories in the other ingredients of the wine.\nDr. Le Goff says that they drive their automobiles and trucks very well. Dr. Le Goff is much opposed to any opposition between automobile driving and alcohol. He was much troubled, for example, by an interview which was published in the New York Herald, Paris edition, from me in which I emphasized the difficulty of reactions and reflexes and automobile driving. He is perfectly certain he, personally, can drive all right with alcohol. Dr. de Bertrand supported him in the","page":0},{"file":"0048.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"30\nsame view. A little later on I had an interesting conference with a New York Herald reporter, Mr. Burnet, who put forth the view that the taxicab driver in Paris had a continuous day of alternate alcohol and coffee. Therefore one offsets the other and they get along all right.\nA drink of alcohol and then a cup of coffee practically continuous throughout the day. Dr. Le Goff and Dr. de Bertrand said they did not think they did drink so much coffee. The whole thing struck me as being a striking illustration of how the personal habits dominate the thought. But I have too frequently had too many Europeans tell me that they could not drive an automobile as well after alcohol as without it. Dr. Le Goff thinks that the French react differently to insulin and to alcohol than do Americans.","page":0},{"file":"0049.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"31\nPARIS, FRANCE. Apparatus of Boulitte.\nI had seen several of our respiration apparatus, the portable spirometer type, manufactured by Boulitte. So I went out to the laboratory to see them. I found a circular in which it was stated that the apparatus was by Benedict, \"perfectionne\" by Boulitte. The apparatus was mounted upon a rather heavy cast iron base, which was of course made for stability. In the tube conducting the expired air to the spirometer there was a glass bulb which was supposed to retain any water expired. The available space inside the spirometer for soda-lime was about one-third filled. As I went into the show room,\nI asked the first man I met if there was a physician or physiologist who could explain and give me information with regard to respiration apparatus, not giving my name. He was much amused to think anybody would expect a factory to carry a physician or physiologist. I then told him I did not want to talk with him but would like to talk with the head of the concern, and I gave him my formal card. The chief cause of my visit had been an article recently appearing by Dautrebande in which he criticized severely the Benedict apparatus. I had not seen the article, but Knipping of Hamburg had abstracted it and certainly the abstract read as if it was a general criticism of the Benedict portable apparatus. I then told Boulitte I wanted to see what apparatus he had been using. Boulitte, that is, the President of the concern (I do not know his name), frankly passed all responsibility to Dautrebande. He claimed that Dautrebande had a commercial interest in opposing their apparatus, that both Dautrebande and Edgar! Zunz had condemned their apparatus and had received commissions for some other apparatus for hospitals, etc. The Boulitte apparatus is very badly made. I then asked them what they were using for soda-lime. They showed me a quick seal can in which was some soda-lime that the largest chemical firm in France, Poulanc Fr\u00e8res, had put out as \"Benedict soda-lime\", after the formula of F. G. B. It looked much more like quick lime than soda-lime. Subsequent experience with the apparatus confirmed my opinion that they were putting out practically a quick lime. Boulitte evidently manufactures on a large scale and is interested only in selling apparatus. Boulitte\u2019s apparatus can be compared to that of Sanborn in America, although Sanborn is much better than Boulitte. On the other hand, Gauthier has the same type of construction and skill as Collins in America. I recall now that Boulitte, or at least their head man, was a man with whom I had had a little friction three years before, a man who came to the hotel and demanded summarily that I give them this, that, and the other in the line of information and, to say the least, we were not \"en rapport.\" The inferior construction of the apparatus of Boulitte showed up later on in my tour, and the problem of soda-lime was most astonishing.\nSee protracted correspondence with Dautrebande, A. Mayer, and Plantefol in regard to soda-lime and Dautrebande's criticism, in the Nutrition Laboratory letter files, November 1929 - March 1930.","page":0},{"file":"0050.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"32\nPARIS, FRANCE.\nThe pediatric section, of the Salp\u00e9tri\u00e8re.\nDr. Ribodeau-Dumas, Dr. Jean Meyer, and Dr. Max M. Levy.\nThis whole hospital, very old, covers an enormous territory. It was formerly an old prison. Manon Lescaut is built about an incident in this prison, for Manon Lescaut was a worker there. Of course it is noted for the activities of the psychiatrist, Charcot. After walking seemingly miles through various colonnades and arches, I reached the department of Dr. Ribodeau-Dumas. I was brought in contact with him chiefly through Dr. Jean Meyer, with whom I had corresponded regarding certain researches of his own on insensible perspiration. It seemed that Dr. Meyer fonnerly was in this division with Ribodeau-Dumas. He is now a practising physician, chiefly interested in dermatology. I met at this same visit Dr. Jean Saidman, whose Institute of Actinology I subsequently visited. The children's department is interesting in that Dr. Ribodeau-Dumas has tried to make something presentable out of an old place. For example, it is all painted a li$it blue, which gives it an air of cheerfulness. It is not at all modern, but they try to make it as good as they can. Just now Ribodeau-Dumas is busy working on sunflower seed meal. It seems a great deal of sunflower seed oil is obtained and the residues are usually thrown away. Ribodeau-Dumas thinks that one has not studied sufficiently the utilization by infants of the vegetable proteins. Of course there has been a great deal done with \"soja meal\", but he says it does not taste well. Children do not like it. Sunflower seed oil is used a great deal in some industries, but after the oil is extracted the residue is thrown away. He purposed using it. He finds that by grinding it up fine the children tolerate it well.\nDr. Jean Meyer had worked in this clinic about five years ago on insensible perspiration. I saw very little of the equipment, seemingly an old, equal arm balance, but nothing had been done on the skin loss here for some time. The apparatus seemed to be rather crude. Meyer says he is now doing insensible perspiration on adults all night long, so as to use a balance which is not too sensitive. He finds that there is a correlation with the basal metabolism, but it does not obtain in oedemas or in erysipelas and he has found the range to be from 15 grans per hour to as high as 80 grams per hour.\nI was interested in a small chamber used for giving babies oxygen treatment, probably for pneumonia, which gives them a great deal of relief. They sleep better and eat better, but of course the infection goes on. It is chiefly a matter of relief. The chamber was about as large as the interior of our former infant chamber, and they found that by natural seepage of oxygen out, they could feed in about 3 liters of oxygen per minute and keep the oxygen at the right amount. The carbon dioxide remained at about 0.8 per cent and the oxygen at about 60 per cent after the first 10 minutes. They take the cover off each hour to feed, clean, and change the babies and put them back in again. This has worked very well indeed.","page":0},{"file":"0051.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"33\nThere was a chemical division under the direction of Dr. Max M.\nLevy. He impressed me as being very clever and serious, with ideals of accuracy and extra fine technique. His wife assists him. They were especially interested in blood chemistry, such as cholesterol, chlorine and hemoglobin. These determinations are uppermost just now. He finds the chlorine method of Van Slyke too long and hard and has a modification. He seems very active but constantly says this is \"good enough\" for a clinical method, and he says he is working for clinical, usable methods.\nHe made a very good impression on me.\nIn this laboratory I found a rather interesting balance manufactured by Jouan, in which the pendulum of the balance swings in a magnetic field and one reads the weight with a telescope. It is claimed one could weigh one gram to a milligram without any weights whatsoever, by simply looking in the telescope. Realizing that in American Experiment Stations throughout the United States the standard weight of material is about 2 grams for each determination, I asked if it were possible to make a balance weighing 2 grams with an accuracy of one part in one thousand. As a matter of fact, I had some correspondence and talked with the manufacturer about it, in which he offered to make one, send it to us, and if we were not satisfied, he would take it back. I wrote him before leaving Paris to this effect, but nothing came of it. It seemed to me that an apparatus which would allow one to place two grams on the little pan, look at a telescope, and read it to within one part in one thousand instantly, should find a great deal of extensive use in American Experiment Stations at least. So far as our own work is concerned, we do not have enough of this type of work, perhaps (outside of the Kjeldahl) on dry material to warrant it, and yet I was willing to try the thing out for the benefit of other American workers, provided it worked.","page":0},{"file":"0052.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"34\nPARIS, FRANCE, Institute of Actinology.\nDr. Jean Saidman.\nWholly by accident, indeed through the courtesy of Dr. Jean Meyer, was I brought into contact with this very remarkable man, Dr. Saidman, and I was pressingly invited by both Dr. Saidman and Dr. Meyer to visit their so-called \"Institute of Actinology.\" It is a little difficult to locate, being some distance away, but I went there and was perfectly astonished at what I found,- an old house, which had not been remodelled, but every room had been used for some of their work. The institute started in as a volunteer organization, but was supported by funds, in large part by Dr. Saidman. As he told me, they started in with the old house and one franc. It is now packed with various types of lamps, mercury vapor arc, etc.\nIn the cellar was an artificial beach, a floor of pure white, clean sand, walls covered with aluminium sheet or leaf, which reflects ultra-violet light very well indeed. There was one mercury lamp in the center and under it was a half barrel effect of wire mosquito netting.\nHe claimed that the wire netting allowed 96 per cent of the light to get through. He says the danger in breaking lamps is not the mercury but the hot glass, for he thinks the mercury would cool as it fell through the air. The net holds the glass. But it is a singular thing that in every experience in the building they have never as yet had a lamp break.\nDr. Saidman is a Roumanian who had served in the French army, a man of tremendous dynamic energy and a very stimulating individual. I saw nowhere such a wonderful combination of the physiology, the physics, and the therapy of light studied under the same roof. They had all sorts of lamps for infra-red and for ultra-violet rays, etc. Among other things, they had a very large spectrum. I think it was opened up about 18 inches. His idea was to try the mono-chromatic light. He is finding extraordinary results in all cases thus far tested. They are not rushing to claim any great effects, but the wwhole place is a bee-hive of intense industry. All the workers are volunteer and the thing is really a distinctly philanthropic enterprise.\nThey are now planning a new institute and the state will help them somewhat. There is being held now, July 1929, a Congress of Actinology in Paris in the Grand Palais, in which there will be exhibited the plans of the new institute. The amount of material thus far published is extraordinary. Dr. Saidman has published a large book on li^it. One is simply dumb-founded by the astonishing amount of activity going on in this old house.","page":0},{"file":"0053.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"3\nDr. Saidraan thinks the physiological action of light may influence metabolism. He tests each skin for sensitivity before dosing. He has devised a clever skin sensitometer, working by a clock, in which the light is allowed to play over the surface, the rest of the body being protected and movements of the screen so altered that one can have periods of 5 minutes' exposure. The length of time it persists is important in determining the character and sensitivity of the skin.\nHe is making many studies on different wave lengths. Are they of equal value or is the physiological activity all supposed to be in the three thousand angstrom region? Saidman thinks there is a great future for light.\nI never saw such a mercury lamp warren. From the cellar to the attic it is full of things, quartz lights, plates, Fresnel lenses, ray filters, etc., very impressive. I was so much impressed by this visit that I had to go a second time. This time I took Mrs. Benedict with me. He had brought together a good many cases to show the effect of light. I saw some perfectly gruesome cases of Lupus. Of course they had gone too far before being brought to him. But he had succeeded in arresting the progress thus far. There were many interesting tests of the skin going on. As an index of the science attacking their line of work, for every child treated the skin test of the mother must be also obtained, the idea being to see if there is any family resemblance in the sensitivity of the skin. For example, during puberty he finds boys much less sensitive than girls. A good deal of work has been done and published, but I could not analyze it at this time.\nMany studies were being made of polymetallic carbons. Dr. Saidman told me they had 54 lamps in the building, each of different type. I spoke of this institute frequently throu^iout Europe and have written to a number of Americans with regard to it. It certainly is an institute that will bear watching in the future. I was impressed by two and only two things that seemed to be lacking in this building in their studies. First, Dr. Saidman had done no work on skin temperature. I should think it would be important to note skin temperature as affected by light treatment. Secondly, and perhaps it would not have been appropriate, there was no indication of high-tension surgical studies, such as Dr. Bovie had done. Probably this latter one should not expect.","page":0},{"file":"0054.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"36\nPARIS, FRANGE.\nCollege of France, Department of Physiology.\nProfessor Andr\u00e9 Mayer and Monsieur L\u00bb Plantefol.\nMy relations with Professor Mayer had all been by correspondence.\nI had never met him and I was particularly glad to meet him. It was a big surprise to me. I found him most courteous, very thoughtful, and interested in the work, with innumerable comments. He has a remarkable organization. The laboratory is really like one large family. There are small, glass-walled rooms off the main room. There are no secrets.\nAll the workers are more or less thrown together and can visit each other. The building is very old, an old laboratory formerly used by Marey, and one finds up on the gallery, so to speak, a most interesting collection of the models of Marey, flying pigeons and his old cinematograph gun. There is a little collection there showing the development of the cinema.\nThe predecessor of Marey was Cuvier. In this laboratory I found the development of an extraordinarily interesting new type of hygrometer.\nA young doctor, a physician, was interested in the problem. The principle was this. He had two gold-plated surfaces which reflected light, but when there was condensation on the surfaces then the character of the reflection changed. To me it was extremely interesting to see this physician working on this problem of hygrometry, and this doctor was not a physiologist or a chemist. This brou^it out the fact that Mayer is the magnet that attracts them all to him.\nThe number of problems studied by Mayer and his associates is very great. For example, they are working on vegetable physiology, the respiratory metabolism of rabbits, using several systems for determining the respiratory quotient, predominant among these the Haldane chamber.\nHere there is an extraordinarily long train of absorbing vessels (potassium hydroxide) - a great many bottles. Professor Mayer said he had had no luck whatsoever with soda-lime. I could understand why, for he had always used the soda-lime of Poulanc Fr\u00e8res, which I believe is not soda-lime at all. There was an enormous number of gas-analysis apparatus there, all of course of the Plantefol modification with several forms. In all probability they are each and every one much better than the original Laulani\u00e9, from which they were developed. But I am quite certain they did not begin to be as good as Dr. Carpenter\u2019s.\nThere was a tremendous amount of glass blowing, and the technical details of transference of gas samples was very much worked out. In other words, one found a great many lines of work. Among other things I found a perfect little midget Tissot spirometer of 10 liters, which was used for rabbit work.\nIt is hard to tell what to admire most in Mayer, his technical accuracy, his plan of research (everything being tied together) or the organization of the laboratory and the influence of the laboratory as\n________________________________________________________________________________i","page":0},{"file":"0055.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"37\na research center. He is a man of great influence in biological science in Paris. My feeling is he has done a great deal for French biological science, perhaps more than any other man. Among his associates, Wfcrmser was working on the hydrogen potential of sugars.\nOthers were working on the oxidation by carbon of oxalic acid, the determination of lactic acid, using potassium permanganate, but in this case the time element was troublesome, % experience this day is best expressed by a short note in my notebook in which I stated, \"A wonderfully dazzling afternoon.\"\nI discussed subsequently with Mayer a good deal of the question of the basal metabolism at various conditions of repose and the question of the bath and environmental temperature. Mayer is convinced that the lowest metabolism can be obtained with different individuals when they assume the position that they are liable to assume in sleep. For example, he told me about a Russian he had who always slept with the arm wound around the neck in a seemingly impossible contortion, and in this position Mayer found the lowest metabolism with this man. He also thinks the club chair or \"fauteuil\" will really lead to a lower metabolism than a good bed. With regard to the after-effect of the bath, he laid a great deal of stress upon the fact that he thought our subjects were too well trained. He apparently had been much influenced by the frequently published results on our artist\u2019s model, Miss Whitelaw, and our emphasis about her training. But he did not recognize the fact that the same story was found with Mrs. Mandell, who cannot at all be considered to be a well-trained subject, at least in these experiments. We have reason to believe that in her bath experiments she was by no means under the complete muscular repose and mental repose of a trained subject like Miss Whitelaw. Although she was by no means apprehensive, the experiment was at least novel for her, and I am sure there must have been some psychic element, although not visible. Certainly she could not be considered a well-trained person in this particular type of experiment, taking all the conditions into account. Mayer had added a comment in his journal to the bath article by Mrs. Benedict and myself. I found him desirous of having everything just right, with no trace of polemic and no possibility of misunderstanding. In fact, I found him a very charming man, and I am glad that the Nutrition Laboratoiy has established such close, intimate relations with him and his coworkers.\nPlantefol. To me the most interesting associate Professor Mayer had was Plantefol, a clever, ingenious, and enthusiastic young man. Here again we found, as one finds so frequently now in European laboratories, a very intelligent, well-trained wife working, assisting her husband, not infrequently in independent research and frequently without compensation.\nI made a special trip again to spend some time with Plantefol, when I could talk with him and not feel as if I was retarding the work of Mayer, although Mayer himself very kindly gave up his time and came out and participated in our discussion. In discussing the matter of gas-analysis apparatus, which was the main topic, Mayer pointed out the advantages of phosphorus. In the first place, using phosphorus and not pyro is a French tradition. This probably is based upon the earlier experience that, in the first place, it glows in the dark if there is a trace of oxygen. Hence glowing may be taken as an index of incomplete absorption.","page":0},{"file":"0056.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"38\nSecond, white fumes characterize or show its activity. The trick in using phosphorus, according to these men, is to change the water over the phosphorus frequently, for as the phosphoric acid accumulates the absorption slows up a great deal. Some of the advantages are that if you use the phosphorus, you do not have to put the air over potassium hydroxide to saturate it and you do not have to get the oxygen out of the capillaries over the potassium hydroxide. This reduces the dead space a good deal.\nPlantefol has a rather ingenious method for sweeping out the dead space. He takes a heavy-walled filter flask and makes a vacuum in it by a water suction pump, a vacuum of possibly 15 millimeters of water, probably not as high as that. There is a stop cock in the top of this flask, and he connects this to the air space between the stop cock going to the burette and the sampling tube. He therefore gets a vacuum in here, the first shot, we will say, of perhaps 20 millimeters of mercury. He then lets the sample run in and then sucks out again, and on the principle of dilution this is done three times. But of course it could be done a dozen times. His idea is that in this way he gets the .capillaries all filled perfectly with the sample of gas desired. At the top of his burette is a plug cock with manifold channels, very large. By turning the plug cock in different directions, he can communicate with the sampling tube, with the phosphorus, and with the KOH, as he wishes. He makes great use of a smaller, modified, simpler apparatus without water bath, and his line of argument is that there is a constant error but it stays constant, and by this means he can get the trend of the respiratory quotient, for example. He is not so much interested in the absolute level of the quotient as he is in the trend. For example, if the quotient should start in at 0.98 and taper off to 0.76 in the course of a series, he would not care whether it tapered from 0.98 to 0.76 or from 1.02 to 0.80. I think this is rather a bad principle. But he said he had devised this thing chiefly for clinical use, as there was a great demand for clinical gas analysis. I think it is distinctly dangerous.\nHis best apparatus is for exact work, but he has made no alcohol checks with it. I told him he ought to analyze the air coming over an alcohol flame and see if he can get a respiratory quotient of 0.66 or thereabouts. I stressed this very strongly indeed. Furthermore, I emphasized that I hoped he could go to Boston. In fact, I was quite persistent in my urging and told him I would be glad to write letters to any officials that he could suggest who might help him. I imagine, however, that for purely family, personal reasons, possibly expense alone, he says it is absolutely impossible to come this year.\nAfter my talk with him I was further given to thinking of the suggestion I made some time ago with regard to the new significance of the respiratory quotient. Accurately determined, the respiratory quotient should give an index, first, of the storage of glycogen, relatively anyway; secondly, the rate of loss of glycogen. Then if one does muscular work with an initial low respiratory quotient of 0.71, the work must be done with fat as a source of muscular work.\nIf there is a conversion of fat to carbohydrate, the respiratory quotient must go below, for example, to 0.69. With a good method, therefore, the respiratory quotient now becomes a most important physiological measurement.","page":0},{"file":"0057.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"39\nPARIS, FRANCE. Professor Louis Lapicque.\nProfessor Lapicque was ill but very kindly gave me an appointment at his house. I went there for an hour or so one afternoon and had a most interesting talk, as I always do with him. Our talk dealt chiefly with the question of alcohol and the question of milling of wheat, for he has been in considerable controversy with others with regard to the milling of wheat. He has felt right along that one should use the greatest proportion of the wheat possible and feed the minimum amount to cattle. On the other hand, the agriculturists like Alquier feel that one should mill the wheat and give the middlings and the bran to cattle, converting it into milk. Lapicque's contention is, it is too expensive to put it through this form. This was the basis of my discussion with him three years ago. I suggested to him then that the alternative was to develop in the French the use of eating bran apart, much as we are beginning to use it in America in cereals and in cookery.\nThe objection to this was the long established conservatism and tradition of the French cooks. Continuing this line of discussion,\nLapicque pointed out that when very high milling was used, nearly 100 per cent, there was no constipation in France, but now the millers are allowed to use low concentration and all the druggists are getting rich selling enormous amounts of purgatives. France was formerly a nation without constipation, but with the law letting up on the milling and each miller now practically free to do as he will, Professor Lapicque predicts the return of constipation. His idea is that wheat should be milled next door to a bakery, this being based upon the well-known fact that high milling, using the greater proportion of the wheat, produces a flour that does not keep well. But he is now at least interested in the eating of bran on the side.\nAlcohol. Professor Lapicque's idea was that moderation is the ideal, but it does not work. There is too much wine in France, but the manufacture of wine is a great industry and an enormous number of people are involved in it in one direction or another. They can make wine at about two cents per liter. He told me a story. In the wine district water was so rare that actually they used wine to mix up some cement. When the soldiers go through this district, they do not dare to ask for a drink of water because there is no water available. But they can have all the wine they want. I was especially interested in his special domain of chronaxia.\nHe spoke of it as a choice of paths for an impulse. The alcohol brings the neurons closer together and thus produces a short circuit and, as in the case of radio, it is hard to tune in. He believes that chronaxia explains the alcohol effect. He was very much against chauffeurs drinking alcohol and he suggested that there should be a law that after every accident all parties involved should be put in prison for six hours or until a sample of urine is obtained, and then the amount of alcohol in the urine would be an evidence of the guilt. He drives an auto himself, but says he fears the chauffeurs, they are indifferent to others, careless, not dead drunk at all, but continually under the influence of","page":0},{"file":"0058.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"40\nalcohol. They begin the day with a liter of wine. I asked him what he thought of the New York Herald reporter's suggestion of alcohol plus coffee. He thought this migfct help to explain the thing. He said if America had not gone dry, they could have easily paid the French debts with wine. I told him I did not understand why they could not do it now, if there was such an enormous amount of bootlegging. He was much interested in my attitude on the alcohol matter and hoped I would attend a meeting a couple of days later of a society for the study of national tendencies. The name of this society is \"Comit\u00e9 National d'\u00e9tudes.\"\nI received subsequently a letter inviting me to attend this society. The afternoon was given up to the discussion of prohibition. John Erskine of New York spoke first in a rather railing way. Then Professor Garven of Iowa, who is exchange professor at Lyons and whom I subsequently met at Lyons, spoke in a rather dramatic way. Then, although I did not expect to speak, I was called upon. I spoke in English, with each sentence translated into French by a French officer, setting forth some of our views. It was a very large crowd. One of the speakers was the President of a society against alcohol, so they had a pretty good mixture, extremely attentive. I thought Erskine made a rather poor showing. Garven spoke very well indeed in French, but expressed a view which I think is doubtful, i.e., that the law would be modified to allow light wines, which of course pleased the French audience. I had to contradict him and said I did not think it ever would be.\n\\\nI","page":0},{"file":"0059.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS\nFRANCE.\nDr. F. Maignon at Alfort.\nWe did not visit Maignon\u2019s institute but saw him in a purely social way. Nothing of particular scientific interest was brought out, except that Maignon had a new conception of anaphylaxis which he thought could be explained on the basis of a blood digestion of a foreign protein.","page":0},{"file":"0060.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS, FRANCE.\nMiscellaneous Parisian Savants.\nAlthough I saw Professor Gley on one or two occasions, his work is not sufficiently actively identified with our work to demand special notice. I did not visit the Station Physiologique.\nDr. Pezard had died and I knew things were pretty well upset. Gley' own laboratory is also bad and his son told me there were no changes so I did not visit it. I had, as formerly, however, the distinct impression that Professor Gley is a very remarkable man and one of the great assets of French science.\nMonsieur Bull I tried to find at the Institute Marey, but unfortunately he was away. I saw him afterwards at his home in a social way, but he reported they had been doing no work at the Marey Institute in our line. I had a short talk with Mr. Nogues at the Marey Institute, who was still continuing his work on ultrarapid cinematography. I visited the Rockefeller Foundation offices and had a most interesting talk with Dr. Alan Gregg, especially with regard to Noyons and Andre^ Mayer. The Foundation, however, has decided to help chiefly only medical education.","page":0},{"file":"0061.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PARIS, FRANCE. Dr. E. F. Du Bois.\nOne of the features of my stay in Paris was the deli fitful few days in association with Dr. Du Bois, who had been spending the winter in Germany. Dr. Du Bois reported to me that he had a most iconoclastic experience in Germany. He had always thought Lavoisier was the founder of calorimetry, but Rubner told him Crawford had anticipated Lavoisier. Du Bois thought Voit was one of the greatest men in Germany, but he was told that Voit was no good when compared to Rubner, and finally a number of others told him that Rubner was never correct, but he was a very fine guesser. So he felt as if the whole foundation of science was very shaky.","page":0},{"file":"0062.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"FRANCE.\nPARIS.\nThe Press.\nThe Paris press seemed to be much interested in my mission.\nThe New York Herald had an intelligent reporter visit me at the hotel and made a good report of the interview. (See page )\nThe Chicago Tribune was printing a series of articles on men in Europe and asked for some material, from which they compiled the following note. (See page ^(o.) I found this a real help. Sending copies of it ahead of me helped very much in arranging for the lectures and emphasized the diplomatic nature of my tour. I am glad to make this belated recognition of the possibility of newspapers doing any good. Perhaps I should qualify r\u00e7y statement by saying this possibility is demonstrated thus far only in the European press, which seems to be conducted on quite a different ethical scale from the American press.","page":0},{"file":"0063.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u2018feffe\nHERALD, PARIS, SATURDAY, JANUARY 26,\nPARIS\n1929\n_______\n-oid ajcnbapB SnnfBtu.jo asuadxa aqi\t,\nipt.u jpsat aipp'BS foutreo \u2018ureqStng ing, a\tj\tg%st\noi'SmpaoooB \u2018aoipsposse OTjamjB aqxIHY1R \u00ab ./\u00ee/7\u00ee|fr#>/ll*C \u20223HO apiAOJd 01 snojauaS AnuapujnsW' 10 VllUU//CU#0 sauiooaq smiamtB AmiBaAv atuos TW un\t\u201e\nsjuapnjs sji jo asn aqv-toj asrnoo no3 fYXGlTlCClTX aLXDCYL\n.....................r )\nberculosis. Be overweight till thirty and then drop it. Statistics of risks show that those overweight till thirty are least likely to die and that after that those not overweight have the best chance to live to old age.\u2019\u2019\nProfessor Benedict said that he had\nc aABtt fou itiAV pJBAreH\u2014'NOXSOB\nSHTIIOO aHVAHVH\ndTJH ox xaiAiino\n\u2022EIXV \u2018JO.P\noinog :(possaaJEH) SaTTiriaS'afloa 3<3 XMJ II \u00aei*9IV \u201cII\noiatib,! \u00bb\u00ab\u00bba : (p\u00bbi\u00abnoK) anvawvi aa xnw 1\n\u2022uoi\u00c6ra\n\u2018 H saruuoa ' (possatucH) .Mn3DH3IX XIHX \u2022asna\u00c6of anisno3 \u2018papal -as s.uBjao :(p3lunom) asilQTilOX, aa XIHJ\n\u2022uqn\u00b03\n\u201cIl 0W3AJ00 :(passanJBiI) MOXOIIX 3a XI\u00ceM \u2022fcaana \u2018*AI ubuS\n-HJV.a : (passaujBH) SIVWaQHOD 3Q XlHdE\n\u2022sionuQ\n*oi\u00aba XdIJrea :(p^tmoK) K0a3H 3\u00d6 XI\u00ceIJ\n*310010,0' t\nSuioaamuioo \u2018tioooia^jB stift sauuap -tiTA sao'BX SuiMox? aq aiaiu,\nSKOiioaias gmoraouiA\nfound aa eager reception in France for the series of lectures he has been giving and Which he will continue to give in thirty European cities before leav- j ing Europe for Boston and Washington.\n\"These lectures, which are not given for any honorarium, but purely hi the interests of furthering understanding and scientific relations, have been welcomed as an international gesture, and Ibelievs they are helping to bring all ihtr^cwrftrtcs \" into a closer scientific accord *n these problems so important to even person.\u201d\n*Apv.'i Saipuaq \u2018ouioi\n-EH\t:saOMV S3\u00ab 5HVH V'l 30 XIHJ\n\u2022paiaaps\ns.qo.utps \u2018po\u00bbD3i3S .xnsjl :SIV3V3 .1(1 XI1M \u20223nb4t;3M \u2018stsA-j roxvia ITHKVl XI3M \u2022jopEg \u2018sspnonrniEda :saai\u00efinv'I S3a XI5M \u2014:ajre suoTjoaps pte-iag aqx saoui jaqjo oqj ptre siqj jog \u2022sno.ia.oucp 3Aord Acm \u2018oof \u2018xnara 3aj -Moqs pooS v aqrai Amu \u2018Sutjno jsbi sjq ut juauiaAordun pariera pa/Aoqs oijav \u2018ureuaa anifAv \u2018paurepstp aq oj stream ou Aq \u2018are aippcq qsui ptre -teinrag s.qoAnps 'pi jo saouBqo oqx \u2018aoBj sup} joj paAjasar uaaq OACq Aeut oqA\\ pus Axrea oj 'soif\u00eb/j j9 scq otjM \u2018rajici. aqj Aiqiajou \u2018aiBos aqj m paoeid AiqB-iOAej A.ioa arc scprex pue unsqps s.xnaix opiaparg 'H \u2018pucq raipo aqj ho uiscj araAas c jas si an 'so^gi jo mSiaM.-doj apj jroddns oj aAcq pm 'iiia .majcj -ota pun sjuaraaScSua Jtaqj ssad ssai -jqnop nr* sairjua s^Jcaid-paA \"V 'W \u2022srauuni aura aq AiqBqord ptM araqx \u2022sarjoiu oOO\u2018S Suiaq aoucjsip oqj \u2018ran -utAV oqj oj UJOOO\u2018001 qjtAV \u2018dcaipireq aipjTiq c \u2018aauEjrajpapi v[ op sreicg np xpa atp aq pjA\\ tioipcjjjt! oigL","page":0},{"file":"0064.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"45\n\nKMGufe\n\u00bb ' '\u25a0 >\u201e\nJH.BEH\u00e7q\u00cf\n( MORGAN\n'PARIS\nHERALD, PARIS, SATURDAY, JANUARY 26, 1929\nCapacity of Paris Chauffeurs Astonishes American Expert\n\n\nProfessor Benedict Marvels That Taxi-men Gan Navigate.\nREDUCE AFTER THIRTY\nYouth Heeds Weight to Combat Tuberculosis\u2014Extra Butter Hard to Work Off.\nA prediction that \u201cwithin the next five years\u2019\u2019 the average, man and woman in America, being already in advance in s\u00eef\u00ebh matters,\" will submit to an annual examination to determine the rate of their \u201cbasal metabolism,\u201d was made in Paris yesterday by Professor Francis G. Benedict, director of the Nutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.\nJust what \u201cbasal metabolism\u201d is, is not so disarmingly simple to say, but, roughly speaking, it means the amount of heat the person indicates before breakfast. Some persons, those of a strong thyroid development, indicate so much that they fairly tremble, and others are so below par that they are next to being cretins. The border-line cases, however, and those nearly ap-proachiiig normal, are the ones Professor Benedict and the American physiologists are most interested in and most hope to benefit.\nProfessor Benedict spoke \u00e0 few days ago before the Institut des Recherches Agronomiques, on the latest researches in the metabolism in man and animals. It is his mission on these triennial trips to bring to European countries, without pay from them, the latest scientific information on these subjects, and while abroad, to confer with physiologists and physicians at hospitals, schools, etc.\nIn speaking yesterday of metabolism as the \"level of vital activity,\u201d Professor Benedict said that there' was a good deal of difference, apparently between the levels in America and in France.\nPint of Wine.\n\u201cFor instance,\u201d he said, \u201can American wouldn\u2019t dare to drive his car in New York, or even Boston, after the usual pint of wine a person takes in Paris. In America his reaction, after the depressant of alcohol, would be slower. Why it is possible for a taxi-driver in Paris to get around in traffic on so much alcohol with so few accidents \u25a0 is somewhat of a mystery. Partly, probably, it is because of the climate, or partly because they are So used to alcohol, and partly because they usually take their liquor with food. Also I believe there is an autqj genic enforcement developed here that is not typical with an American. A taxi-driver in Paris reacts very quickly to the responsibility of his job even when considerably under the influence of alcohol, whereas with an American there would be less of a tendency to enforce oneself with this autogenic impulse. -\t\u25a0\n\u201cIt has been found that the average Parisian takes in each day enough alcohol to give him 500 calories of heat, or one-fifth of the total daily heat needs.\n\u2022 *\u2022\u2019-......\t-r ^\t/ *\t\u2022\nBeware Butter.\n\"Of all of the food which passes the gateway of the mouth, it is interesting to note that ninety-two per cent, is either burned up or stored as fat. This leaves only eight per cent., lost as waste matter, When this is understood one will realize the futility of persons scurrying around trying to \u2018reduce\u2019 by pulling weights and taking walks. An extra pat of butter every day not needed or not burned up is stored. A hundred days and the person has stored up a kilogram of fat. To walk off a single pat of butter a Person would have to walk from the bottom to the top of the Washington monument.\u201d\nWalk that off...\nProfessor Benedict said he did not believe the young American girls, in their present wish for slimness, were doing a wise thing.\nReduce at Thirty.\n\u201cIt is best for youth to be a little overweight, since overweight at that age is the best safeguard against tu-\n__\nberculosis. Be overweight till thirty and then drop it. Statistics of risks show that those overweight till thirty are least likely to die and that after that those not overweight have the best chance to live to old age.\u201d\nProfessor Benedict said that he had found a\u00bb eager reception in France for the series of lectures he has boon giving and which ho will continue to give m thirty European cities before leaving Europe for Boston and Washington.\nThese lectures, which are not given for any honorarium, but purely in the interests of furthering understanding and scientific relations, have been welcomed as an international gesture, and I belieyg they, are helping to bring all , tries \u2022 into a closer scientific accord *n these problems so important to even person.\u201d\n\nI\n\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0065.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Published Daily in Paris by\nTHE TRIBUNE COMPANY OF FRANCE\nSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme Fran\u00e7aise au Capital de 100,009 Fr.\n.\tR. C. Paris 107,256.\nTO LECTURE ON NUTRITION.\nProfessor Francis G. Benedict, of the Nutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, will lecture on certain problems of nutrition and physiology at the Grand Amphitheatre of the Institut Scientifique d\u2019Hygiene Alimentaire, 16 Paie de l'Estrapade, on Saturday afternoon at 5 o'clock. Professor Benedict intends to deliver some 50 lectures on these subjects in the course of the next five months.\nPACTE 4, EUROPEAN EDITION.\nSt (Mf\u00efmaa \u0152r\u00f4bn\u00e6ne\nNEWSsaiii\u00c4issffiNEW YORK\nPublished Daily in Paris by\nTHE TRIBUNE COMPANY OF FRANCE\nSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme Fran\u00e7aise au Capital de 100,000 Pt.\n|j\u00bb\tR. C. Paris 107,250.\nEditors and Publishers CAPT. JOSEPH M. PATTERSON, COL. ROBERT R. McCORMICK.\nTravel, information, advertisements, subscriptions and reading room:\n1 RUE SCRIBE, Tel.: Gutenberg 51-22.\nOther Tribune OJtices:\nParis ........ 5 Rue Lamartine, IX*.\n'Phone: Trudaine 50-\u00dc0.\nLondon ......... 72 - 7S Fleet Street:\n'Phone: Central S270-\nBerlin ....... Hotel Adlon.\n\"\t........ 53 Dorotheenstrasse.\nRome ......... Galleria Piazza Colonna.\nVienna ....... S Kosenbursenstrasse,\nMadrid ........ Calle Carmen, 5.\nGibraltar ...... Hotel Cecil.\nRiga ......... Elizabetes Ida 15/3.\nChicago ...... Tribune Square.\nNew York ....\t512 Fifth Avenue.\nBoston ........ Chamber of Commerce-\nWashington ... Wyatt Building.\nSan Francisco . 74(2 Market Street.\nLos Angeles .. Times Building.\nAtlanta ...... 1.33.5 Hurt Building.\nSeattle ...... White Henry Stuart\nB\u2019lds.\t,\nManila ........ Bulletin Building.\nPeking ....... Grand Hotel des\nWagons-Lits.\nShanghai ,v... 4 Avenue Edward .VII,\nTokio........... Imperial Hotel.\nMontreal (Can.) 810 Shaughnessy B'idg. Telegraphic address: CHICATRIB, all offices.\nSUBSCRIPTION RATES\n12 mos. 6 mos. 3 nos. 1 mo. France .. 175.\t90.\t60.\t20.\nForeign .. 250.\t130.\t75.\t25.\n(French Francs)\nAll unsolicited articles, manuscripts, letters and pictures addressed to \"The Tribune\u201d are sent at the owners\u2019 risk.\nIll 10 P9AJ3S3J S3X0g \u00dc3 *SJ| 00 I 331 33UDJIUJ\na \u00a3 111!JO \\Ofl\njTVjpl\n'IHOINfllN AV9 JU1 A9\n\u00abijuijjo\nt>90\u00a3 \u00bb\u00b0 MIIVJI\n\"Il #o j|)HVh\nP-N\ns\\jimii\u00bbio os\n#>**","page":0},{"file":"0066.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"V\nIk. [q 2.^1\nI \u00cfAAGE 4.\nOPE.AN EDITION,\nWu (iHjictmcr OTx\u00ee\u00efrmtc\nDAILY REWSU&SSw^NEW YORK\nPublished D\u00e7\u00f9ly in P^ris by\nTHE TRIBUNE COMPANY OF FRANCE\nSoeiCt\u00f4 Anonyme. Fran\u00e7aise au Capi* Tl <le 11)0,000 Fr.\n. >. 1\tK. C. Paris 107,256.\nTO LECTURE ON NUTRITION.\nProfessor Francs^ G. Benedict, of the Nutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, will lecture on certain problems of nutrition and physiology at the Grand Amphitheatre of the Institut Scientifique d\u2019Hygiene Alimentaire, 16 Rue de l\u2019Estrapade, on Saturday afternoon at 5 o\u2019clock. Professor Benedict intends to deliver some \u00bb0 lectures on these subjects in the course of the next five months.\nPAGE 4, EUROPEAN EDITION,\nPublished Daily in Paris by\nTHE TRIBUNE COMPANY OF FRANCE\nSociCl\u00ea Anonyme Fran\u00e7aise au Capital de 100,060 Fr. ft*\tR. C. Paris 107,256.\nEditors and Publishers CAPT. JOSEPH M. PATTERSON, COL. ROBERT R. McCORMICK.\nTravel, information, advertisements, subscriptions and reading room:\n1 RUE SCRIBE, Tel.: Gutenberg 51-22.\nOther Tribune Offices;\nParis\nLondon .......\nBerlin\n\u00bb\n\u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 *.4\nRome\nVienna\nMadrid.........\nGibraltar ......\nRiga .........\nChicago ......\nNew York ....\nBoston ....\nWashington ... San Francisco . Los Angeles Atlanta\nSeattle ........\nManila ........\nPeking .....\nShanghai\nTokio .........\nMontreal (Can.)\n5 Rue Lamartine, IN*.\n\u2022phone: Trudatne 50-00. 72 - 73 Fleet Street;\n\u2019Phone: Central 8270. Hotel Adlon.\n53 Dorotheenstrasse. Galleria Piazza Colonna. S Itoseniburaenstrasse. Calle Carmen, 5.\nHotel Cecil.\nElizabetes I el a 15/3. Tribun* Square.\n512 Fifth Avenue. Chamber of Commerce. Wyatt Building.\n74,2 Market Street. Times Building.\n1335 Hurt Building. White Henry Stuart B\u2019ldg.\nBulletin Building. Grand Hotel des Wagons-Lits.\n4 Avenue Edward VII. Imperial Hotel.\n810 Shaug'hnessy B\u2019ldg.\nTelegraphic address: CHICATRIB, all offices.\nSUBSCRIPTION RATES 12 mos. 6 mos, 3 mos. 1 mo. France .. 175.\t90.\t60.\t20.\nForeign,. 250.\t130.\t75.\t25.\n(French Francs)\nAIL unsolicited articles, manuscripts, letters and pictures addressed to \u201cThe\nTribune\u201d are sent at the owners' risk.\nWho\u2019s Who Abroad\nProfessor Francis G. Benedict\nInternational contacts of the most intimate nature are imperative to the progress of science. Dr. Francis Gano Benedict, Director of the Nutrition Laboratory of Carnegie Institute of Washington, which is located at Boston, Hass., who is now making^ one of his frequent visits to Europe, has probably done more than any other contemporary American scientist to establish such contacts. Dr. Benedict\u2019s\nwork abroad has contributed enormous.\nUilU\nly to the fusion of scientific interest\namong world scientists.\nThe-Nutrition Laboratory of Carnegie I Institute was established for the pur- I pose of studying the problem of nutri- I tion, growth, hygiene and particularly \u25a0 the study of the fundamental laws gov- I erning vital activity. The establish- I ment of this laboratory necessitated a I study of existing European institutes \u25a0 and Dr. Benedict made his first visit I to Europe for this purpose in 1907. Dr. \u25a0 i Benedict has repeated these visits \u25a0 every three years except during the I war.\n\u201cPrimarily to study research insti- jjjjJ tutes, clinics and various laboratories,\u201d I I declares Dr, Benedict, \u201cit was felt that I I the proper approach to a better seien- I I tific understanding between the nations I I was the presentation, without honor- \u25a0\nI arium of any sort, of lectures with I U projections in the language of the \u25a0 I country visited. These lectures cover- \u25a0 I ed the results of our own most recent, \u25a0 I and usually unpublished researches. \u25a0 I This Willingness to show, as it were, \u25a0 I the last pages of the laboratory note \u25a0 I book has resulted in the most extra- \u25a0 I ordinarily friendly relations between the \u25a0 I Nutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie \u25a0 1 Institute of Washington and the great \u25a0 1 research centers of Europe.\u201d\nI Dr. Benedict is a native of Milwaukee, \u25a0 I where he was born in 1870. Trained \u25a0 I as a chemist at Harvard and later at \u25a0\n\u25a0\tHeidelberg, he entered the field of phys- \u25a0 I lology and nutrition as associate with \u25a0 I Professor Atwater, who was the founder \u25a0 I of nutrition institutions in agricultural \u25a0\nj Dr. Atwater's untimely death, the re-T| search wark was transferred to aspecial * 1 .1 building established in Boston.\nIn this laboratory, consistent studies 1\n\u25a0\tare made on humans of heat produc- 1 31 tion, body temperature, skin temper- 1 fcj ature, vaporization of water from the 1 I the lungs and skin, exhaled gases and I || special forms of muscular work. The 1 I animals which have been a subject of I I study hero include everything from a I I small white mouse to a python four I I meters long.\nDr. Benedict has served as instructor I I of chemistry at the Massachusetts Col- I I lege of Pharmacy and as prpfessor of I I Chemistry at Wesleyan. He Is a fei- I -- low of tho American Academy of Arts |\n\u25a0\tand Sciences and of many other Amer- J I lean and international scientific aead- I I emies. He is the author of several I\nI books and pamphlets on organic and | I physiological chemistry.\nI Mrs. Benedict, who Is here with Dr. I Benedict, has worked with him in the I I laboratory and has helped him to devise I various apparatus. Dr. Benedict has | I found an eager reception in France I I for the series of lectures he has been I giving.\n\u25a0\tDr. and Mrs, Benedict will soon make\n\u25a0\tnn extensive voyage through Stras-\n\u25a0\tbourg, Bale, Geneva, Lyons, Switzerland,\nI Austria, Hungary, Belgrade, Germany,\nI Scandinavia and Holland. They will I spend a month in England and will sail I for home on June 22 to attend the I I International Congress of Physiology ln I I August. More than 15 of the fore- I\n\u25a0\tmost physiologists of France will at- I\n\u25a0\ttend this Congress.","page":0},{"file":"0067.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"STRASBOURG. FRANCE\nUniversity of Strasbourg. Institute of Biological Chemistry.\nProfessor Maurice Nieloux.\nWithout doubt the most accurate biological laboratory in Prance is that of Professor Nieloux. The whole place savors of extreme accuracy. Just now he is working upon a micro method for the total carbon in urine. Of course I was delighted to think such a method was finally to be developed, for I have always felt that the carbon-nitrogen ratio in urine is of great importance. It was interesting to see that there was a great deal of quartz and pyrex glass throughout the laboratory. Nioloux says that now this glass is made by Prance under a license from the American concern. He also pointed out that he was perfectly certain the glass did not break as easily as ordinary glass, in other words, that pyrex glass is stronger mechanically than ordinary glass. Nioloux always impresses one as being full of ideas and very dynamic, and it is a great pleasure to talk with him. His associate, Dr. G. Fontes, who made such a fine impression upon us three years ago, unfortunately (although in the laboratory) was ill and had to go home. All of the workers with Nieloux are trained in extremely accurate work. It is a fine center and contributes a great deal to the prominence of Strasbourg.","page":0},{"file":"0068.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"48\nSTRASBOURG. FRANCE.\nUniversity of Strasbourg. Faculty of Medicine, Clinique Medicale B.\nProfessor L. Blum.\nHere is a clinic in which scientific researoh is carried out with great aocuracy. Blum is a man of tremendous industry and feels that a clinic should do something besides heal sick people. He is much interested in sodium chloride in nephritis, the relation between urea and sodium chloride. Just now one of his associates, Dr. Gr\u00e4ber is working upon a micro method for sodium. The urine is digested for four days with nitric acid, and he finally gets a uranium-acetate salt. The method apparently gives satisfactory check results.\nRespiration apparatus of Boulitte. I saw again one of these miserable specimens of the Benedict apparatus. They were using it a great deal and they had had great trouble. They showed me some respiration curves that they had recently obtained. I looked into the thing and found the container and the soda-lime used were the same as those used in Paris. They told me that they had filled the container one-half full and after six experiments the \"soda-lime\"^s\u00fcfeLled up, the container had become full and the contents had over-flown, so to speak. The soda-lime, so-called, was dry and powdery after the experiment, like a dry and dusty, fine powder. Obviously it was chiefly calcium oxide. The recipient for soda-lime was in two parts.\nThe base had a rim about one-half inch high, which fitted into the conical part, and then the side of the soda-lime recipient fitted into this little base. No special provision was made to have this air-tight, although it looked like a fairly good mechanical fit. The container was about one-third of the size of the containers we used to employ when we had the soda-lime inside the spirometer, and it was filled only one-half full of what was called \"soda-lime\" but probably was quick lime. It was no wonder, therefore, that carbon dioxide got by. There was a chance for a leak at the bottom also. Professor Blum showed me a lot of curves, and all of the curves showed high respirations at the end of the 10-minute period, continually increasing, which suggested of course that the carbon dioxide went by and gradually accumulated or that the resistance was greater. Probably the carbon dioxide went by, for each new curve began with a small amplitude and gradually increased as time went on. I pointed out these inaccuracies to them, and they were very grateful. I also emphasized the importance of preparing their own soda-lime.","page":0},{"file":"0069.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"49\nSTRASBOURG. PRANGE.\nI had. a most delightful evening with the Dekan, Professor G, Weiss, but he is wholly occupied now in administration and has no time for research as such,\nI gave a leoture in the clinic of Professor Merklen, to a very large audience.","page":0},{"file":"0070.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"STRASBOURG. FRANGE.\nUniversity of Strasbourg. Laboratory of Physiology.\nProfessor Georges Schaeffer.\nAs formerly, I had a most interesting talk with Schaeffer,\nMy only regret is that I did not have more time, Schaeffer impressed me as being a very active, intelligent man, I have found some people who do not rate him highly, but on the whole he made a fine impression on me. His laboratory is large. They are working on many different lines. He said he has always to make his own soda-lime, for the sodium hydroxide of Prance is bad. Ordinary sodium hydroxide contains a great deal of sodium carbonate. He thinks this is the reason for the bad soda-lime. He had an interesting visit from Herbert Evans. Schaeffer pointed out that Lef\u00e8vre*s physiology in his book is, singularly enough, the physiology of Lef\u00e8vre himself.\nFor example, he oalls the normal weight 63 kg,, because Lef\u00e8vre weighs 63 kg,, and all the way through the book this crops out, I was much interested to see that in Schaeffer\u2019s small chamber there was a graphic record of activity which he says he uses a great deal. I did not get the impression that at the moment Schaeffer was working on many problems in metabolism.","page":0},{"file":"0071.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"51\nSTRASBOURG. FRANCE.\nUniversity of Strasbourg. Department of General Physiology.\nProfessor E. Terroine.\nI was sorry I could not meet Professor Terroine. I have tried unsuccessfully to get in touch with him for years. This time he was rather seriously ill with influenza, somewhere in the Vosges, and could not be seen. But Schaeffer tells me that Terroine uses the Haldane apparatus for all of his gas exchange and employs averages a good deal. He is so much occupied in outside interests, lecturing, visits, etc., that he is never in the laboratory and there is no real check or control on his assistants. Furthermore, there is no control upon the activity of the animal.\nLater:- It was particularly unfortunate that I could not have met him or seen his institute. He is somewhat touchy and and feels the Nutrition Laboratory has not properly given him credit. It is too bad.","page":0},{"file":"0072.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"52\nBASEL. SWITZERLAND.\nUniversity of Basel. Medical Polvolinio.\nProfessor Alfred Gigon.\nGigon, in the Poliklinik, has a larger space than formerly, but is doing practically nothing in respiration work. Just at present he is muoh occupied by the micro method for carbon, devised by Pregl of Graz. He weighs the carbon dioxide in soda-lime and calcium-chloride tubes, but does not use a counterpoise. He finds that the carbon in the blood corpuscles varies. Insulin lowers it, but it is not due to sugar, something else. He consequently feels that there is really a new field. When sugar is fed, the carbon in the blood corpuscles increases, but it is not sugar, for the carbon increase is twenty times the increase of sugar in the blood.\nFor example, he uses 40 milligrams of blood and therefrom gets 8 milligrams of carbon dioxide. Thus, I saw a sample protocol with .008342 gram by a micro balance. There was no control of wiping off the U-tubes, but half an hour after the combustion they were wiped, first, with a cloth and, second, with a chamois and then weighed, with no counterpoise. In other words, there was no notion as to how much could be wiped off the tubes.\nGigon was anxious to know about the helmet. There is going to be a new hospital and he wishes to try out the helmet. I sketched it out on the blackboard for him.\nHe thinks there is a lot to be done on the blood plasma and the corpuscles, and feels there is a wholly different distribution of material in the plasma and likewise in the corpuscles. He also is extremely interested in micro analysis and certain light effects, ultra-violet and infra-red. For example, he had been working upon the lung and found that the lung was almost as resistant, impervious, to light as was a metal. The impression I got was that he had several rather interesting leads, but they were not very sharply defined as yet.","page":0},{"file":"0073.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"53\nBASEL. SWITZERLAND.\nUniversity of Basel. Medical Clinic.\nProfessor Rudolf Staehelin.\nStaehelin has a large hospital (Burger Spital) and is much occupied in clinical work, with his beds, and does relatively little respiration work. The Krogh apparatus was used. There was a room in which the equipment was all set up, and it looked as if it was frequently used. He felt that the Krogh was simpler than the Benedict apparatus. They had also formerly done a great deal of work with gas analysis. He had a Haldane apparatus and likewise a Carpenter apparatus from Greiner; the latter had arrived twice from Greiner broken, but both times the insurance was paid. Samples were taken from a chamber in another building and likewise from a Jaquet chamber, which he had there. These samples were taken to another building for analysis. But nothing had been done since 1927 with the gas-analysis method. They use the Krogh apparatus every day. He finds that his results for normals are nearer the Harris-Benedict than the AuT^4nd Du Bois standard. He was extremely sorry not to have seen Dr, Du Bois at Friedrich Muller's, The Jaquet chamber was not used very much and had not been for some time,\nI suggested to him the possibility of using it for 60 per cent oxygen in pneumonia cases.\nThere was a large pressure chamber which he had bought from Freiburg, He did not know who designed it or who built it, but he had to reinforce it for pressure conditions. The system of pumps was very elaborate. He could get a vacuum or pressure. He used it for asthma and he had tried to get the metabolism with it, first at Basel and later on the same patients at Davos, But he found it very hard to find controllable patients, and Loewy at Davos did the metabolism in a different way, which made it difficult to compare the results. It must have cost a great deal, in the first place, to buy the chamber and, in the second place, the installation must have been very expensive. It seemed rather useless to me, and I suggested again to him its use as a high oxygen chamber, which interested him greatly.\nWe had an interesting discussion with regard to the question of originality and he quoted the joke that was current in Basel with regard to Friedrich Muller, Apparently it was a student joke, the details of which I do not know, but the idea was he got his stature from his father, his manner from Gerhardt, the proteins from Fisher, something else from H, H, Myer, and something else from Zuntz, and if one gets all these things, what is there left for originality? This whole idea is expressed in some sort of student song, as a take-off on Friedrich M\u00fcller. But as he says, nowadays every one works with what men have done before him. There is nothing new, I pointed out to him and did frequently throughout my lecture tour that the word \"new\" never occurs on the titles from the","page":0},{"file":"0074.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"54\nNutrition Laboratory* My impression is that it did appear once with Dr. Snell in describing the method for determining skin temperature, but aside from that, never.\nStaehelin discussed the new Catholic hospital, which probably will be controlled by Gigon or at least he will have many patients there, since he is a Catholic. But Staehelin pointed out that there is no competition with the Burger Spital,.as they take a different class of patients. It is difficult to do research. The Swiss medical students want to enter private practice immediately. There are no volunteer workers, as in Germany.\nThe hospital is clean, well painted, and yet old. I was surprised, for example, to see gas in the corridors. But Staehelin said it was put in because the electricity might fail. He finds that the Krogh apparatus is used a great deal for differential diagnosis.\nWe also had a most interesting discussion with regard to prohibition. Staehelin thinks that prohibition is a good thing and made the astonishing statement to me that if he could vote for it for Switzerland, he would vote for it every time. The people spent too much money for alcohol. He pointed out that alcohol in Switzerland was the cheapest in the world and bread the most expensive. They raise no wheat. Hence it must all be imported. During the war a law was enacted which stated they must raise some wheat, but as soon as the law was off no more was raised. It is cheaper and easier for them to raise wine. He says they have too much alcoholism in Switzerland and also much in the hospital. There are too many fruit trees, and they must convert it into juice which is subsequently fermented. One interesting point was that electrification was ruining the English coal mines. The Germans, for example, had developed electricity extraordinarily to take the place of coal. Coal had to be cheaper in order to compete with cheap electricity.","page":0},{"file":"0075.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"GENEVA. SWITZERLAND ^ International Labor Office.\nDr,. Weber-Bauler. Professor Elmer Berry. Dr\u00ab Patres, and Dr. Stocker.\nGeneva, although doing relatively little in basal metabolism,is becoming of interest to workers inasmuch as the International Labor Office (I. L, 0.) has head-quarters there, I visited the large building of the I, L, 0#, constructed with a court and containing innumerable rooms where work was going on. The building seemed to me architecturally interesting, save that the corridors gave the impression of cells. All the doors were solid, no light through. You might have been passing through the corridor of a storage ware-house. I had several interesting talks with a Dr, Weber-Bauler, who does the physiology for the International Y. M, C, A, School of Physical Education, and was glad to meet Professor Elmer Berry there (formerly of Springfield), who has charge of the school.\nI also met Dr, Datres and Dr, Stocker. The I, L. 0, is devoting itself in large measure to fatigue studies, and they pride themselves on having all the literature. The librarian asked me for our titles, made a blanket request, I asked them to have a list drawn off for us of the titles they had on muscular work and fatigue and send it to us, when we would try to send what is missing.\nMy lecture was held before the medical society of Geneva, before a large, appreciative audience. One feels that in Geneva one is in the midst of an active scientific center, about to break into some highly organized research, and yet one feels as if it is a matter of overorganization and there is too much thus far in committees and too little in actual research accomplishment. It makes one think a little bit of our National Research Counoil in America.","page":0},{"file":"0076.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LYONS. FRANCE.\nUniversity of Lyons. Faoultv of Soiences. Department of general and Comparative Physiology. Professor H. Oardot.\nI was urgently invited to go to Lyons by Professor H. Cardot,\n(see figure 19) who is the successor to Raphael Dubois. I went there from Geneva for the day# In the laboratory of Professor Oardot I found the original laboratory scale used by Raphael Dubois to study the insensible perspiration or the weights of marmots. I took some small pictures of this, (see figures 20 and 21) whioh do not enlarge very satisfactorily. In the laboratory there was not much of speoial interest to us. The laboratory has likewise a marine station near Toulouse at a place called Tamaris,\nRichet goes there frequently and there are many others from all over Prance. I imagine it is something like our American Woods Hole.\nCardot was working chiefly on the chronaxia of cold-blooded animals.\nHe is a student of Richet and Raphael Dubois. He was doing no respiration work. Cardot is a very nice fellow. I only wish he had metabolism interests, particularly in respiration. I took a number of photographs. Cardot gave me a photograph (figures 22\u00ab-and 22b) of Richet and Dubois and we had a most interesting chat with the histologist or anatomist, a most extraordinary character but with nothing of special interest in metabolism.","page":0},{"file":"0077.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"51\nFigure 19. Professor H. Gardot of Lyons, France, in his laboratory.","page":0},{"file":"0079.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\t\nFigure 22a. Professor Charles Richet, left,and Professor R. Du Bois,right, at the summer biological station at Tamaris. Taken by Professor Gardot in the fall of 1928, and given to F.G.B. on February 18, 1929.\n\nFigure 22b. Professor H. Gardot, Professor R. Du Bois and Professor Charles Richet, at the summer biological station at Tamaris. Photograph taken in September , 1928, and given to F.G.B. in February, 1929.\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0080.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"60\nLYONS. FRANCE.\nLuncheon with the University Council\u00ab\nProfessor Gheusi and Professor garner.\nAt noon there was a meeting of the University Council at the restaurant Carillon. The Dean, Professor Gheusi, presided and I sat beside him. This man made a tremendous impression upon me. It so happened that on this particular day Professor Garner of the University of Illinois, Professor of International Law, was there, as he was giving some lectures at Lyons, so this luncheon was more or less in honor of us both. (See the card of invitation on page\tThe Director is also professor of\nlaw, he is a jurist and formerly was a deputy in the chamber of deputies.\nDr. Garner had been given a Doctor\u2019s degree before this. During the luncheon I had a most interesting talk with Dr. Gheusi and after the luncheon he made an extraordinary speech, emphasizing the importance of lectures of this kind as instruments to bring together, first of all, the scientists who were working in the field of humanity. He was extremely appreciative of the efforts of the Nutrition Laboratory and made almost fulsome remarks with regard to my being there as an embassador of peace, etc. A certain amount of this material had evidently been given to him beforehand in a note by Professor Cardot, for I was astonished to hear him speak of \"m\u00e9tabolisme basal* in quite an intelligent way. It really was a splendid speech and I was thrilled not only by the personal references, which were too flattering, but to hear one of the foremost representatives of belligerent Prance speak in such a tone. I heard no speech or comments in Europe more stimulating than that of the Rector Gheusi, delivered with a characteristic Gallic impetuosity of oratory which made a most thrilling effect. It is a pity it could not have been taken down in shorthand. With characteristic French politeness, when I complimented him upon the speeoh, the Rector turned to me and said, \"It was not my speech; it was yours. I simply took ideas you had given me during luncheon.\" This was somewhat exaggerated, but the fact he would so strongly express these views, with desire for international amities, was to my mind very stimulating, and it was a pity that the speech could not have been published. Among those present at the luncheon was an eminent palaeontologist, Professor Deperet, a very old man (since died) who was a member of the Academy. Lyons is very proud to think they have three members in the French Academy.","page":0},{"file":"0081.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u00c7j^\u00c7^Si rf(ec fcKA_ f,v> \u00ff.*^ $/%*}(\u2022\n\u20acHJ\u00e2/- \u2014\n^__,\t/ /\u00abUft'f+xAvtl* j\nl^rC'c^O\tT^r.\u00c2 Th^cT^\n\u00a3 6\u00a3/\"**? ^\n$t/T// O 1r <C/\\\nY^vjO \u00a3^U fif -ftCn\n*To vr/<\u00e4fc J <M ^ ^ \u00a3o^>\n^ fJuJf\nJu.fi* jJic/K* ?\u25a0 ft\nd ^jjX 'i 4. 1^6\u00bb.\u00bb^ ^ fi\tfot c'Bc\nJB\tlJu/(\\x/^>\n/fd\u00fft?u.tie~t\u00ff cJUJ* CX","page":0},{"file":"0082.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Le recteur et le conseil\nde l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Lyon ont l\u2019honneur de prier\nMonsieur le Professeur Cardot\nde vouloir bien assister au D\u00e9jeuner\tqui sera offert\nIe I.undi 18 F\u00e9vrier \u00e0 midi S\u00a9 ,au Carillon en l'honneur des professeurs Francis G.Benedict et Garner .\nR. S. V. P.\n\u00e0 M. Bayle, secr\u00e9taire de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, 18, quai Claude-Bernard","page":0},{"file":"0083.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LYONS. FRANGE.\nRockefeller Faculty Medioal Group\u00ab\nAfter the luncheon we visited the new Rockefeller Faculty Medical Group, just outside of the city* This is designed much like the buildings in New York and the motif was a medical factory.\nThe architect, Mr. X, (figure 23) knew American architects very well, especially Mr. Shepley, one of the architects of the Nutrition Laboratory. There was an immense group of buildings and miles of corridors, but the results accomplished in ten months only were marvellous and they felt as if they would have a world\u2019s record for speed in building. Everything was simple except in the corridors, where there was an extraordinary design of porcelain tiling. The exterior is a compromise, with a little art. Therefore it is better them at Rochester. There is a trace of art in it. Twenty different sub-contractors were working, all under a fine system, for they found that a general \"entrepreneur\" was too expensive. The Rockefeller interests promised thirty million francs, but when they paid, the bank interest due to depreciation mounted so that they paid forty-two million. This Medioal Group\tis\tthirty-two minutes\tfrom\tthe\ncenter of the town and next to a group\tof\tmedical hospitals,\talso\tnew\nbut being built very slowly because it\tis\ta city job. There\twere\ttunnels\nunder the street, fuel oil, etc.\n","page":0},{"file":"0084.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 23. Architect of the Rockefeller Medical Center.","page":0},{"file":"0085.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"64\nLYOHS. PRANCE.\nf\t/ /\nEcole V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire.\nProfessor Jung.\nz\t/\t/\nIn the afternoon we visited the Ecole Veterinaire, where Maignon used to be. His present successor is Jung. (See figures 24 and 25).\nBut it is most interesting as being the working place of Chauveau.\nI saw there the large respiration chamber of Chauveau, which I had photographed on a former trip. That had not been used for forty years.\nI suggested to them several uses and they seemed to be most interested.\nI saw for the first time the original Chauveau-Kaufmann respiration chamber, where there is no ventilation and one allows the carbon dioxide to increase. I also took a couple of photographs of this. (See figures 26 and 27.) There is quite a collection of Chauveau apparatus there, his kymographs, methods of studying sound for heart studies. Of course there is a great deal of historic interest, but very little of new.\nThe present man, Jung, is interested solely in milk, with an unheard of number of centrifuges. He considered the best centrifuge was the Sharpless of America. There was an ultra-rapid centrifuge, but with very small buckets, employing an air turbine jet. The Veterinary Sohool with the Chauveau tradition certainly ought to do something. Probably they will not, for the present incumbent is interested only in milk.","page":0},{"file":"0086.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\n\nFigures 24 and 25. From right to left, Professor H. Cardot, Professor Jung (successor to Maignon in the Ecole V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire), unkoivn man at the left, all of Lyons, France.\nif:.","page":0},{"file":"0087.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\nFigure 26. Original Chauveau-Kaufmann closed-chamber respiration apparatus at Lyons, France.\nFigure 27. Original Chauveau-Kaufmann closed-chamber respiration apparatus at Lyons, France, showing connection with Laulanie apparatus, and spirometer at the right.","page":0},{"file":"0088.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"67\nLYONS. FRANGE.\nLecture,\nMy leoture was given in a large auditorium, extremely well filled but frightfully cold, colder than the Paris morgue, I found I was warm enough speaking, with the excitement and movement of the arms, but I pitied the audience. Most of them sat with their overcoats on and I almost asked them to put on their hats. The lecture went very well and at the end a large number of questions were asked. The newspaper account of the lecture is appended herewith. A photograph was taken just prior to the luncheon with the rector, the palaeontologist, myself and Cardot, and is shown in this newspaper clipping. All in all, I was delighted that I had made this visit to Lyons, With the new group of buildings there should be a development of research. Dr. Lepine (see figures 28 and 29) the psychiatrist, was very kind and looked after the general plan for the day, and it would seem as if they had a great moral obligation to drive research there very hard, with this magnificent equipment.","page":0},{"file":"0089.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"r m.daicur\nPRS\nJOURNAL R\u00c9PUE\n*\nDeux professeurs am\u00e9ricains \u00e0 Lyon\nLe professeur B\u00e9n\u00e9dict et le professeur Garnex* sont, depuis hier, les h\u00f4tes de l'Universit\u00e9\n_____ propre*.\nM. le professeur B\u00e9n\u00e9dict, avec, \u00e0 sa droite, M. le recteur Gheusi ; \u00e0 sa gauche, le professeur Cardot, causant avec M. le doyen Dep\u00e9ret\nDeux \u00e9minents professeurs am\u00e9ricains, M. B\u00e9n\u00e9dict, du Nutrition Laboratory de la Carnegie Institution \u00e0 Boston, et M. le professeur James Garner, de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de l\u2019Illinois, sont depuis hier les h\u00f4tes de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Lyon.\np^a\u00eeassaur B\u00e9n\u00e9dict a \u00e9t\u00e9 re\u00e7u dans la matin\u00e9e \u00e0 la Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine par M. le doyen Jean L\u00e9pine, entou-'\u00e9 des professeurs Policard et Cardot. Apr\u00e8s une rapide visite des laboratoires, il s\u2019est rendu \u00e0 la Facult\u00e9 Rt a. l\u2019h\u00f4pital de Grange-Blanche, dont il a admir\u00e9 l'ample ordonnance, toujours piilot\u00e9 par M. le professeur Policard.\nApr\u00e8s un d\u00e9jeuner, spirituellement anim\u00e9, auquel assistait M. le recteur Gheusi, chaque savant a rejoint sa Facult\u00e9.\nA la Facult\u00e9 de droit\nLes professeurs de droit, r\u00e9unis en conseil de facult\u00e9, ont re\u00e7u et install\u00e9 comme docteur \u00ab honoris causa \u00bb, M. Jamas W. Gamer, de 1 Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Illinois. D\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 de la fondation Carnegie pour la paix internationale, le pro-fesseur Gamer fera \u00e0 la Facult\u00e9 de droit, \u00e0 16 h 30, amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre Huvelin, aujourd\u2019hui mardi, une conf\u00e9rence publique sur : \u00ab Le nouveau droit international \u00bb, et le vendredi 22, meme heure, une seconde conf\u00e9rence' publique sur \u00ab Les facteurs et les conditions qui ont influenc\u00e9 la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re aux Etats-Unis \u00bb.\nLe professeur Gamer est l\u2019auteur d\u2019ouvrages renomm\u00e9s sur Le droit international et la guerre mondiale, et sur la science politique et le droit public am\u00e9ricain. Le public lyonnais n\u2019a pas oubli\u00e9 les remarquables conf\u00e9rences qu\u2019il fit \u00e0 Lyon en 1021\nsur la constitution des Etats-Unis et qui lui avaient r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 les difficult\u00e9s qu\u2019allait rencontrer aux Etats-Unis la ratification du trait\u00e9 de Versailles.\nA la Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine\nDe son c\u00f4t\u00e9, M. B\u00e9n\u00e9dict donnait \u00e8 la Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine un cours magistral. Le savant am\u00e9ricain fait depuis longtemps autorit\u00e9 dans cette mesure des \u00e9changes vitaux, devenue classique, sous le nom, un peu impressionnant, de m\u00e9tabolisme basal. En un expos\u00e9 tr\u00e8s ramass\u00e9, il montre d\u2019abord les m\u00e9thodes et les appareils qui lui ont permis d\u2019\u00e9tablir avec une exactitude minutieuse de bilan des diff\u00e9rents ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de la nutrition, en fonction des doses alimentaires, de la temp\u00e9rature ambiante, de l\u2019activit\u00e9 musculaire ou respiratoire. L\u2019on suit ensuite sur les graphiques projet\u00e9s, l\u2019encha\u00eenement des milliers d\u2019exp\u00e9riences traduisant le m\u00e9canisme des \u00e9changes chez les animaux et chez l\u2019homme, aux diff\u00e9rents \u00e2ges, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat de sommeil ou de veille, de suralimentation ou d\u2019inanition, \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re ou dans l\u2019obscurit\u00e9.\nL\u2019on aper\u00e7oit l\u00e0 une moisson consid\u00e9rable d\u2019observation et de faits qui, coordonn\u00e9s et clarifi\u00e9s, apporteront \u00e0 la pratique m\u00e9dicale des indications pr\u00e9cieuses. Ainsi, et c\u2019est la conclusion du biologiste, l\u2019on ne s\u2019exposera plus \u00e0 porter sur la table d\u2019op\u00e9ration un malade dont le m\u00e9tabolisme d\u00e9ficient peut r\u00e9server les pires surprises.\nLes \u00e9tudiants accourus nombreux, et la plupart des ma-\u00eetres de la Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine qui entouraient la chaire, firent f\u00eate \u00e0 M. B\u00e9n\u00e9dict, dont le net expos\u00e9 d\u2019investigations originales a profond\u00e9ment int\u00e9ress\u00e9..","page":0},{"file":"0090.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 28. Dean Lepine,the psychiatrist, of Lyons, France.\nFigure 29. Dean Lepine and Professor Cardot on the roof of the medical center, Lyons, France.","page":0},{"file":"0091.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"70\nBERNE. SWITZERLAND.\nUniversity of Berne. Physiological Institute.\nProfessor Leon Asher and Dr. I. Abelin.\nThe indefatigability of the Asher School in their studies of the glands and the delightful personality of Professor de Quervain always make a visit to Berne especially interesting. I made a number of visits to the Asher laboratory. There does not seem to be the perfect accord between Abelin and Asher that I should hope for. Not one word was said by either. Certainly Abelin was never disloyal, and yet there seemed to be a disposition for each man to see me separately. When I talked with Asher, Abelin was not around. When I talked with Abelin, Asher was not around.\nGoing about the laboratory with Asher, I found quite a large number of different types of experiments in progress. For example, he is now working upon the muscular work of man, the after-effect of fatigue, and he has been studying a liver preparation to offset fatigue. He is using a bicycle ergometer, large gasometer, and two valves of Atzler. There is a large Haldane apparatus for analysis. He thinks now that he has modified and bettered the mercury trap for cleaning it. Asher gave me the distinct impression of being very heavy-handed. This seemed to be clear in many ways. For example, at one time he was lifting a cover off a balance. I was rather astonished at the summary, almost brusk way in which an assistant grabbed it out of his hands to prevent deimage. Frankly,\nI think the balance might have been damaged. Asher does not seem to be a technician. In this he reminded me of Professor Atwater. Atwater had very little technical skill personally.\nThe laboratory is now packed with an enormous amount of very good apparatus. I found a string galvanometer, for example, of the first order, a pendulum apparatus for exact timing, a magnificent falling-plate camera, and a micro balance. But it was rather interesting that only one Jap was visible. Thus there is a great difference in the type of workers there. Formerly the place was saturated with Japs. But Asher tells me that now the Japs find Berne too expensive and many go to places in Japan to get their training. My impression was that he had an extraordinarily bright group of people there. I have reason to believe that ray rather severe criticism of previous years had had some effect. There is a much better atmosphere, although I was sorry to see that there seemed to be a disposition for the two head men not to discuss things together or go about with me together, implying a slight difference of opinion. I called Asher\u2019s attention to the fact that in one of his papers he had published a basal metabolic rate of 2.498, that is, at the rate of one part in twenty-five hundred. Asher","page":0},{"file":"0092.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"71\ndisavowed this and said it was due only to the Japanese calculations and he let it stay in the text. My private opinion is it will not appear again in Asher\u2019s publications. They said they believed we could use a Haldane apparatus (for rats) for periods as short as two hours, but one must have an extremely accurate balance.\nAsher told me an interesting story in connection with the Harvey Centennial recently held in England. Asher said Schafer was sitting at the table beside Rubner and Gildemeister. Rubner introduced Gildemeister to Schafer, saying he should know him for he was the young Ludwig.\" According to Asher, Schafer rather resented this being a pupil of Ludwig, and remarked caustically \"rather young.\"*\nI had several long talks with Abelin. I asked him if he would draw off for me a statement of his work and his main working basis. He is particularly active in specific dynamic action as a factor in explaining thyroid action. He spoke highly of Cramer of London in his work on rats. One important technical point which came up is that in all running chambers for rats he believes they should run on a flat level and not in a round chamber. In a round chamber the work of elevation must come in to some unknown amount. It is much better to have it flat. All the rat metabolism chambers for oxygen and carbon dioxide on the Haldane principle were very small. The rat seemed to be rather cramped, but he pointed out the rat should be in a small place. On the basis of this I suggested to Miss Horst in New Haven that she should try a rat in a small tube, corresponding to a hole, and see if it did not become quieter under these conditions, partly based upon what Abelin said and partly upon my experience with the ring doves in a small place, like a fruit jar.\nAbelin subsequently sent me a statement with regard to his problems.\nHis periods, however, I think are too long, six hours. He must lose certain things surely in connection with the respiratory quotients, and one wonders whether an average respiratory quotient for over six hours can tell very much. I was sorry that Abelin could not come to the Congress and I offered to help him in every way conceivable.","page":0},{"file":"0093.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"72\nBERNE. SWITZERLAND.\nSurgical Clinic. Professor F. de Quervain.\nI lectured in Professor de Quervain*s clinic before a large audience, and it was very much appreciated. I found, however, that there was not a great amount of basal metabolism work being done.\nThe man who formerly had charge of this in this clinic, Dr. Pedotti, had gone to another hospital in another section and had married Professor de Quervain*s daughter, who had been a technician at that time. So there was little work on basal metabolism being done, in spite of the fact that disturbances of the thyroid gland are prominent in Switzerland.\nAt a gathering at the home of Professor de Quervain two photographs were taken. (See figures 30 and 31.)","page":0},{"file":"0094.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"73\n\u2022K*\nFigures 30 and 31, Gathering at the home of Professor de Quervain, Berne,Switzerland. Sitting, left to right, Mrs, Asher, Mrs, Benedict,\nMrs. de Quervain, Miss de Quervain, Mrs. Isenschmidt, Mrs. Abelin, and\nMiss Hood. Standing, left to right, Dr.-------, Professor Wiegand, Prof.\nAsher,Dr. Isenschmidt, and Professor de Quervain.","page":0},{"file":"0095.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"74\nZURICH. SWITZERLAND.\nUniversity of Zurich. Laboratory of Physiology.\nProfessor W, R. Hess.\nProfessor Hess is one of the most interesting and stimulating men that I have ever met, formerly a physician, interested, I believe, primarily in the eye. He is Professor of General Physiology and his laboratory is a model of cleanliness and precision. He has done a great deal of work on the heart and brain, stimulating with electrodes and then studying the problem of sleep, which ,has been one of his main problems for many years. He has done no work in metabolism, although there is a large pressure chamber which can be used for work of this kind, in which he hopes sometime to do something. At present it is used chiefly for studying the heart, x-rays, and electrocardiograms at different altitudes, from 0 to 8,000 meters and with corresponding descent. He has been muoh interested in the physiology of hibernating animals, has in captivity several of these small hibernating animals, and is studying the body temperature. They lie on a thermojunction in a little curved-up cup on the Dewar flask principle, with a high degree of insulation. In this way he gets their body temperature while they are outdoors in their ordinary condition of hibernation. Hess was interested in the Physiological Congress, was going to attend with his wife, had raised several hundred francs from some industrialists in Switzerland and was going to try to persuade others to go.\n%","page":0},{"file":"0096.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ZURICH.\nSWITZERLAND.\nInternational Alpine Physiological Station.\nProfessor W. R, Hess.\nThe great interest of Professor Hess (see figure 32) at the present time is the development of the new Alpine Station at the Jungfraujoch. At the terminus of this extraordinary railroad they are building an international Alpine Physiological Station. The Rockefeller people gave them 165,OCX) Swiss Francs and they consider it will take about 500,000 Francs to put it through. A number of countries have contributed already, so much so that when I was there they were about to blast off the rock and begin. The idea is to study the physiology, meteorology, and therapy of light, in fact, the whole question of altitude from many points of view.","page":0},{"file":"0098.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ZURICH. SWITZERLAND.\nLecture.\nI gave two lectures, one before a society of physicians in the evening in the lecture room of Professor Hess and another on the respiratory quotient the next morning before his class and a good many guests. The experience at both lectures was extremely interesting, although singularly enough I was asked to speak in English. Hess gave the rather amusing explanation that he thought it was to my advantage to speak in my own language, that is, the other people would have to look up to or try to get in touch with me. On the other hand, if I spoke German or made any mistakes, it would put me at a disadvantage. This was the first time I had ever had this brought so forcibly to me.\nI think myself it is a false position, but \u00a3t is interesting that he held to it so strongly.","page":0},{"file":"0099.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"78\nZ\u00fcrich, Switzerland.\nAgricultural Institute for Feeding Domestic Animals.\nProfessor G. Wiegner and Dr. Max Kleiber.\nI had seen this laboratory three years ago and was glad to see it again, for although considerable progress had been made in certain directions, much of the old material still remained.\nKleiber is a very clever chap. He had been to Mjtfllgaard. He is very ingenious, but like so many of these laboratories, his advancement was so much furthered by an extraordinarily clever mechanic who had been taken over by Sauter. They had an interesting Sauter balance with a rider on it, so the weights on the pan need only be 100 grams. The rider read down to 0.01 gram. As a matter of fact, Kleiber did not recommend it very strongly, but did not give me the reason why. He was much excited over a polemic he was having with M^llgaard and Fingerling. He is a very interesting chap. I think Fingerling had it correct when he said to me later in Leipzig that Kleiber was very clever, but \"not yet ripe\". Kleiber had made experiments with a rabbit in a Haldane apparatus in 24-hour periods.\nHe found with an old rabbit in the Haldane apparatus 450 calories per square meter of body surface per 24 hours on the fourth day of the fast, and he thinks this is a good Armsby projection. As a matter of fact, however, he assumed that the movement at the first was the same as the movement with one-third feed and the movement at full feed. He states, however, that he believes for the practical study of feedingstuffs this question of activity plays no role. If a feed calls for more restlessness, that is a part of the cost of living and comes into the calculation, so that that is a part of the expense of that particular feed. They have studied dry feed plus dry feed moistened with water, and find there is very little difference. He says the digestibility is the same at a low level as at a high level. Perhaps a little less is digested at the high level, as he found starch in the feces by a microscope. He is a very keen one, but he must be cautious.\nKleiber was just about to leave for Davis, California. The people at Davis told him to order a respiration chamber the same as the Copenhagen one and to ship it to California. But later on they withdrew this order. I told him he must visit Fingerling, M^llgaard, Carpenter, Ritzman, Mitchell, and Brody.","page":0},{"file":"0100.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"79\nHis Haldane respiration chamber for rabbits (see figures 33 to 35) had glass sides. As a matter of fact, they jokingly called it \"the Pullman car effect.* When I was there the rabbit was active the entire time. At no time did I see him perfectly quiet. The ventilation is about 200 liters per hour. His sheep chamber is practically unaltered and he says he controlled it with carbon dioxide from a bomb as I told him to formerly, but he found a considerable amount of water in the liquefied carbon dioxide. I have suggested to Professor Ritzman he look out for this point. They found they had to put it through sulphuric acid to hold the water back.\nThey have a gas-analysis apparatus of the M/6llgaard type, evidently as a result of Kleiber\u2019s visit to M^llgaard. It is very bulky. He uses sodium hydrosulfite but as yet has not had much experience comparing it with phosphorus or pyro.\nThe apparatus that I photographed two or three years ago, showing the height of the mercury in the capillary tube, a sort of automatic apparatus, is now not in order. He has a sampling device which is really a modified Johansson harp, and the bulb is lowered by a clock weight.\nHe has a new rat apparatus for studying a group of rats. It is extremely ingenious. The animals are placed in this cage or apparatus under a large glass jar and then, by shaking a solution of caustic potash they absorb the carbon dioxide for 24 hours. Then he determines the carbon dioxide absorbed by the electric conductivity of the potassium hydroxide solution. It is a very clever, large, cumbersome cage, much too large for a rat.\nThey have a cast iron base with a cast iron rim, the whole thing being white nickel. He then puts in mercury in the trough and covers the mercury with a little water to prevent poisoning. I think the apparatus itself is quite useless, although clever. Perhaps if he puts in a colony of from 8 to 10 rats, he might get a good average result. This was a point raised by Wiegner himself. I took a photograph of this rat apparatus. (See figure 36.)\nWiegner, the Director, is interested solely in soil science. In other words, he is a colloid chemist. He was extremely anxious as to what he was to do now that Kleiber was going away, for he had nobody to run the apparatus. One wonders just what is going to happen to this institute, now especially that Kleiber has gone, for I believe Kleiber has a contract to be for three years in California.\nThe whole California situation is extraordinary. I heard reverberations of it both at Fingerling\u2019s and M^llgaard\u2019s, particularly the latter and later from H. M. Evans of California at Edinburgh. It seems the Davis people (and Evans is by no means enthusiastic of the people having charge","page":0},{"file":"0101.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure.33* Institute for Animal Nutrition. Haldane rabbit chamber mounted on Sauter balance; as used by Dr. Max Kleiber at the Agricultural Institute for Feeding Domestic Animals, Zurich,Switzerland. Note Vernier and general elegance of construction.","page":0},{"file":"0102.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 34. Closer view of Haldane rabbit chamber used by Dr. Kleiber of Zurich, Switzerland, showing glass side wall with rabbit inside.","page":0},{"file":"0103.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 35. Second balance at left of that shown in figures 33 p.nd 34, containing absorption system for Haldane rabbit respiration apparatus. Balance fitted with Vernier. Used by Dr. Kleiber of Zurich, Switzerland.\n","page":0},{"file":"0104.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I\nFigure 36. New model of respiration chamber for rats, with shaking device for absorption of carbon dioxide. The chamber is surrounded by a glass aquarium with coarse wire mesh screen inside. The whole thing is immersed in a water bath at constant temperature. The apparatus is characterized by extraordinarily fine workmanship. It was devised by Dr.Max Kleiber of Zurich, Switzerland.","page":0},{"file":"0105.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"84\nat Davis) wrote to M^llgaard and asked him to come on for a year and get things started. According to Evans, M^llgaard replied with a fee which required that they cover the path from Copenhagen to California with gold. This was ruled out. But they did not, according to M^llgaard, give him a satisfactory reply or, indeed, any kind of reply. One day Kleiber appears at his laboratory, wants to see the apparatus, get blueprints, specifications, etc., so as to have it rebuilt at Davis. M^llgaard told me he very properly told Kleiber he would not show him the apparatus, would not give him the equipment and drawings until he had a formal request from Davis to this effect. Until this time he had had no answer from Davis with regard to their proposition to him. He thought it was an extraordinarily poor business arrangement. I told Evans that after he saw M^llgaard and saw how busy a man he was, I would like to have him consider - Supposing that the University of New Hampshire had asked him, Evans, to give up his job at California for a year and come to New Hampshire and do much what M^llgaard was to do at Davis, what fee would he, Evans, think he ought to ask, and then judge M^llgaard\u2019s demands in that light. My feeling is that the whole Davis matter was very badly handled.","page":0},{"file":"0106.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"85\nVIENNA, AUSTRIA. University of Vienna. Klinik f\u00fcr Kinderkrankheiten.\nProfessor Pirquet and Dr. Helmreich.\nWe arrived at Vienna with the tragic experience of the sudden death of Professor and Mrs, Pirquet. On my arrival at the hotel, I found a letter written by Pirquet, asking me to call him immediately by phone. Beside his letter lay the morning paper, announcing his suicide. The result was not only that his clinic, Dr. Noble, and Dr. Wagner, were upset, in fact, almost uncontrollably so, but the entire academic circle in Vienna was shattered. The whole thing was evidently a suicide pact, and a letter left by him showed they had taken potassium cyanide. We did get to the clinic with Durig for a short visit and found nothing new had been done in the shape of new apparatus, and the former apparatus for determining both carbon dioxide and oxygen, which they showed me a few years ago, had not been used. Helrareich, with whom I think we talked, feeds sugar to children and produces a metabolism above basal, then it falls to basal and goes below basal. It goes to 30 per cent below in some cases. This doctor, I think it was Helmreich, th'ought the oxygen of the sugar being converted to fat was used instead of the oxygen taken in by the spirometer, so this low oxygen intake, which indicated low basal metabolism, was primarily due to the body using the oxygen in sugar. Obviously direct calorimetry alone would solve this problem. The question of the successor to Pirquet had not been settled. In academic circles it seemed to be the opinion that Noble was not quite equal to it, but everything was held up.\nv","page":0},{"file":"0107.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"86\nVIENNA, AUSTRIA.\nUniversity of Vienna, Physiological Institute.\nProfessor Arnold Pur is, Dr, Wastl, and Dr. Berczeller.\nProfessor Durig (see figures 37 and 38) we were very glad to see, for it seemed in former years as if we always were missing him. He devoted a good deal of time to us and I took some photographs (see figures 39 to 41), but there was very little in his laboratory. No metabolism at all. His woman assistant, Dr. Helen Wastl, is without any ideas so far as research is concerned.\nI had had correspondence and printed matter from Dr, Berczeller, who had a so-called \"Institute of Nutrition,\" but Durig told me, as did Dr. Wastl, that Berczeller was a scoundrel, a mess, and had been forbidden to enter the Durig institute. A very clever man, 'Wagner, who had been working on the ear and had been working on a reproduction of the ear to use as a radio, had just been called to a position in Graz, and people spoke very highly of him. We did not come in contact with him.","page":0},{"file":"0108.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 57. Professor Arnold Durig,snapped on the street in Vienna,\nFigure 58. Professor Arnold Durig of Vienna, Austria, and Mrs. Benedict, on the ice jam on the Danube.","page":0},{"file":"0109.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"-\nFigures 39a and 39b. View in the Museum of the Physiological Department at the University of Vienna, showing a part of the calorimeter for mice and small animals. Water flowed through the spiral coil and the whole thing was placed in the neck of a Dewar flask.","page":0},{"file":"0110.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"89\nFigure 40. View of Professor Arnold Durig\u2019s laboratory in Vienna, .showing various breathing appliances, nose masks, face masks,etc.,end valves and dry gas meter at the right.\nFigure 41. Continuation, at the right, of the same view of Professor Durig's laboratory in Vienna as shown in figure 40.","page":0},{"file":"0111.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"TISMK\u00e0. AUSTRIA.\nSt. Elizabeth1s Hospital, First Medical Clinic. Professor Wilhelm Falta.\nDr. Falta. I received a letter from Mm, asking me to come to his office and talk over the alcohol check experiments.\nThis was the apparent reason. % feeling was in talking with him, that it was to get my reaction to his point of view that he had a grievance against Dr. Joslin, because Dr. Joslin in his book had not cited Dr. Fakta* s work. Dr. Falta wanted to know why his work was not cited. He would have no objection if it was cited and severely criticized. He thinks he had all of the high and low diets worked out before Dr. Joslin and feels very much cut up about the whole thing. I told him I was perfectly sure Dr. Joslin would not do an injustice to anybody and recommended he write to Dr. Joslin, setting forth his views on the matter and I told him that he would receive a courteous reply. With regard to the alcohol check test with the Haldane and the Douglas bag, I suggested he use an alcohol lamp in the air current and test the gas apparatus, first, and see if he got 0.66 for a respiratory quotient. Then I made many suggestions as to the method, but no simple way to check up his gas meter.\nOne could check the gas-analysis apparatus by the alcohol lamp, but one would always for total metabolism have to rely upon his gas meter, into which the gas was delivered from the Douglas bag.\nThe point of checking this was difficult. He says he has 40 to 50 diabetics always in the sanatorium or hospital and is always working on diabetes. He is strongly convinced that severe diabetes does not increase metabolism. Of course if diabetics have a high protein intake or high destruction of protein, then there is increased metabolism.","page":0},{"file":"0112.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"VIENNA\nAUSTRIA.\nLectures.\nMy lectures in Vienna were two, one before the Biological Society, a large audience, in the lecture room of Professor Pick, under the presidency of Professor H. H. Meyer. (See photographs of these gentlemen in figures 42 and 43.) I had a most interesting, serious audience, and was glad to be spoken to by Dr. Dillon, formerly at Leysin, whom we met three years ago. The German translation of my lecture was put in my hands by Professor Durig two minutes before I entered the lecture hall, as it had just come.\nI did not use it, but spoke in German without notes. The next day I lectured before the class in physiology for Professor Durig, an enormous crowd, over 550 students, who were very enthusiastic, attentive, and extremely appreciative. It was a stimulating experience. A clipping from the Neue Freie Presse of Vienna regarding my lecture is appended herewith. (See page ^3 .)","page":0},{"file":"0113.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 42. Family group at the home of Professor H.H.Meyer and Professor E.P.Pick at Vienna, Austria. From left to right, F.G.B., Mrs.Benedict, Professor H.H.Meyer, Mrs.Pick, and Professor Pick.\nFigure 43. Family group at the home of Professor H.H.Meyer and Professor E.P.Pick of Vienna. From left to ri^at, Professor H.H. Meyer, Mrs. Benedict, Professor Pick, Mrs. Pick, and F.G.B.","page":0},{"file":"0114.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"93\n4: .\tWien, Dienstag\n(Tnu\u00fclfntir^\u00f6--\nVSotitaq be& Softener qSeofeffota \u00a9enebtct.\nSie Schiebungen jroifcfycri ber amerifianifd)en unb \u00f6fter* reidjifdjcn mebijinifdjen \u00e4Biffcnfdjaft finb erft unt\u00e4tig ft burdj bfl\u00ab iragifdje Gabt \u00bbon Srofeffor Pirquet in lebhafte Grinnerung gebracht worben. \u00a7atte bodj i\u00dfreffjfor Pirquet feincrjeit in Stmerifta eS \u00bberftanben, Ontereffe f\u00fcr Oefterreidj unb f\u00fcr S\u00fc\u00dften 3U erwecken unb fein SSerbienft war t\u00ea ja audj, b\u00f6\u00df nadj bem Kriege bie unterbrochenen Serbinbungen wieber aufgenommen unb neu geft\u00e4rkt m\u00fcrben. Gin ftdjtbarc\u00f6 \u00bbJeidjen biefcr engen SRetatipn geigte ftd| audj in ber geftrigen Si\u00c7ung ber S\u00dcBiener biologijdjen \u00a9efettfcfjaft, in meid)er S\u00dfrefeffor fttanciS SB e n e* ,b i e t (Softon) \u00fcber bie neueften \u00a7orfd)ungcn berid)tete, weldje in feinem Grn\u00e4ljrungSlnboretorium ber Garnegic* Stiftung burdjgef\u00fcljrt werben. 3n feiner Ginleitung \u00fcberbradjte ber \u00a9elcljrte bit \u00a9r\u00fc\u00dfe ber amerikanifdjtn unb in\u00f6befonbere ber Softener Bottegen, Gleichseitig tub er bie Serfammfung jum Scfudje be\u00a7 im 3luguft ftattfinbenben gro\u00dfen i n t e r n a t i o* naten ^3I)t)fioIogenfeongreffefi ein.\n$n feinem SBortrage berichtete bann iprofcffor Senebict \u00fcber midjtige Greigniffc aub feinem gaboratorium. Siefe\u00e4 ift mit a\u00dfen erbenklidjen \u00a7itf\u00f6mittefn oerfefjen unb in \u00ff\u00eeljtreidjen Silbern fatj ber \u00f6fterrcidjifche \u00a7prfd)cr mit ftittem S\u00dfcib koftfpiclige Separate, beren S:f\u00ee\u00e7 and) f\u00fcr ihn wot)t \u00bbon gr\u00f6\u00dftem SE\u00dfert m\u00e4re, bie er aber aub leidjt begreiflichen \u00a9r\u00fcnben nid^t erhalten kann. $>ie S t o f f w e dj \u00ee e 1 \u00bb e r f u dj e werben on Sieren unb Mcnfdjen burdjgcf\u00fchrt. Son ben jotjtreidjen Ginjelheiten w\u00e4re befonberS |u erw\u00e4hnen, ba\u00df e\u00eb Splk\u00f6ft\u00e4mme gibt, unb jroar befonber\u00f6 Singt* h\u00f6rige ber gelben SR a f f e Japaner unb G\u00dfinefen) fomie auch gewiffe inbtfdje Sotk\u00e9ft\u00e2mme, bie einen a u f f a t ( e n b niebrigen Stoffwed) fet befifjen. Scljr intcreffant waren and) bie Seridjte \u00fcber bie SB e r f u dj \u00ea p e r f o n e n, bie bem Sabpratorium jur Verf\u00fcgung fteljen. Sei a\u00dfen Stoffmechfel* \u00bberfudjen ift eb \u00bbpn gr\u00f6\u00dfter Sebeutung, ba\u00df bie SBerfudjSpcrfonen in g\u00e7miffer \u00a3>infid)t trainiert i\u00df, bamit irgenbmetdje g\u00e4lfdjungtn beg SRcfuttat\u00f6 burdj unmittb\u00fcrtidje M u S k e 16 e ro e* g n n g c n nae\u00df M\u00f6gtidjkcit \u00dfintangeljatten werben. SttS Suriofum fei erw\u00e4\u00dfnt, ba\u00df eine bem Saboratorium jur Verf\u00fcgung fte\u00dfenbe Serfud)\u00f6per{on baju gebradjt \u00dfat, in ber Minute tebig* tid) brei Sttemj\u00fcge $u modjen. Son ben miffcnfc\u00dfofttidien SRejuttatcn ift befonber\u00ab bie geftfte\u00dfung nuffo\u00dfenb, ba\u00df man bei ertj\u00f6\u00dfter ?lu\u00dfcntcmperatur bei gemiffen Siercn nicht eine Ser* minberung, wie man bisher meinte, fotibem eine Gr\u00df\u00f6\u00dfung beS \u2022Stoffwcdjfet\u00ea finbet. S\u00fc\u00dfeitcr ift \u00bbon miffenfdjaftlidjer Sebeutung bie Mitteilung ^rofeffor ScnebictS, ba\u00df ba6 SRubnerfdj* O b e r f t \u00f6 d) e n g e f e \u00c7 nidjt fo o\u00dfgemein g\u00fcltig i\u00df, wie man bi%r meinte. SicfeS Obcrft\u00e2d)cngefe\u00e7 \u00dfot n\u00e4mlidj auSgefprod)en, ba\u00df bie \u00a9r\u00f6\u00dfe bc\u00f6 Stoffmcd)fel\u00ab, otfo bie S\u00dcBarmeeinna\u00dfme einer* feit\u00ea unb bie SBS\u00e4rmeaufgabe anberfeit\u00ab, in erfter Sinie ab\u00df\u00e4ngig ift \u00bbon ber Oberfl\u00e4che, weihe bem Stbrper sur Serfiigung fteht.\nSie intcrcffanten Mitteilungen beS atncrikanifhen 0orfd)cr6, ber mit 9\u00eeed)t barauf \u00bberweifen konnte, be\u00df feint bem Sortrag amoefenbe f\u00c7rart eine wertco\u00dfe Mitarbeiterin fes. i nbtn ben leb* \u00eejafteften Seifa\u00df be5 aitSerfpfenen wiffenfdjnftlid\u00bben Subtibum^ \u00ae\u00abro Sortrag wohnten oudj onU\u00f6nbifche \u00a9\u00f6fte M\nNeue Freie \u00cf*\n\u00c7 Mf3\u00e4-Z \")2<j\n\n5. M\u00e4rz 1929\nress\u00a9\nNr. 23158","page":0},{"file":"0115.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BUDAPEST, HUNGARY.\nUniversity of Budapest, Physiological-Chemical Institute.\nProfessor Paul H\u00e9tri and Dr. Zoltan Aszodi.\nThis laboratory was much upset as a result of a great deal of reconstruction. In a letter to Dr. H\u00e0ri a few years ago I had expressed severe adverse criticism of the working conditions of this laboratory. This letter had been read in the Hungarian Parliament and money had been voted to put the place in order. The result was a great increase in laboratory facilities, although at the moment the reconstruction hampered research. I had a number of interesting talks with Dr. Hari and Dr. Aszo'di. (See figures 44 and 45.) These two men impressed me very deeply indeed. They are very serious, and have every indication of extreme accuracy desired in the work. Dr. Hari has a wonderful command of the literature, in all probability developed through his writing his book. I have always been skeptical whether men capable of research should spend time to write a general text book. I believe from what H\u00e9ri told me, he had to write his to help make a living. But I am firmly convinced that the man who does spend the time to write a general text book acquires a general literature which can only be of the greatest value in planning and interpreting scientific studies.\nVery little active experimental work was in progress. They found that dogs produced from 600 to 1200 calories per square meter. I talked with Dr. Aszodi about his mouse, that Dr. Krauss had calculated in his book had produced 500 calories per square meter of body surface. But Asz\u00f4di said there must have been some activity; they did not represent rock bottom, minimum periods; the mouse could turn around easily; they had a small brass cage, and consequently this value probably did not represent the minimum. I suggested using a celluloid cylinder small enough for the mouse, so he could not turn about in it, so as to confine it, and have the effect of its going into a hole.\nI pointed out that Mitchell had used a glass chamber, very small in diameter, but heat loss was prevented because glass would prevent radiation. I think a hole in the celluloid is necessary. On the other hand, wire gauze would steal the heat away from the animal. Aszodi said he would try it, to see what was the minimum heat he could get below 500 calories with the mouse. He is sure that his mouse turned about same and his idea is that perhaps with shorter periods one could have even a lower value.\nA chemical problem interesting me was the relationship between iron and sulphur in crystalline hemoglobin. He found that mongrel curs have a different relationship than pure races have. The mongrels have not such a definite percentage basis. Hari expected the pure races would give different values and he was astonished when he studied pure races (some gentleman near Budapest made a specialty of breeding pure dogs) to find that they gave very constant relationships and that all the races were essentially the same. It seemed to me that this was a rather","page":0},{"file":"0116.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"95","page":0},{"file":"0117.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"9 6\ninteresting thing because it might give a hint as to the relationship between iron and sulphur in racial metabolism. I spoke of this matter subsequently to Professor Suk of Brno.\nHari had found an interesting case of familial occurrence of pentose in the urine. Just now he had five different people under his care that had pentose, but unfortunately it is an extremely difficult thing in Hungary to get anybody to make any feeding experiments. He has the hardest job to get specimens of urine. It seems a pity that this problem could not be further studied.\nI happened to remark that just before my lecture at the Balint clinic a man named Schill had spoken to me, a young fellow, and had offered to explain to me a good many things that we could not explain. I expressed surprise that this man seemed to be so versatile and so omniscient. But Hari told me he was not to be taken seriously. He had had much trouble with him in his laboratory. Schill had published many articles on respiratory exchange which were not well done, and I had thought to discuss the matter with him but found he was impossible to deal with.\nHari and Aszodi had been working upon the glucose required per gram of dry heart weight, and they found that this went up with the weight of the animal.\nI gave three lectures in Budapest, one before the Physiological Society in the common lecture room of Professor Hari and Professor Parkas, to a large audience, another lecture at the Balint clinic on basal metabolism, and a third lecture to the large student body in the physiological lecture hall on the general subject of basal metabolism, the research drive, and the idealism of men in the medical sciences. Clippings of the newspaper accounts of my lectures are given on page \u00b0\\ 7 \u2022","page":0},{"file":"0118.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u00camim\n4\t1929 m\u00e2r\u00e7iu 7.\nAmerikai professzor el\u00f6-ad\u00e2sa az emberi \u00e9s allait testkaloriamennyis\u00e9g\u00e9r\u00f4l\nF. G. Benedict amerikai professzor, a washing-to ni Carnegie-int\u00e9zcl. \u00eblettani taborat\u00f4rium\u00e2nak igazgat\u00f4ja, sz\u00e9j-jj\u00e2 este Jrdefees cUlurl\u00e2st tarlott legujabb kutat\u00e0sairmk ci.\u2019dmcny\u00eb\u00eer\u00f4l az egyc-temi .^leifa\u00fbi mt\u00e9zetb\u00e9\u00efi.\t'\n\u2014 A teslnek nyugaln , iliapot\u00e0ban \u2014 mon-clotta el\u00f4ad\u00e2s\u00e2ban t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a professzor \u2014 bizonyos alapt\u00e2pl\u00e2l\u00e9kva van sz\u00fcks\u00e9ge, amely menn\u00ffis\u00eagre n\u00e9zve egyenes ar\u00e2nyban n\u00f6veke-dik, aszerint, min\u00e9l s\u00fclyosabb izommunk\u00e2t v\u00e9-gez \u00e0 test. R\u00e9gebbi elm\u00e9let szerint a test egy n\u00e9gyzetm\u00e9ternyi fel\u00fclet\u00e9nek cgij kal\u00f4ri\u00e2ra voit sz\u00fcks\u00e9ge a nyugalmi \u00e2llapotban. Ezzel szenibcn \u00e9ri k\u00e9i-h\u00e2rom esztendei kis\u00e9rietez\u00e9s utdn r\u00e2jcittern area, hogy ez a szdrn a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u00f6 \u00e9l\u00f4l\u00e9-nyekn\u00e9l v\u00e2ltozik, azonkfv\u00fcl pedig az \u00e9ghajlati viszonyok is befoly\u00e2solj\u00e2k, sot az egy\u00e9nis\u00e9gt\u00f4l is f\u00fcgg.\nA professzor azut\u00e2n vetitelt k\u00e9pek kis\u00e9ref\u00e9ben a madarak \u00e9s patk\u00e2nyok testfel\u00fclet\u00e9hcz sziiks\u00e9-ges kat\u00f4ria-mennyis\u00e9gekr\u00f4l besz\u00e9lt \u00e9s t\u00f4bb \u00e9rde-; kes t\u00e2bl\u00e2zatot m\u00fctatott be, amelyekkel azt bizo- \\ nyitotta, hogy ezeknek az \u00e2llatoknak ugyaliazon h\u00f4m\u00ears\u00e9kie.t mellett mennyivel t\u00f4bb, illetve ke-vcsebb kal\u00f4riamennyis\u00e9gre van sz\u00fcks\u00e9g\u00fck.\nAz \u00e9rdekes el\u00f4ad\u00e0st a megjelent nagysz\u00e2m\u00fc k\u00f4z\u00f4ns\u00e9g \u00e9rdekt\u00f4d\u00e9ssel 'kfs\u00e9rte \u00e9s a tud\u00f4s fessz\u00f6rt melegen megtapsolla.\nFrancis O. Benedict, a bostoni Garnegle-int\u00f4-sel tdpldlkosds-\u00e9lettani laboratdriumdnak igazgat\u00f4ja, feles\u00eag\u00e9vel. Benedict elOaddst tartott a Tcrm\u00e9szettudomdnyi T\u00e2rsulatban.\nEfly amerikai fad\u00f4s e\u00ee\u00f4od\u00e2saszemkri\u00e9s\u00e2ilati szervezei h\u00f4\u00efermel\u00e9s\u00e9r\u00f4l\nb i ancis G. Benedict, a kiv\u00e2l\u00f4 amerikai tud\u00f4s legut\u00f4bb eload\u00e2st tartott az Eg\u00ffetemi \u00c9lettani Int\u00e9zetben az emberi \u00e9s \u00e2llati szer-\\ czet \u00e9g\u00e9sfolyamat\u00e2r\u00f4l, az ezzel kapcsolatos hofejl\u00f4d\u00e9srol \u00e9s h\u00f4lead\u00e2sr\u00f4l.\nIsmeretes, hogy a melegv\u00e9r\u00fcek h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9k'-lete rendes k\u00f4riilm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt k\u00f6zc.1 \u00e2lland\u00f4i Ha azonban a k\u00f6rnyczet leh\u00fcl, akkor a szer-vezet el\u00f6bbi hom\u00e9rs\u00e9klet\u00e9t csak fokozott f\u00fc-t\u00e9ssel \u00eeudja fentartani, \u00e9pp ugy, mint ahogy a k\u00fcls\u00f6 leveg\u00f4 Ieh\u00fcl\u00e9sekor (p\u00e9ld\u00e2ul t\u00e9len) tak\u00f4szobank hom\u00e9rs\u00e9klet\u00e9t is csak a k\u00e2lyha fokozott f\u00fct\u00e9s\u00e9vel tudjuk \u00e2llando h\u00f6fokon tartan). Szobah\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9kleten (18\u00b0 C k\u00f6r\u00fcl) \u00e9s a szoba h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet\u00e9nek megfelel\u00f6en \u00f6lt\u00f6-j z\u00f4lt, nyugalomban l\u00e9vo ember h\u00f4termel\u00e9sa j roinim\u00e2lis. Ha azonban izommunk\u00e2t v\u00e9gez, j a h\u00f4termcl\u00e9s a munkav\u00e9gz\u00e9s ar\u00e2ny\u00e2ban ter-m\u00e9szetesen nagyobbodik. Mivel mindig az el\u00f6bbi nyugalmi \u00e2llapotot vessz\u00fck alapul, ha a munk\u00e2val kapcsolatos h\u00f4termel\u00e9s nagys\u00e2-g\u00e2t akarjuk meghat\u00e2rozni, igen fontos, hogy ismerj\u00fck az ember h\u00f4termel\u00e9s\u00e9t nyugalmi \u00abllapol\u00e2ban. El\u00f4ado sokezer r\u00e9gebbi vizsg\u00e2-iata sor\u00e2n t\u00e2bl\u00e2zatot k\u00e9szitett, amelynek se-gits\u00e9g\u00e9vel az ember kor\u00e2t, nem\u00e9t, suly\u00e2t, ma, gass\u00e2g\u00e2t ismerve, nyugalmi \u00e2llapotban t\u00f6r-\n\"\u00cfI0J s\u00ef I\u00e7qBfjuodtuazs sapaspizorf ubjbx\n/joui uatiliai -?os'a a-zs3| Ejjcq ASba ejqqof pippm og\u201401 tnap\u00e2ns e ASoq \u2018ojaA aAppjg} uiou \u2018uujn s\u00e7pjogam uaA|ium[BA jjpjo ajuizs ojpq \u2018PU!K -H ojpq\u00e4 }}opo[05jzsidia \u2018aanoSoAaj tsojEAjoqpszjD oaoj apjoggui b qu\u00e7j\u00fcA tupAS -azs pqso.vaq uiau s{q \u25a0pip.iojSaiu tquapuitu IoqB \u2018qBUOjumpiuoAjn qqcsBiuieS.iojga[ sa ns OA >[ o j qqijuodzoqgaj aqiAga zs;h -qnfjE}\nI - V* TTT S?.\"^TTT Atr^TTTT^9^?-\u00bbT","page":0},{"file":"0119.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u00dc2\nB)\nfflRIAP\n3929 m\u00e4rciu 7.\nAmerikai professzor el\u00f6-ad\u00e4sa az emberi \u00e9s \u00e2lla\u00eei testkaloriamennyis\u00e9g\u00e9rol\nF. G. Benedict amerikai professzor, a Washington* Garnegie-int\u00e9zet \u00e9lettani laborat\u00f4rium\u00e2nak igazgat\u00f4ja, sz\u00e9'\u00e7jja est\u00e9 <\u00e9rdck.gs.- el\u00f6addst tartott leg\u00fbjabb kutat\u00e0sainak ci dmcnyeir\u00f4l az egyc-iem i (jlatfaftj hit^Zdtbfcii.\t\" '\n\u2014 A testnek nyuga\u00eeri , \u00e0llapotabau \u2014 mon-Moita el\u00f4ad\u00e2s\u00e2baii l\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a professzor \u2014 bizonyos alapt\u00e2pi\u00e2l\u00e9kra van sz\u00fcks\u00eage, amely vneanyis\u00eagre n\u00e9zve egyenes ar\u00e2nyban n\u00f4vekc-\niDJOSBW d\u00df,\nadpig sdiii[ b a\n*mndom\tu\nF. G. B. and C/ G. B. just back of the lecture table in Budapest,\nFrancis 0. Benedict, a bostoni Oarnegie-int\u00e9-set tdpldlkoxds-\u00e9lettani laboratdriumdnak igas-gat\u00f4ja, feles\u00e9g\u00e9vel. Benedict el\u00f6addst tartott a Term\u00e9sscttudomdnyl Tdrsulatban.\n\nEfly amerikai lidos eioad\u00fbsasz embers \u00e9s\u00e2lfafi szerveze\u00ee Mfernel\u00e9s\u00e9rii\nf rancis G. Benedict, a kiv\u00e2l\u00f4 amerikai iucios legut\u00f4bb el\u00f6addst tartott az Egy\u00e9temi \u00c9lettani Int\u00e9zetben az emberi \u00e9s dllati szer-vezet egesfolyamatdr\u00f6l, az ezzel kapcsOlatos hofejl\u00f4d\u00e9sr\u00f4l \u00e9s h\u00f6leadasr\u00f6l.\n, Ismcretes, h\u00b0gy a melegv\u00e9r\u00fcek h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9k-mte rendes k\u00f4riilm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt k\u00f6zel dlland\u00f6: Ha azonban a k\u00f6rnyezet leh\u00fcl, akkor a szer-vezet el\u00f6bbi h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9klef\u00e9t csak fokozott f\u00fc-t\u00e9ssel lud ja fentartani, \u00e9pp ugy, mint ahogy a kulso leveg\u00f6 leh\u00fcl\u00e9sekor (p\u00e9ld\u00e2ul t\u00e9len) lakoszobdnk h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet\u00e9t is csak a kalyha Okozott f\u00fct\u00e9s\u00e9vel tudjuk \u00e4lland\u00f6 h\u00f6fokon lar-tam. Szobahom\u00e9rs\u00e9kleten (18\u00b0 C k\u00f6r\u00fcl) \u00e9s a -szoba h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9klel\u00e9nek megfelel\u00f6en cU\u00f6-jzott, nyugalomban l\u00e9v\u00f4 ember h\u00f4termel\u00e9sa : minima lis. Ha azonban izommuniat v\u00e9gez a hotermel\u00e9s a munkav\u00e9gz\u00e9s ardnydban ter-nr\u00e9szetesen nagyobbodik. Mivel mindig az u 1 n>'u6aimi \u00e2llapotot vessz\u00fck alapul ha a munkdval kaposolatos hotermel\u00e9s nagysd-gdt akarjuk meghatdrozni, igen fontos, hogy hsmerjuk az ember hotermel\u00e9s\u00e9t nyuga\u00eemi - apotaban. El\u00f6ad\u00f6 sokezer r\u00e9gebbi vizsgd-,a!a. \u25a0s_oran \u2018abldzatot k\u00e9szitett, ameJynek se, gitscgevel az ember kordt, nem\u00e9t, sulydt, ma, f^ssagdt ismen-e, nyugalmi dllapotban tqr-\n\u2022F\u00b0J si ioqBfjuodtuazs sopojpjzori ubibx\ni-ipiu usti\u00dfdi I a-zs3| Bjjcq ASba cjqqof lojjtojom OS\u201401 hnaagns e ASoq \u2018o{oa OApoapj mon \u2018urqn sBp[o\u00a7om uoAjrunjjBA jipjo ajurzs o}}3.'[ \u2022puij-\u00ee -si o}}oq3 iiopoto^zsidjo \u2018aonpSoAoj\nISOJBAJOqpsZJO OAOJ SpoSoiU B >[UO[BA IUp.\u00eeg -?ZS oqsoAosj mon sg Tnp.iojSora rspioptntn i[oqB \u2018>[BinjmB[BUOAin qqBSBiuieSjojgo[ so rnsoAqoj qqxjuodzoijSoi oqpfSo ZSfH ^\u201er^j\nI -\u00abtttSittt ,t :ir\u201eT,9,n,","page":0},{"file":"0120.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"iLZ\nBBIsK\u00c6IIgfe\n\n4\t1929 ni\u00e2r\u00e7iu . 7.\nAmerikai professzor el\u00f6-adasa az emberi \u00e9s \u00e2llaii test kal\u00f4riametmyis\u00e9g\u00e9r\u00f4l\nF. G. Benedict amerikai professzor, a washing-toni Carnegie-inl\u00e9zet \u00e9lettani laboi-at\u00f4rium\u00e2nak igazgat\u00f4ja, szefcjj'a- est\u00e9 .erdetes el\u00f4ad\u00e2st tarlott leg\u00fcjabb kutat\u00e0sainak e. idm\u00e9tfyelr\u00f4l az egve-terni .^ieifa\u00e2j mt\u00e9zetbt'.n.\n\u2014 A testnek riyugain , allapot\u00e0bau \u2014 mon-tlotla el\u00f4ad\u00e2s\u00e2ban t\u00f6bbok k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a professzor \u2014\naneis Q. Benedict, a bostoni Oarnegie-m\u00e9-tdpldlkoeds-\u00e9lettani laborat\u00f4riumdnak igaz-tdja, feles\u00eag\u00e8vel. Benedict el\u00f6addst tartott a Term\u00e9szeltudomdnyi Tdrsulatban.\nbizonyos alapl\u00e2pl\u00e2l\u00e9kra van sz\u00fcks\u00eage, amely menn\u00ffis\u00eagre n\u00e9zve egyenes ar\u00e2nyban n\u00f6veke-dik, aszeriut, min\u00e9l s\u00fclyosabb izommunk\u00e2t v\u00e9-gez a test. R\u00e9gebbi etm\u00e9let szerint a test egy n\u00e9gyzetm\u00e9ternyi fel\u00fclet\u00e9nek cgtj kal\u00f4ri\u00e2ra volt sz\u00fcks\u00eage a nyugalmi \u00e2llapotban. Ezzel szemben \u00e9n k\u00e9t-h\u00e2rom esztendei kis\u00e9rletez\u00e9s ut\u00e2n r\u00e0j\u00f4t-tem arm, hogy ez a szdm a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u00f6 \u00e9l\u00f4lc-nyekn\u00e9l v\u00e0ltozik, azonkiviil pedig az \u00e9ghajlati viszonyok is befolv\u00e2solj\u00e0k, s\u00f4t az cgy\u00e9nis\u00e9gt\u00f4l is fiigg.\nA professzor azut\u00e2n vetftett k\u00e9pek kis\u00e9ref\u00e9ben \u00fc madarak \u00e9s patk\u00e2nyok testfel\u00fclet\u00e9hcz sz\u00fcks\u00e9-ges kal\u00f4ria-mennyis\u00e9gekr\u00f4l besz\u00e9lt \u00e9s t\u00f4bb \u00e9rde-kes t\u00e2bl\u00e2zatot mutatott be, amelyekkel azt bizo-nyitotta, hogy ezeknek az \u00e2llatoknak ugyanazon h\u00f4m\u00ears\u00e9kle.t mellett mennyivel t\u00f4bb, ilietve ke-vesebb kal\u00f4riamennyis\u00e9gre van sz\u00fcks\u00e9g\u00fck.\nAz \u00e9rdekes el\u00f4ad\u00e2st a megjelent nagysz\u00e2m\u00fb k\u00f4z\u00f4ns\u00e9g \u00e9rdekl\u00f4d\u00e9ssel kfs\u00e9rte \u00e9s a tud\u00f4s pro-fesszort melegen meglapsolla.\nEgy amerikai tud\u00f4s e\u00ee\u00f4ad\u00e2sa members \u00e9s\u00e0llafi szerveze\u00ee ti\u00f4\u00eeermel\u00e9s\u00e9rol\nFrancis G. Benedict, a kiv\u00e2l\u00f4 amerikai tudos legut\u00f4bb el\u00f4ad\u00e2st tartott az Egyetemi \u00c9lettani Int\u00e9zetben az emberi \u00e9s \u00e2llati szer-\\ ezet \u00e9g\u00e9sfolyamat\u00e2r\u00f4l, az ezzel kapcsolalos h\u00f4fejl\u00f4d\u00e9sr\u00f4l \u00e9s h\u00f4lead\u00e2sr\u00f4l.\nIsmeretes, hogy a melegv\u00e9r\u00fcek li\u00f4in\u00e9rs\u00e9k-\u00efele rendes k\u00f4r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt k\u00f6zcl \u00e2llando. Ha azonban a k\u00f6rnyczet Ieh\u00fcl, akkor a szer-vezet el\u00f6bbi h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet\u00e9t csak fokozott f\u00fc-l\u00e9ssel tudja fentartani, \u00e9pp ugy, mint ahogy a k\u00fcls\u00f6 leveg\u00f4 leh\u00fcl\u00e9sekor (p\u00e9ld\u00e2ul t\u00e9len) lak\u00f4szob\u00e2nk h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet\u00e9t is csak a k\u00e2lv\u00eeta iokozolt f\u00fct\u00e9s\u00e9vel tudjuk \u00e2llando h\u00f4fokon tar-tani. Szobah\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9kleten (18\u00b0 C k\u00f6r\u00fcl) \u00e9s a szoba h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet\u00e9nek megfelel\u00f4en \u00f6lt\u00f6-zoU, nyugaloruban l\u00e9v\u00f4 ember h\u00f4termel\u00e9s\u00ab minima lis. Ha azonban izommunMt v\u00e9gez, a h\u00f4termel\u00e9s a munkav\u00e9gz\u00e9s ar\u00e2ny\u00e2ban ter-' m\u00e9szetesen nagyobbodik. Mivel miudig az > .obbi nyugalmi \u00e2llapotot vessz\u00fck alapul, ha a munk\u00e2val kaposolatos h\u00f4termel\u00e9s nagys\u00e2-g\u00e2t akarjuk meghaf\u00e2rozni, igen fontos, hogy ismerjiik az ember h\u00f4termel\u00e9s\u00e9t nyugalmi \u00e2llapot\u00e2ban. El\u00f6ad\u00f6 sokezer r\u00e9gebbi vizsg\u00e2-lata sor\u00e2n t\u00e2bl\u00e2zatot k\u00e9szitett, ameJynek se-gits\u00e9g\u00e9vel az ember kor\u00e2t, nem\u00e9t, suly\u00e2t, ma, gassag\u00e2t ismerve, nyugalmi \u00e2llapotban t\u00f6r-l\u00e9n\u00f4 h\u00f4termel\u00e9s\u00e9t kisz\u00e2mithatjuk.\nEl\u00f4ad\u00e2sa tov\u00e2bbi sor\u00e2n Benedict profesz\u00bb >zor anm kis\u00e9rleteir\u00f4l sz\u00e2molt be, amelye-ket e nyugalmi h\u00f4termel\u00e9s v\u00e2ltoz\u00e2sa k\u00f4riil-m\u00e9nyeinek fiszt\u00e2z\u00e2sa c\u00e9lj\u00e2b\u00f4l v\u00e9gzett. Kis\u00e9r-Icteiben, amelyeket emberen, k\u00e9r\u00f4dz\u00f4k\u00f4n, patk\u00e2nyokon, madarakon v\u00e9gzett, nemesak a k\u00f4rnyezetet v\u00e2ltoztatta, amelyben az \u00e2llat dl., hanem kiil\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u00f6 koru, faju, kereszte* z\u00e9s\u00fc \u00e2llatokat vett a kis\u00e9rletelc c\u00e9ljaiul. KF der\u00fclt p\u00e9ld\u00e2ul, hogy t\u00e9len m\u00e9y ha a szab\u00e2-ban eg\u00e9sz even of egijenl\u00f6 is a h\u00f4m\u00ears\u00ealdei, a ineleglermel\u00e9s naggobb, mint ngdron. Ha k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u00f6 faju \u00e2llatok ut\u00f4djainak melegter-melcse .m\u00e2s voll, mint a sz\u00fcl\u00f4k\u00e9. S\u00f4t\u00e9tben tartott \u00e2llatok melegtermel\u00e9se j\u00f4val kisebb, mint a vil\u00fbgos helgen elhelgezettek\u00e9. Ismere* tes, hogy a madarak h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9klete j\u00f4val na-gyobb az ember\u00e9n\u00e9l. A h\u00f4fermel\u00e9s\u00fck, teh\u00e2t a h\u00f4lead\u00e2suk azonban ar\u00e2nylag kisebb. E cs\u00f4kkcnt h\u00f4termel\u00e9snek a j\u00f4 lollazat az oka.\nHa a galambot megkoppasztjuk, vagy olyau fajt\u00e2ju galambot vesz\u00fcnk, amelynek tollazata rossz, a h\u00f4termel\u00e9s fokoz\u00f4dik A k\u00f6rnyczet h\u00f4m\u00e9rs\u00e9klete az \u00e2llatok noue\u2022 | ked\u00e9scre is jclent\u00f6s hatdssal van. Igy p\u00e9ld\u00e2ul i fiatal patk\u00e2nyok n\u00f4veked\u00e9s\u00e9t a k\u00fcls\u00f6 h\u00f4- 1 m\u00e9rsekl\u00e9tnek mmden fokkal val\u00f4 emel\u00e9se 5 I sz\u00e2zal\u00e9kka! segiti el\u00f4. A lcorral is n\u00f6 a h\u00e4- I termel\u00e9s. Az \u00e9hs\u00e9g azonban cs\u00f4kkenti a h\u00f4- 1 termel\u00e9st, e cs\u00f4kken\u00e9s a Itarmadik napt\u00f6l I kezdve \u00e9szlelhet\u00f4. Egy patk\u00e2nyt 385 \u00f4r\u00e2n \u00e2t I \u00e9heztetett el\u00f6ad\u00f6, a h\u00f4termel\u00e9s os\u00f4kken\u00e9s* I azonban csak 72 \u00f4ra ut\u00e2n volt kimutatliat\u00f6, I Az ember \u00e9s a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u00f6 kis\u00e9rleti \u00e2llatok I h\u00f4termel\u00e9s\u00e9t a leado\u00fc homennyis\u00e9g alapjan I Rubner n\u00e9met kutat\u00f4 mintegy \u00f4tven \u00e9v el\u00f4tt I olym\u00f6don akarta egy\u00fcttesen kifejezni, hogy I a kis\u00f4rleleivcl nyert h\u00f4termel\u00e9si adatokat'B egy n\u00e9gyzetm\u00e9t\u00e8r testfel\u00fcletre vonatk\u00f4zt\u00e0ttip Eioad\u00f4 \u00e9s felescge (Cornelia G. Benedict) m\u00e9r\u00e9sei sor\u00e2n azonban lcider\u00fclt, hogy a h\u00f4termel\u00e9s \u00e9rt\u00eakci nein vonhat\u00f4k \u00f6ssze, mort p\u00e9ld\u00e2ul a k\u00e9i'\u00fcilz\u00f4k azonos testfel\u00fcletre sz\u00e2-mitva, j\u00f4val nagyobb h\u00f4termel\u00e9st (k\u00f6r\u00fclbcl\u00fcl 1000 h\u00f4egys\u00e9get) mutatnak, mint a galami bok, amelyek\u00e9 csup\u00e2n 700 h\u00f4egys\u00e9g.\n","page":0},{"file":"0121.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BUDAPEST, HUNGAHY.\nAgricultural Institute.\nProfessor S. Weiser.\nDr. Weiser at the Agricultural Institute is the successor to Tangl. I went out there with Hari. Weiser (see figure 46) is a public man, interested in public things, propaganda and things of that kind. He was interested in feeding lime to prevent rachitis. He gave powdered calcium carbonate, which had helped a great deal. He claimed that a cow that gave less than 10 liters of milk a day is not worth keeping.\nHe was wholly interested in practical problems.","page":0},{"file":"0122.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 46. Professor S.Weiser of Budapest, Hungary.","page":0},{"file":"0123.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"100\nBUDAPEST, HUNGARY.\nUniversity of Budapest, Department of Physiology.\nProfessor G. Farkas and Dr. H. Tangl.\nProfessor Farkas (see figure 47) had been much interested in field experiments with the Hungarian workers, the harvesters, studying their food intake compared with the output and studying their respiratory quotients with various diets, so-called \"fat diets\" and \"carbohydrate diets.\" But as a matter of fact, there was always a great deal of carbohydrate in the so-called \"fat diet.\" He gave me a number of photographs showing the work in the field. (See figures 48 to 55.) The work done is inconceivable.\nTheir tempo of swinging from the side per minute is very regular. Their pulse goes up to 140 but in 2 minutes is back to normal. They are a well-trained people. They work from 12 noon to 9 p.m. without eating. They take little alcohol and they cannot get food other than what is brought with them, as they are more than 15 kilometers from the village. Farkas drew off for me a summary of the work produced during harvesting, which was as follows:\nHeat- produced per 24 hours during harvesting.\n1./ Weizen.\n1./ Resting value per 24 hours\t2400\tCals.\n2./ During mowing\t1614\tff\n3./ Collecting of sheaves immediately\t\t\nafter mowing\t908\tff\n4./ Sammlung der Garben in Kreuzen\t457\tff\nSumma\t5379\t\n5./ 10$ plus of going etc.\t538\tff\n\t5917\tCals.\n2./ Gerste.\t\t\n1./ Resting value per 24 hours\t2400\tCals.\n2./ Mowing\t1329\tff\n3./ Collecting of sheaves\t624\tff\n4./ In Kreuzen sammeln\t376\tff\nSumma\t4729\t\n5./ 10$ plus\t473\tff\nTagesleistung des Arbeiters./Mittelwerte/\n1.\t/ Weizen.\n1 Joch 1 Joch\n2.\t/ Gerste.\n1 Joch 1 Joch\n4316 m2\n29 Kreuzen, 522 Garben. 4316 m2\n31.5 Kreuzen, 567 Garben.","page":0},{"file":"0124.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"101\nFigure 47\nProfessor G.Farkas of Budapest.Hungary","page":0},{"file":"0125.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 48. Professor Farkas*s expedition ready to start into the field, to study the energy expenditure of Hungarian harvesters at Budapest.\nFigure 49. Adjusting the apparatus,Douglas bag, mouthpiece,and mask, to the subject. Professor Farkas*s study of the metabolism of Hungarian harvesters at Budapest.","page":0},{"file":"0126.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"103\nFigure 50. Subject mowing (the hardest work done in the field)while wearing the Douglas bag apparatus. Professor Farkas\u2019s study of the metabolism of Hungarian harvesters at Budapest.\nFigure 51. Subject mowing, with Douglas bag on back, mouthpiece,etc. Study by Professor Farkas of Budapest of the metabolism of Hungarian harvesters.","page":0},{"file":"0127.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 5g. Measuring the after-effect of work of a Hungarian harvester (lying), in connection with the study of Professor Farkas at Budapest.\nFigure 55. Hungarian harvester with apparatus adjusted, ready for work again. Farkas research at Budapest.\n\n\n] 04","page":0},{"file":"0128.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 54. The Hungarian harvester (subject of Professor Farkas at Budapest) at lunch.\nFigure 55. Gas-analysis in the field, ^ith the small Haldane apparatus. Farkas research at Buds,pest.","page":0},{"file":"0129.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"106\nFor harvesting wheat, he figured that the energy expenditure was about 6,000 calories and for rye 5,500 calories per 24 hours. At the bottom of his summary he gives the amount of work the harvesters do per day. Thus, one \"Joch\" is 4,316 square meters and they have to use 29 sheaves, I should judge. Then they gather these sheaves into something called \"Kreuzen.\u201d This represents the amount done per \"Joch\u201d, as shown in the accompanying memoranda.\nI had a number of talks with Farkas, who was extremely keen about his method of attack, his apparatus, his accuracy, etc. In fact, I was much impressed by the sincere desire of Farkas to do a good thing. Every suggestion I made, every adverse criticism was accepted in the finest spirit and with a desire to meet my criticisms. I feel that there is promise of a good deal of important work done there. His associate, whose name I forget at the moment I write, seemed to be a very keen man.\nThey gave me a number of publications dealing with this work. They are going on with the work in the field this coming year. There was a possible interest in the field apparatus, but the respiratory quotient seemed to interest Farkas greatly and of course for that purpose gas analysis is essential.","page":0},{"file":"0130.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 0 7\nBELGRADE. JUGOSLAVIA.\nUniversity of Belgrade, Department of Physiology.\nProfessor J. Giaja and Dr. X. Chahovitch.\nProfessor Giaja attracted my attention through his numerous published researches on the \"m\u00e9tabolisme du sommet.\" I was entirely perplexed as to why the man was doing this work, in other words, plunging animals into ice cold water, plunging birds or partly plucked birds into ice cold water and snow and studying the maximum metabolism. I heard a great deal of adverse criticism to the effect that the whole thing was unphysiological, not sensible, unjustifiable, etc., so I asked him what his point was.\nHe explained to me in a very simple way. The whole point of view is one of ecology. Jugoslavia has great changes in temperature. Frequently there is not adequate protection for the animals in wintertime, and his problem was what does an animal do to protect itself against severe cold.\nHe considers the chemical regulation plays no role. Shivering is automatic. It is a nervous regulation. He pointed out the fact that animals do not exercise to keep warm. With man, in sports, he swings his arms^nd the cab driver or the man on the street exercises to keep warm. But Giaja thinks this is very absurd, for animals huddle, they ball up to keep close together, and double up and shiver, but do not exercise in order to keep warm. My own feeling is that Giaja is too much dominated by Lef\u00e8vre, whom he apparently reads very much and whom he admires very much. He is likewise, like Lef\u00e8vre, a naturalist, loves nature and travels about a great deal.\nHis experiments were made to determine what is the maximum heat output that an animal can produce. If an animal is subjected to severe cold, he will combat this cold. There will be a point, however, where, if the animal is subjected long enough, the cold conquers him, his body temperature falls off, and he dies. It is a rather delicate point in his experiment, not to overdo it. For example, I saw an experiment in which the rat was plunged in ice water for one half minute. At first Giaja said it was not cold enough. There was no shivering. But later on he found that after the rat had been about two hours in the glass respiration chamber, which was immersed in an ice bath, the rectal temperature was under SO degrees and the metabolism was going down strongly. Consequently the metabolism measured was not the \"m\u00e9tabolisme du sommet.\" There were a number of cages or apparatus equipped for this study for'small animals and for animals as large as a good sized turkey. (See figures 56 to 61.) They all were immersed in an ice bath or snow bath, and he measured the oxygen consumption by the fall of water in a burette attached to a double neck Woulf bottle, so that the fall in level of the burette measured the oxygen consumption.\nThis was measured every ten minutes with rats, and the idea was to find the point where the animal fought against the cold by shivering or otherwise, produced a high metabolism, and conquered the cold, rather than the case cited above where the cold conquered the animal. I thought the cage was very large for the animal and it was rather difficult to get the temperature of the interior. He is interested in comparing this \"m\u00e9tabolisme du sommet\" and the basal metabolism. When one divides the \"m\u00e9tabolisme du sommet\" by the basal metabolism, the quotient is usually about 3.0.","page":0},{"file":"0131.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 56. Immersion bath and stirring, in one of Giaja\u2019s cold Belgrade, Jugo-Glavia.\narrangement for experiments at\nFigure 57. Several forms of small animal chambers for mice and rats, resting on the desk in the laboratory of Professor Giaja at Belgrade.\n\n\nm\u00ca\u00ca\u00cam\nW\u00ca\u00caM","page":0},{"file":"0132.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"109\nFigure 58. A second view of the small chambers for rats and mice in Professor Giaja's laboratory at Belgrade.\nFigure 59. Putting a turkey into the respiration chamber of Professor Giaja at Belgrade, The chamber is immersed in melting snow.","page":0},{"file":"0133.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 60. Another view of Giaja\u2019s respiration chamber, showing the cover off. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor J.\u00fciaja,Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade,Belgrade,Jugoslavia.\n\nFigure 61. Giaja\u2019s respiration chamber with cover on, showing sampling tubes in the left foreground. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor J.Giaja,Department of Physiology,University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Jugoslavia.","page":0},{"file":"0134.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Ill\nThe physiology of heat production to combat severe cold, which is the basis of Giaja*s studies, is certainly well worth investigating. It is a serious matter, however, as to whether his methods for producing severe cold are not so unphysiological as to obscure the findings. For example, one of the experiments was with a fowl or rooster. In order to hasten the heat loss, many of the feathers were plucked off the breast. This bird was then thoroughly soused in ice water or cracked ice, and then placed in the chamber, which was itself immersed in ice water. One is reminded of the anxiety of Fingerling with regard to the heat measurements of cattle when the hair is dang) from, for example, deficient ventilation and the deposit of excessive moisture. I suggested to Giaja that I thought he would meet all of the criticisms, many of which were very severe, if he used simply very cold air, 0\u00b0 C., and used a rapid movement of air with electric fan against the feathers, i.e., from tail to head, at the same time possibly keeping the humidity down by sulphuric acid, although this last step would possibly not be necessary. I counselled strongly against his immersing his animals in ice cold water. He quite agreed with me and said he was going to plan another series of experiments in which this rather unphysiological condition would not be introduced.\nI had many most helpful and suggestive talks with Giaja and his keen associate, Dr. Chahovitch, at the laboratory. (See figures 62 and 63.)\nIt is quite clear that Giaja is a man who should be kept in touch with, who should be encouraged in every way, and from whom we should expect a great deal in the near future. I found he was an admirable man to talk with and it really was a delight to have a conference with him.","page":0},{"file":"0135.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"a\n112\n\nFigures 62 and 63. Office of Professor Giaja at Belgrade,Jugo-Slavia. From left to right, Professor J.Giaja,Dr.X.Chahovitch, Mrs. Benedict, and F.G.B.","page":0},{"file":"0136.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"113\nBELGRADE, JUGOSLAVIA.\nSocial Eventa.\nHonorable J. Dyneley Prince,\nI was delighted to think I had had temerity enou^i to go to Belgrade. The economic and political situation there, the liability for unrest and disturbance had deterred me, but I had friendly letters from Giaja who stated every effort would be made for our entering the country without difficulty and for our stay while there, and this is true. Nobody could have done more than he. The result was we were very hospitably received and well domiciled in the hotel. The Honorable J. Dyneley Prince, the American Ambassador, formerly of Columbia University, gave us a luncheon at the embassy and later introduced me. lliy lecture, given in French, was well attended. (See newspaper clipping on page//4/*) I had the pleasure of meeting Professor Burian, in whose lecture room my lecture was given.\nOne evening there was a dinner at the house of Giaja, purely of a social nature. The next evening there was a banquet at the hotel, which was distinctly a diplomatic success, with speeches, etc.\nOne of the most interesting men I met in Belgrade was a journalist, a Doctor of Philosophy, extremely keen, very intelligent, a delightful personality, and a man who played a great role in government influence.\nHe came to the hotel and took an interview. Then subsequently he was at the banquet and in the speech delivered there I emphasized the fact that the journalist was in a position to be of great assistance to the university. One is constantly astonished by the totally different character of the journalists or reporters one meets in Europe, as compared to the average American reporter. Where would one find, for example, a Doctor of Philosophy asking for an interview in America?","page":0},{"file":"0137.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"IHTHO s\n9\ndanse Upsis\nSP. Hmkomom flo-(M apxH\u00dfHCKynoMh .'pHM\u00e2COM \u2014\nna3H ce y Eeorpa-flo6p8HHfe, \u00f6apcKH )ncKH npHMac. 3a-C6T6 Koje je r. np. ) MHHHCTpy $HHan niKy E.iajie. Gey :TOh je nocerao h UIH6 nOJIHTHKe H\n\u00fcfliHpau Hpnna o npejjcTojelieni nyry Haue tpms\n14 Mapi 1^7\n'ii4\npoi^A ttiuttw* nrr.\nIS\nnu -vu.\u00bb JSrWW\u2014\t-\n\\ 9HKKE\u00c4K 0KOH9\u00d6B1MOJAI' \u00abHH 0\u00cfT H ajHdVXJ Hd9KHdH 'AHM8AK :IHHHX9KA ll^EfsA H HXHXOlfllO JKOK \u201cWIH8AK BHirod\u00dfH OK BO B\u00eff BlI<HBd\u00e4OH MO WGaaxQ BIIOllTlBH JOHHH8AW JOHOildO Bil B3EHOO 'BIi'ShBH [BEBES OB\u00dcHdiO HOK9tf 9f 'BKHSOBm'AffO WEHUBH OBOOX9& ' KHIIIfBMHSAK H \u20189K09IJ HHHHX9KA H 9H\u00cf\u00cf0dBH 0aOH93BIfO ooiitfoda Aao obsbhoh al' \u201eqaif hqO\u201c 'EHireaXBS OK9fA\u20199 Ah W bh orAasa'BQO L'OMUBaoifD\u00d6xag oh Au hhuehx9kA \u201eaaxpnrapo\u201c \u25a0'Bjz\u2019odBH xnaouaaBifO Aldan HOS KOHITBO'C'E A aUXOM 9j.\u2019 Et'UH aauoAl'BH \u2018BirodBU xHaouaaBiro xooainiBdxAHA aHaamAtf eu 9d aaau Bl'oa \u2018looniawA bjox tfaitoA ; \u2018WodBu aniAi\u00ef anmaifL'BH ao Au axou 'eareaBiKui'ge woo\u00e0\u00efiodu heL' aHOudnl'BH obu \u2018hbe AqmoHxaw^ LOOHX9K\u00c0 BMHSAB8 0X09H 03dU itom A \u2018'Bxoauac joudAxirAu bkoxb anfflcp EXOQHO'BiW'BO l'oaadHOH bh 'I'AHOBS 90 OKB \u2018B\u00effBX OHBO XOOH\nifoda AHl'Bdi \u2018AHfrodBiiAgow eat\nHXOOU XOOHHBl'BaA BKOKOHOH9 H fKUHXEIfOU BV \u20189f OaEarHl'OU \u201811X0 OHKBLBSA 9KOH9aBIfO QaOKl'OH 9H aOHO\u00d6 OBKHHOdll EKmOIfOXHOE 9l\u2018 [t'OK \u00f6HOKBao -BaB\u00eeKd\u00ef XHKOuaa BIfO OaiBdBO 0H(lB'lfH-[iJO9 H B\u00efOd\nbh 989XHH0 eHaox\u00c4V BKEaaafEH\niHfflHal\u2019BH B8 9\u00cf\u00cfH Bl'OK \u2018OKHXHIfOU HdAilfAK GHOIIOeBirO 9HBHHtf0[' B8 aOHOO H BKU'fex BH\u00cbBIfOH \u2018BH BX9 BadH HXOOHX9HA BiHilBSHICBH OE\u00d6BH 9t Btf H AHdO AH9IHBH H veaieg HBdJodu l'Bao al\" B\u00eft \u2018\u00ebbh \u25a0jV OHKcAdH \u2018(BaB'ifOHXBdg \u2018oadg iAOHOifO \u2018a\u00efmgA\u00efMBjj \u2018\u00f4aoifBdj: o'i\u00efBdx \u2018aiaeigi \"e\u00efraaofaCtAg \u00f6h mag :axd9liH0K al'oao oi\u00fc/adadu quiragO\u201c 9? bkhI'ok A \u2018uniod ea OHUBaoifboxeu aifBxoo 9ao h)\nBdg 9|\u2018 Btf \u2018HXHOBIf JBH 0{' 0HQ9C1X og 'BK8EIfBH0HHBH J0H.EBKH8AK KBdJOdH BH 91'ACfBdjeH 90 OHO 330 XOOHX0HA BHOHOaOICOOjA}' BH laVow \u2022aaiaafaaniA\u00ef'o al'EiiadKOH 'BH BKEtlOBHlAK\u00bb A \u00d6HIfBHOBd - BJ9H0 9dU 9UHX0H 90 OX B \u2014\n: oj\u00f6h \u2018hohtAuadn 009 o(' oxm KBO 9H 6S6T BdBAd90(|) 9S EH\njdoaw i'oHHHBiawQ A \u201eB^Htrago\u201c\n/ \u2022; - \u00ab;<i YTmartwrm\u00bb<1\n90 ffeir \u2018aaoCoa etioson 90 bb1 io9fox \u20189dew e-Hirgiroon bh oiniiranwou ipa\n99 Bug 'B4T0H BHITOHO BH 9B0a BUHIf SII BO IOO\u00ceIOBHO 9f BITBfOXOOH OXHdOil aa\u00eeA A J9dnm sh HSBirodH Axoaw 9W \u25a0OX BH BSBQ OHBJJ \"BdBXaW 01 0S9dll tro HHHOIia \u00c2 OBlfHKOJBH BX\"90 JOK -BO 95EHH B91f 90 BB B\u00d6EHHldBpj EH\n9t onaaraBt eaBonon bobl 8 oho -Bdx Ahhriwoh \u00c0HHiraa Ao eiransBd\n9XHB0 9H9B9E 9iAHHKX0 9RBJ BOJJ\n\u2022OH9S}9inio oamox xoam 9t hob \u2018Biiaamoion Ao Hinsgo tono\nHBaRBW BH BHOXHOU HdliiSJ^ \"BHOtHQ -EBd 9t OHIfBKdO(|) BH909W B3B BH\nAn \u00ee{9a BnaaraBxoBd Hfoxo Bfoa Bfnclii\nA>j BHOHOXHOJJ \u2022B\u00cfIBKBh 9HIBfBX0HdU BS BH9XIH BaB OHQSBd 9t B9If HHHa \u25a0OdiHJV tOHOK9dO A AtOH W0WB0 BH\n\u20229HBS9a 9ITH9 9H0 AO BtOH BS BX93dB IldH19E BBO 9f BIfBHOHOH \u2018OIIlBa0d9a3H 9t OXHI \u2018li 9iiHH9Boa at BirngeBd bjbiio bh -0B9Jf 'OlfJOKOH etHH Oi HH HITB *HB -Bgo BH 0Qda 9H0H BS BKIlftHBIf KHH\n-AdxooaB iiiresaa innig hhbt90 Ao xhhj -aHHiiaBoa Hduxaii Ao SlfBBBdlO HHBdlO tOHOHBatBH BH BHiaBJ BIT90 Hoh OHBx oxoji \u2022a\u2019niniaBoa aaoaBO 9ao ongsBd bxoow johohoxhoh johbo\n9IHHS 0t BSE 9HB0H0H OBE I OHO\n\u20220X9XHI BXOOB Hfl -HITOHO H OBH HtomodXH^I fOHOK9dO 9t BK9HBH B\u00cfIHtAg BHOBaiT Ba\u00df \u2018ClBi -OKOIfHH SBlIih OH AO 9HIiBJAB B* Bd -BX9W XHHXBdBBaH OOO'SI BO AlIHHlda OH AHtHXOOB 9XHB0 9H9B9ff BIIHBatog 9HB0H0II 0H9\u00cfI OBIHH BKHBHH9dU KBIT\n-BW bo 9t Bajf -9liHaodxHiA[ anowodo\nttOH HQBO BH B91f 0t 0AlI9dH 9B03 B<H -BSHB JOirjBII J0Q8 -HSBITOBEH H0\u00fcA mot EBog -9IfBKd0H BBHSH BdBXOIMHX HBO 08^ HOOHSH fOXOOBoa 0HBXH9W0I/\\[ \u2022BdBXaWHXHBO Oi BS BIfOBdBH 9t 9E -At Bo h 9xoBd eB BiraiiOii 9t bheq BXdBW 81 \u2018\u2018B\u00d6HHOdilHjlJ -K9CI0\nBtlHSOdlHW 3H0W3d0 tfOH 30VO HVEVLfOJVH\ncwo 9 9HH<if99B)\tBdognd'BH\tBoa\toh\n-RHKHH3B H BltmA\tOB\tBOHOF\nBO Hfoxo (-WO 06 OB OS\tBHHargoB)\tBOIf\nHaBdi/ Bjr -Hfoxo oirego oho hob \u2018sh ad woHHBedo oBh Bob wmdaaao-HdAx Bojf \"BBoif Bo BioHR ot BH9d oaBHido H aaoHHadjr/ Boy -BiirefHe-Bg Bon h iossi\n__jjgj\t\u25a0 r\u2014\u25a0-\u00bbBdg H BHBdom\nuh)\t*A*'","page":0},{"file":"0138.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nnjiahena y roToey\n\n\nHeKOBHH panyH Bp. 53.002\t11 \u00a3\n114\nBJIAflHCJIAB PMBHHKAP, OCHMBAH\npe3. KaneTaH, norimyo 1. cemreM\u00d6pa 1914. roa MPKO PMBHHKAP, yPEflHHK pe3. KaneTaH, norHHyo 31. a\u00dfrycra 1914. ro\u00df.\n\u00c4-p CJIOBO/IAH PMBHHKAP, flMPEKTOP pea. nomyKOBHHK, yMpo 24. cenTew\u00f6pa 1924. ro\u00df.\nUnpeKTop: BJIAUHCJIAB CJI. PHEHHKAP\nype^HHUH:\nMHOMHP MMJlEHOBMTi h JOBAH TAHOBM H\nfiPHMEPAH 1 QHH.\nrBJIEOOHH: A\u00fcMHHHCTpaiiHja 5-50\nype^HHI\u00fcTBO: 50-0C\t42-03 42-04\nM3 \u00ffparMeHaTa HaqMOHa/iHor Bacwpca\n-------------\u2014\nBeorpaa, HeTBpTaK 14 MapT 1929\nBpoi 7496 \u2014 ro\u00fcHHa XXVI.\nnPETIlJIATA 3A JE/IAH MECEII\niuuihthhh\n3a Hamy 3eM.ny 20. 3a CTpane 3eM.rj,e 48 ann. 0O6HH9PGOB3 \u00ee3\n\n\u00fb ali\u00a9 Je & ti.'\u00fc io1 ibam ad \u00f6li/ow *\u00efos a+riJ- k, ,\u00a9\u00efs m eLtdfa \\ ii \u2022wo iol . \u2022\ty*iqv 9\u2019tm w saw $ lire a\u00ef ar\u00ee\u00ef \u00bb\u00bbri\te\u2018xom aaofi \u00abvan\n. . sldaioaoH \u00ab\u00eefi \u2022 i\u00a9\u00ffoii \u00abtt ai fi\u00a9Xjol\u00e0ofi XI, &\u201e\u00e2 u evu'-. \u00abvSie\u00ef\u00f4YicU siv uuo To X*.xwtvtoi \u00ab'\u25a0\ta.\nX . ,vr, .\u2022\u2022\u2022 ..J, n> ,t-t \u00ab- >o\u00ef^a V \u25a0. i ,.c..'.o,r\t*\u2022,./\nX {.\tno rxiqr iXo \u00efrqaq\t;\t*r-\t'*\n-n/joei fi sacc\t-ssl seod* ai \u00abssi\u00efifK\nvlsiuq ;at\u00dfiC lo \u00a9aaofl \u00a9ri* ta -tenait b saw e\u00efen\u00ef aninsva aao (X9io\u00fc\t\u00ab \u00ab a\u00ab\u00bb\t* tiilnevo na sni .\u00a9roj-a\n\nCTpana 3\n. \u2022\t| $} . ,8Sn . ->\u00dcB 0 12 : ' -\t; ifi \u00f4 y,i Jt/fTi J ; j;-,\n.o?\u00bb , r.ar.* \u00ee\na eaw ah-a\u00efgl\u00eafi ai tf I not'; sai\u00e4-satav-ii ^eoci a , \u00e2aayiiiaSai i\u00a3T\u00bbv \u00bbasa'i si xp , ,ii. oj-o_ \u00ee\u00fcv'ai\u00efe'vc, ni <>Ig*\u00ef \u00ef \u2019-. iy a fi\u00a9'\u2022\u2022\u2022\u25a0\u2022<?. orf\u00ab>\t'\nii-ov p\u00a9ad aarf\u00ee .wsitxc -ici aa l fit 301'-' H\u00ee Sj \u00a3>j jrx-riqma I \u00ab\u2022- fi\u00abi< ; Xaf> <&\u2666\u00a9\u2022 b- ^ ai \u00ca;5S. ' !i : 3'\t*\n,.,t eoa\u00f4le Xsea \u00eeb\u00f4\u00efj? \u00ceo \u00a9<i o\u00ee aoiliaoq a ai ***\u25a0\n:oa%stfc>\tvXi :woJ sn;:\tfne le\u00f4tzS Xitc :\u25a0 n :*o a| or,:\n.1 beicqn.oo sa , qoiu.. ai ^\u00a9em a*u\n\u00ef oqa*\n\u00cfO \u00d4\u00cf8f\n\nrooa \u00df .oXqmaxe iol \u00abfinit \u00a9ao fiinow >\u00efer .\u00ef\u00a9\u00eei\u00f4q\u00a9\u00ef aaoiic \u00eesoii\u00f4;;-. ai w\u00a9iT\u00ef\u00a9tai as \u00efol yai^aa ^xiqoaoXiii \u2022\nr. ttpamiHC EeHeAHKT y Eeorpa/iy\nBenepac he jeflaH Ofl Hajnpn3HaTMinx aMepHHKMx HayMHHKa hs/io-wmth 6eorpaflCKoj ny\u00f4nMqH CBoje HajHOBMje npoHanacKe \u2014\nr-ha h r. beHeflHKT Ha wejieaHHHHoj craHn4n; flecH0, r. flp. ^aja; neno,\nr AP- LUaxoBMh\nBp3HM B030M H3 rieniTe, CTHraO je jyie npe hoaho r. Opai\u00efquc Be-hgahkt, ynpaBHHK nyBeHor HHCTiiTy Ta 3a H3y>iaBaH,e HcxpaHe, kojii ce Haxa3H y BocTony, h jeqa.H 03 Haj-no3naTnjHX HayHHiix paflHHKa Ha no-. \u2022T\u2019Y H3ynaBan>a HOBeKOBe eHeprnje. O\u00dfor BejiHKor aMepnnKor HaynnHKa qo'ioicajiH cy oq cTpane Beorpaqcicor yHHBepcHTeia r .np. -Baja, npo<|)e-cop HCTe CTpyKe Ha BeopraqcKOM YHHBepcHTeTy h r. aP. UlaxoBHh, iipoipecop MeflHHHHCKor OaKyjiTeTa.\nr. BeneqHKT, no MHHi\u00c6eity Hamiix CTpyiinaKa h no3HaTHx HayiHiix pan HHKa, npnnana \u00f4pojy HajnpHSHaTH-jhx HayHHiiKa Ha no\u00c6y (j()H3HOJiornje HcxpaHe.\ny HmH0KHBaH>y oBor peraor h H3-BaHpeflHor rocTa, r. qp. r\u00dfaja penao HaM je jyne Ha CTaHHHH na je r. Ee-H6AHKT ca CBOJHM npeTXOHHHKOM At-B\u00e4TeP\u00d6Jj MO $H3H0JI0rHjH T6K0BH-\nHe ko je cy flaHac nocTajie oiimTe npH3HaTe h KjiacHHHe.\n\u201ePacnojiajKyhn cpeACTBiiwa h ana paTHMa, Ka\u00e6e r. 'Baja, Kao hito onqa na HH caqa mijeyHa cjinana ycTa-HOBa y cBeTy HHje HMaaa, OBa hbo jHna HayHHHKa yTBpAHJin cy BejiH-kom npeHH3Honihy e\u00dfe rJiaBHe 3aK0-He npoMeTa enepruje y hchbom opra-hh3mo. Ohh cy ao caqa HajTanHHje\nI- npoBejiH npHHHnne HepaBop\u00c6HBo-cth eHepraje y hchbothom Mexa-\nHH3My.\nIlocJie CMpTH ATBaTepa, aeroB ay roroAHinifcH capaqHiiK, Ham aaHara-h\u00bbh rocT, oCjamaaBa r. \"Baja, jom je BHme pa3BHO flejiaTHOCT ycTaHO-Be KojoM ynpaB\u00c6a. Ca mhohitbom capaAHHKa y aeroBOM iniCTHTyTy h-3yaaBajy ce pa3Ha miTan-a ncxpaHe HOBeKa H HiHBOTHH>a, HHTaH>a HHCTO TeopnjcKa h 6mhh6htho npaitTHnne npnpoAe.\nIlpo\u00ffecop r. BeHenriKT je HapoHH-To ycneo sa ynpocra anapaTe Kojn-Ma ce oapehyje npoMeT eHepruje y 3KHBHX \u00d4Hfea. yMOCTO HeKayamH>HX rji0Ma3HHX h cKynoiieHHX anapaTa r. BeHeflHKT je KOM\u00d4HHOBao enperae h jeflHocTaBHe, Koje cBara <j)H3HOJior MOJKe JiaKO Ha\u00f4aBHTH h ynoTpe\u00dfiiTH.\nMHoroCpojHa H3flan,a 3HanajHHX HayHHtix flejia oBor HHCTHTyTa y Bo-CTOHy, Koja ce CBane roflHHe nojaB-\u2022fcyjy y CBeTCKoj naym\u00ef, flOKa3 cy h H3pa3 flHBHe fleflaTHocTH Tora hh-CTHTyTa...\u201c\ny OBOM Tpefiyncy 6p3n B03 yjia-3Ho je Ha flpyrn nepoH Beorpaflcne CTaHHpe. To je npeKHHyjio 3aHHM-\u00e6hbo H3flaBaH>e r. Taje 0 obom bo-jihkom AMepiiKaHHy. Jom hckohuko Pein Koje hhcmo motjih cacjiymara h flBa npeflCTasHHKa Hamer yHHBep-CHT6Ta r. Taja h r. HlaxoBiih Mopa-jih cy noTpnaTH flo npBor flupeKTHor BaroHa KaKo 6h HamjiH CBora rocTa Kora paimje no3Hajy no flejiHMa, no iiHCMHMa, no aeroBHM 3acJiyraMa, ana ra jihhho HHcy HHKafl BHflejm. HnaK HHje \u00f4hjio Tennco y oKoj Macn CB6Ta Kojn je flomao ca ceBepa yno-3HaTH BeceJio canyBaHO mme jefl-Hor pacHor AMepHKaHna. Hhm ce noica3a.fla Ha npocTpaHOM nepoHy bh coica (jmrypa r. BeHeflHKTa y jeflHoj pyHH ca nncahoM MamnHOM HemTO hito je nocTajio HeonxoflHo 3a Amo-PHKaHne y E\u00dfponn y flpyroj CBe pyn ne noTpe\u00f4e CBoje cynpyre BepHe ca-yTHHfle, r. Baja ne flBoyMehn fla ^e to oh npumao My je cpflanHo ce KOBao h 3a\u00e6efleo My flo\u00f4poflomBH HeKOJiHKo HeonxoflHHX hobh-^)ckhx CHHMaKa 3a rocTa, iterony pno^y h OHe KojH cy hx floaeKajin iponeflypa HHTHMHor h npnjaTe\u00c6 cacTaHKa na raj Hamm 6nna je\n3aBpmeHa. r. BeHeflHKT oflceo je y xoTejiy \u201eCpncKH Kpajt\u201c. 3a upefly-3HM\u00c6HBa noBeica Kojn Bpmn CBOjy MIICHjy H6Ma 3aM0peH0CTH.\u2019\n*XITa A3 paflMTe, penao je r. BeHeflHKT HameM capaflHHKy Kojn ra je noceTHo y meroBOM xoTe^y, ny-\nTyjeM Beh Heno/iHKo MeceMM, asin h\u00ab ocehaM yMop. He CMeM fla ra oce-\nTHM jep MM je CB3KH TpeHyTaK H KO-pMCTaH h CKynoqeH.\nHpenyo caM ce M3 AwepnKe Kpa-jeM npoiune roflMHe, ocTahy y E\u00dfpo-riM flo Kpaja jyHa h noseTHa jyna. Ja caM eaM Hena BpcTa HaynHMKa finnno MaTe. XcMHja Mowe fla npwnafla pe-Mmmo OpaHqycKoj. TexHMKa Ha npw Mep HewaHKoj. Ann cipyna Kojy ja o\u00e2paljyjeM h MayqaBaw o\u00f4yxBaTa qe-no MOBenaHCTBo h nocBehena je qe-noM HOBewaHCTBy. HoBeK no cBojoj eHeprnjH, no CBojMM cnoco\u00d4HocTMMa fla HMHM noKpeTe fla flena ({imsmhkm fla 6yfle KopncTaH 4jm3mmkm, npeflMeT je Mor M3yHaBatt>a h oh je CByrfle mctm. Moj ce nocao npocrnpe Ha cee pace, Ha CBe KOHTMHeHTe, Ha CBe qM-BMHM3aqnje. TnaBKH qnn. mot flona-CHa o6jauJH.eH je y jeflHOM BenMKOM Haine m3mcpmwkom jriHCTy Kojn M3na-3M y riapH3y. Ahm HajrnaBHMjH pa3 nor fla caM flomao y Beorpafl jecTe flyroroflMU3H=e flonMCHBaH>e, He\u00aba Bp-CTa npHjaTe/bCKe capaflH>e, yaajaM-hmx pasMena HainMX npoHara3aKa jeflHOM penn pafl h hmmhoct r. \"Baje. Mm ce paHMje hhcmo no3HaBa;iH, ann cmo ce flonHCMBanM h Tano cmo ca-pahuBann Ha mctom no\u00c6y. 36or H>e ra caM flomao m npeno it\u00e9ra caM ce aaHHTepecoeao 3a JyrocnaBMjy.\nTy r. BeHeflHKT Ha\u00f4paja CBe 3acfly re Hamer yBajKeHor npo\u00ffecopa Kojn Me^yTHM HO CBOjoj CKpOMHOCTH. H aKO 3ay3HMa bhaho MecTO y Hamoj cpeflHHH ocTao 6h BepoBarao Heflo-bo\u00e6ho onpTaH c OBe CTpane CBoje 3KTHBHOCTH.\nT. BeiieflHK\u2019\u00ee h iteroBa rocnojja flo cafl cy o\u00f4Hinjm OpanuycKy, lllna-Hiijy, IlTajiHjy, AycTpnjy.\nflona3ehM y Beorpafl, ja xohy fla ce yno3HaM ca cbhm Hs\u00f4misa ca pa-flOM r. \u00fcaje. Ahm ja Hehy npeHe-OperHyTM ikmbot OBe flpHiaBe m h>s-Hy aKTMBHOCT, KOja, MehyTMM, MM3 cbojmx BenMKMx npeflCTaBHMKa m ko-ja je aaflyjKMJia ceaepoaMepMHHe flp-waEe; cnoMenyhy CBera r. flynMHa, jeflHor ofl HajnonyrapHMjwx HiweHa y ceBepnoj AwepMqM. Bpahajyhn ce Hajpar, y esojy flpma\u00dfy, Moje MMnpe CMje tioje HOCH.M oflaBfle Hehe noT-nyHo yTpHyTH. Ja hy mx y 3roflHoj npMHHqw caonmTMTM, m to he npo3 Hamy jaBHocT Hama npotjiecopcKa ne Hapciia nayHHa yflpyiKeHia, npeno Ha mnx capaflKMKa CTy\u00dfeHara m nopo-flMqa npocTpyjaTM Kpo3 BenHKM op-raHM33M aMepnqKor Hapopa. To je Moj qMJb h T3KO cxBaTaM csoja nyTO-BaH=a no E\u00dfponM.\u201c\nBenepac y 6 nacoBa ,r. BeneflHKT oflpacahe jeflHo npeflaBame ca MHoro \u00f4pojHHM npojeKHujaMa, y (j)H3HOJiom-kom aM<j)HTeaTpy MeflHflHHCKor $a-KyjiTeTa Ha 3anaflHOM Bpanapy. Ilpn CTyn je CBaicoMe cJio\u00dfoflaH. Pocno-flHH BeHeflHKT, HarjiacHheMO, nyry-je y npaTH>H CBoje roenofee oflaHor capaflHHKa, naje je HMe TaKo^e no-3HaT0 y c)j\u00bbH3HonomKoj HayuH.\nHa BenepammeM npeflaBamy npefl CTaBnhe r. BeneflHKTa \u00f4eorpaflCKoj ny\u00f4jiHHH r. IlpHHn;, anepiriKH nocjia-hhk y Beorpafly. Ofl CTpaHe JrHH* BepcHTeTa h namnx nayainiKa aMe-Phhkom rocTy npnnpeMa ce h HCKpea H cpflaaaH aohck kojh fee ce Mann\u00ab (jiecTOBaTH Ha jeflaH BHflaH Hanag.","page":0},{"file":"0139.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BRNO, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.\nMasaryk University.\nProfessor Y. Suk, Br. J. Petrik, and Professor J. B\u00e9lehradek.\nIfy chief reason for visiting Brno was that I had had considerable correspondence with Professor V. Suk, an anthropologist, who had done much work with the Eskimos at Labrador and was deeply interested in the question of racial metabolism and the field apparatus. The correspondence with Professor Suk had been so stimulating that I felt a visit to Brno was necessary. Furthermore, this was my first visit to this city or, indeed, to Czechoslovakia. Naturally my time was centered for the most part about Professor Suk. His work had been done under the auspices of the Hudson Bay Company in Labrador in the Moravian Mission, studying in large part blood groups and particularly certain anatomical measurements. His department in the university is anthropology and pathology and one of his problems was why are the Eskimos dying out? They apparently are dying out. He found, as so many people find with these primitive races, extreme difficulty in experimentation. Thus it was impossible to get a stomach tube into an Eskimo. They would run away every time. He thought, inasmuch as the Eskimos eat so much meat, perhaps the normal hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice was high, corresponding to the high hydrochloric acid of the dog. But it was impossible to demonstrate, owing to the inability of these natives to cooperate with him.\nWe visited the laboratory of Professor and Mrs. Suk, who is his volunteer assistant. He emphasized that it would be impossible to pay his wife anything, but she helps him a great deal. The Moravian Missions were established originally in Lapland by the Moravians, who came from a part of Czechoslovakia. But now the distinctly Moravian character of the missions has greatly changed and in large part has disappeared. He is planning to go again next year, at which time he will be furnished with a field apparatus and attempt to do some racial metabolism. He tells me there is a strict rule in Czechoslovakia against nepotism of any kind. There is a law against it. Of course the University of Brno is a new university and is a real Czechoslovakian university. I found the spirit very good indeed, although the salaries are low and it is hard for the men to live.\nAmong the professors I had had correspondence with Professor J.Petrik, who had wanted to come to America and work at the Nutrition Laboratory.\nHis laboratory I looked over very carefully. There was a great collection of instruments, many furnished by the Rockefeller Foundation, with the inevitable epidiascope. There had been an epidemic of epidiascopism. In other words, an enormous number had been sold. There was a massive one in the anatomy hall where I gave my lecture. It seemed a great deal larger than the American roll top desk, but in spite of this my slides were badly focused. Petrik has two Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, an enormous lot of","page":0},{"file":"0140.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"machines, a very bad looking Krogh apparatus made in Vienna, but not by Castagna, a long straight burette of the Haldane type, all made and calibrated by a local man in Brno. This had a Sonden-Pettersen level attachment, but it was not yet mounted. What will come out of it, I do not know, although it was interesting to see that they were attempting this type of pressure adjustment. The rooms had all been painted, apparently with a very white hard gloss, \"ripolin,\" and therefore there was a tremendous amount of light in all the departments, which were very clean. When we were there, they were in the midst of the painting and adjusting wires for the x-ray apparatus.\nAnother interesting and active man was Professor B\u00eblehradek, who is Professor of Biology. He had a tremendous collection of microscopes for student use, given by the Rockefeller Foundation. He is a botanical man, but in general biology, doing a lot of work on colloids. He tells me he is writing a book on temperature and life, a book a little like that of A. Kanitz. But he says it is to be quite different from this. The salaries of professors are very low. They cannot live on them. But B\u00eblehradek is given living quarters with his family in the building, very comfortable living quarters. Suk does not have quarters.\nMy lecture was given in the anatomical building under the auspices of the Biological Society and engineered by Professor Be\u00efehradek. I was rather astonished to have him request me to give my lecture in English. I offered to give it in either English, German, or French. He asked me if I would give him about a 500-word digest of the lecture, bringing out the high points.\nThis I did, and then as I entered the lecture hall, I found he had had mimeographed this entire thing in Czechoslovakian and each person entering the hall was given one of these mimeographs. (See page II7 \u2022) I found out later that the selection of English was based upon the fact that the anti-German feeling is rather strong and they told me if I had lectured in German, then the German newspapers in Czechoslovakia would have capitalized the fact that Czechoslovakia was a wholly inadequate language and when a foreigner came there, they had to have him speak in German. In other words, it was a political point. We discussed quite a little with regard to the political situation, and it was rather interesting to hear one of the men tell me frankly that they thought too much country had been taken away from Hungary. Their philosophy in Czechoslovakia was to say nothing of their enemies, as they call them. On the other hand, they ask us not to believe anything that their enemies say of them.\nI was particularly glad to have visited Brno. They very thoughtfully took me one afternoon to the shrine of Mendel, where we saw his garden, many of his writings, and some of his dry specimens, and met the friar or monk in charge, the mem who is Mendel's successor. It was a very stimulating, historic cloister.\nThe men in Brno seem to sense their responsibility greatly. They had a new university and for the pride of Czechoslovakia they must make good and they are apparently working hard in every way to justify their existence.\nThere was a great deal of appreciation that we had visited them and much interest in the Physiological Congress. It was possible to emphasize in correspondence to certain of the Czechoslovakian officials that if Czecho-","page":0},{"file":"0141.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Prof.Dr. Francis G. Benedic\n>LMetabolism cloveka a zivoc\ntory pri Carnegie Institut\nPredn\u00e2ska je^zalozena p laboratoire a ustavu5 kter\u00e9 s\nPredn\u00e2sejici pod\u00e2v\u00e2 prei kongresu, ktery se bude konat\nDalsi^obrazky podavaji \u2022 ni hladoveni, starnuti* okoln defektniho opereni.\n\u2022 Specialni pristroj na v;\nMetabolism busy pfi +L povrchu.\nMetabolism^ssavc\u00fb : biL vliv chladu)jStari ,rocni doby","page":0},{"file":"0142.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Prof.Dr. Francis G-. Benedict (Boston) :\nh Metabolism clov\u00ebka a zivocich\u00c6 ve sv\u00ebtle nov\u00ffch vvzkumu Nutrition Labora-\ntory pri Carnegie Institution of Washington v Bostonu\nPredn\u00e2ska jeozalozena pouze na nov\u00ffch, dosud neuvsrejn\u00ebn\u00ffch pracech laboratoire a ustav\u00fb, kter\u00e9 s laboratofl spolupracovaly.\nPredn\u00e2sejlcl pod\u00e2v\u00e2 predb\u00ebznou zpr\u00e2vu o XIII. mezin\u00e2rod.fysiologick\u00e9m kongresu, ktery se hude konati v Bostonu v srpnu 1929. Tri pohledy na budovy.\nDais! ^obr\u00e2zky pod\u00e2vajl v\u00ffsledky pokusu o metabolismiyholuba za pusobe-nl hladov\u00ebnl, starnuel, okolnl teploty, svalov\u00e9 prace, kflzenl ruzn\u00ffch ras, defektnlho operenl.\n\u2022 Speci\u00e2lnl prlstroj na v\u00ffzkum metabolismu na sv\u00ebtle a pctme.\nMetabolism husv pri +13\u00b0 a pri +28\u00b0 , pocltan\u00ff na jednotku t\u00eblov\u00e9ho povrchu.\nMetabolismussaved : bll\u00e2 krysa . Vliv^rdstu, okolnl toploty (n\u00e2padn\u00ff vliv chladu)Sstarl,rocnl doby, teploty,kter\u00e2 pusobila pred pokusem.\nMetabolism nemocn\u00ffch krys. Pristroj o n\u00ebkolika komor\u00e2ch pro v\u00ffzkum na krys\u00e2ch. Vliv hladov\u00ebnl u krys.\nPrezv\u00ffkavci : Komora pro skupinu cvcl. Velk\u00e2 komora na vola nebo na kr\u00e2-vu. Komora na jednu ovci.\nPusoben! zevnlch vlivu na ovci: zevnl teplota, striz, hladov\u00ebnl; puso-benl star!. Metabolism v postoji a leze,\nBas\u00e2lnl metabolism krav a void'leze a bez potravy 30 hodin..\nV\u00ffpocet povrchu t\u00ebla u prezvykaveu. Obtlze a chyby methody.\nMetabolism clov\u00ebka: Nova respiracnl komora pro rychl\u00e9 urcefil metabolismu m\u00ebrenlm v\u00ffdaje CG^. Rychl\u00ffanalys\u00e2tor plyn\u00fb,vysoce citliv\u00ff pflstroj na roz-bor plynu a porovn\u00e2ni v\u00ffsledku, zlskan\u00ffch ob\u00ebma terni to apar\u00e2ty.\nRespiracnl komora pro hlavu, nebo prilba, a^urcenl respiracn\u00efho kvcci-entu (R.Q.) jejl pomocl. - Dulezitost naprosto norm\u00e2lnlho d\u00ffchanl \u00e7ri stanove-nl R.Q. Srovn\u00e2nl v\u00ffzkumu pomocl prilby. Cblicejov\u00e2 rnaska a ustnl n\u00e2sadec.\nKonstantnost R.Q. u trainovan\u00e9 osoby.\nVliv pr\u00e2ce svalov\u00e9: standardisovan\u00ff v\u00ffzkum p'emoe\u00e2 cicyklov\u00e9ho erg omet ru nebc pohybliv\u00e9 podlahy. M\u00ebrenl5kolik sevspotrebuje kysllku a)pred pracl, b)b\u00eb-hem pr\u00e2ce, c)pc pr\u00e2ci s a to v ruzn\u00e9 dob\u00eb poclnaj\u00efc okamzikem, kdy byla pr\u00e2ce zastavena.\nPom\u00ebr mezi kysllk\u00e7m?spotrebovan\u00ffm b\u00ebhem pr\u00e2ce, a mezi clslem^ud\u00e2vajlclm, o kolik je metabolism po praciovyssl,ne.z metabolism bas\u00e2lnl,jevuzitecno stanovi-ti tara,kde pracujlcl osoba nemdze b\u00ffti pripojena b\u00ebhem pr\u00e2ce primo na respiracnl apar\u00e2t.\nM\u00ebrenl^spaln\u00e9ho tepla^nri smlsen\u00e9 strav\u00eb. Metabolism rasov\u00ff.V\u00ffroba tepla u indick\u00e9ho kmene Tamulu.\nSrovn\u00e2vacl fysiologie: Bas\u00e2lnl tepeln\u00e2 produkee na 1 m2 povrchu^t\u00ebla^u cetn\u00ffch organismu, studovanych v laboratori: Holubi, husa,jehn\u00eb, ovee,vul,kr\u00e2va, krysa, c.lov\u00ebk (muz, zena).\nPri v\u00ffkladu n\u00e2lezu, t\u00ffkajlclch se metabolismu nemocn\u00ffch,jest treba kraj-nl zdrztlivosti.","page":0},{"file":"0143.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"118\nSlovakia was to spend so rauch money as they were in propaganda for the business and tourist interests, they certainly could not neglect the scientific, and consequently we urged that they send men to the Congress in Boston.\nThe banquet the last evening we were there was extremely interesting, as implying close international friendships, and nowhere did we find closer friendships or appreciation than in this city. We are looking forward to further connections with Professor Suk and possibly to a visit from Professor Petrfk. (Arrived March, 1930.)\nThe newspaper nLidove/ Noviny\" published two short notices regarding my lecture. These are appended herewith. (See pages 119 and 120.)","page":0},{"file":"0144.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"mmm\nIl '!*\n119\nStrana Z.\n\u00ef UU V JE\n>\n\u2022C\nmqminek a otc\u00fb, kteH vidi nutnost, aby se jejich d\u00eati zbavily toh\u00f6, co fim zapraiovalo o zaspinovalo dusi. To hnuti podchytili uiite-h bi, podporaji je n\u00e2boiensk\u00eb organisace, kler\u00e8 az na mal\u00e9 excentricit\u00e9 vxjimky volaji take po \u25a0\u00bbzbozUt\u00e8ni n\u00e2bolennvi\u00ab a odstraneni vseho, co v n\u00ebrh neprispiv\u00e2 k jaune a klidtul filosofii \u00efivotni.\nAmericti todicc ddvaji velikou volnost $i)fm detent a ziji pro ne daleko siln\u00ebti jako Hut.. ir/rOiiJ.\" \u2019\u00bb !\nNeplatn\u00f6&t clanku 2. jazy kov\u00e9ho zakonu.\nSondni tlumo\u00e9ilfri 4 auiorisovani civ\u00eelj technikov\u00e9 nejsoU org\u00e2ny republiky pod' znko\u00f9a jazykov\u00e9ho.\n\u00a7\u00a7 - Praha 18. bfezna.\nJinlpzv. ve.\nbli\nProfesor Francis G. Benedict\nv Brn\u00e8.\njr - Brno 18. bfezna.\nDnes ve\u00ebor pfedn\u00e4Sel 11a l\u00e9karsk\u00e9 fnkul-t\u00eb Masarykovy university v Brno prof. dr. Francis C. Benedict z Bostonu, kter\u00e9ho uvital \u00f6eskvm i anglickvin proslovem prof, dr. Neumann. Prof Benedict, ktery pri-nesl pozvdnf na 13 mezin\u00e4rodnf kongres fy-siologick\u00ff v Bostonu, podal ve sv\u00e9 pfedn\u00e4sce nov\u00e9, dosud neuverejn\u00ebn\u00f4 v\u00ffsledky vedeck\u00e9 ze sve laboratorc (Nution Laboratory pfi Carnegie Institution) v Bostonu, tykajid se vym\u00ebny l\u00e2tek u \u00e9lov\u00ebka i zivocicli\u00fb.' Po pied-n\u00e2sce se konala na pocest hosta a jelio choti vece\u00efe, d\u00e2van\u00e2 l\u00e9karskou fakultou. Zftra od-ixzdi profesor Benedict do Prahy, kde bude nostem l\u00e9karsk\u00e9 fakulty nemeck\u00e9.\n'en\njkt\ni","page":0},{"file":"0145.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ROC. 37. CIS. 143.\nv Citer \u0178 1\u00b0. rrezna 1929 rano\n\u25a0\nProfesor Francis G. Benedict v Brn\u00e8.\njr - Brno 18. brezns.\n- ,Pncs vcicr pFerln\u00e4\u00e4el nn l\u00e9karsk\u00e9 fakul-f\u00eb M&sarykovy university v Brno prof. dr. Irane\u00ees G. Benedict z Bostonu, ktef\u00e9fco U vital cesk\u00ffm i angiickvm prnslovem prof, dr. Neumann. I\u2019rof Benedict, kter\u00ff pfi-nesl pozvdni na 13 mezin\u00e2rodnf kongres fy-siologick\u00ff v Bostonu. podal ve sv\u00e9 p\u00efedn\u00e2sce nov\u00e9, tlosud neuverejn\u00e9n\u00e9 v\u00ffsledky vtdeck\u00e9 ze sv\u00e9 laboratorc (Nution Laboratory pii Carnegie Institution) v Bostonu, tykajici se vym\u00e8ny l\u00e2tck u \u00e9lov\u00ebku i 2ivocich\u00fb.'Po pied-n\u00e2sce se konala na pocest kosta a jeho choti vecefe, davan\u00e2 l\u00e9korskou fakultou. Zitra od-izdi profesor Benedict do Prahy, kde bilde ostem l\u00e9karsk\u00e9 fakulty n\u00ebmeck\u00e9.\ni1","page":0},{"file":"0146.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"IVYD\u00c2Nt\n______LJ D O V \u00cb N O V I N Y\natastrof\u00e2inich povodmch v Amcrice.\nDvacei milion\u00e2 dolar\u00fb skody.\nProfesor Francis Gano Benedict z Bostonn, i1\nvynikajici badatel o J\u00e2tkov\u00e9 v\u00ffm\u00ebn\u00eb u cio- i v\u00ebka, diel tyto dny v Brn\u00eb jako host l\u00e9kar- i sk\u00e9 fakulty Masarykovy university. V\u00ebera j p\u00efedn\u00e2Sel v anatomick\u00e9 posluch\u00e2rn\u00eb v Brn\u00eb s o sv\u00ffch v\u00ffzkumech a dues odjizdi do Prahy. 1\n\u2022 Montgomery (Alabama) 18. brezna.\natelstva zaplaven\u00e9ho m\u00eb-z\u00e9chrann\u00ffnii expedicemi byla \u00fcp\u00efn\u00eb provedena. cklici, kteri se zachrano-a korun\u00e2ck s t rem\u00fb, byli dopraveni do bezpeci. Po-\u2122 \u00b0 \" s \u25a0\nzjist\u00ebnl 2 0 milion\u00fb dolar\u00fb. Aby se Lranilo loupeni v postizen\u00ffch \u00fbzemich. fidil guvern\u00e9r st\u00e2tn Alabama n\u00e2hl\u00e9 p nad m\u00ebstem Elbou. Tak\u00e9 nad m\u00ebstem ueva, kter\u00e9 t\u00e9m\u00ebr stejn\u00eb t\u00ebzce bylo o zeno pcvodni jako Elba, ma b\u00ffti jeSt\u00eb < vyhl\u00e2\u00efeno n\u00e2hl\u00e9 pr\u00e2vo.\nUnited Press \u2022 Memphis (Tenne?\nProfessor Francis Gano Benedict,Boston, eminent scientist,working on metabolism in man,was staying these days at Brno as a,guest of the medical faculty of the Masa-ryk University.Yesterday he gave a lecture in the amphitheatre of the Anatomical Institute at Brno and to-day he is leaving for Prague.","page":0},{"file":"0147.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ROC 37. CIS 144.\nV LITER \u0178 19. BREZNA 1929 ODPOLEDNE\nZA 20 HAL\u00c9R\u00dbl\nProfesor Francis Gano Benedict z Boston\u00ab, J ( vynikajici badatel o l\u00e2tkovc v\u00ffm\u00ebn\u00eb u ck- i v\u00ebka, diel tyto day v Brn\u00eb jako host l\u00e9kar- s skc fakulty Masarykovy university. V\u00ebera prednaSel v anatomick\u00e9 posluch\u00e2rn\u00eb v Brn\u00eb o sv\u00ffch v\u00ffzkumech a dnes odjizdi do Prahv.\nProfessor Francis Gano Benedict,Boston, eminent scientist,working on metabolism in man,was staying these days at Brno as a,guest of the medical faculty of the Masa ryk University.Yesterday he gave a lecture in the amphitheatre of the Anatomical ln-stitute at Brno and to-day he is leaving for Prague.\t&","page":0},{"file":"0148.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"121\nPRAGUE, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.\nGerman University,\nProfessor Emil Starkenstein, Professor Arthur Biedl,\nand Professor Eislacher (?)\nAs a result of a rather extensive personal correspondence with Professor Emil Starkenstein, Professor of Pharmacology in the German University of Prague, we went from Brno to Prague. I found Professor Starkenstein extremely interesting and keen, a driving man, well worth visiting. He very kindly took me about, and although he was doing relatively little himself in metabolism, I was given the opportunity of seeing the institute of Professor Biedl, who was out of town. Here I found an enormous amount of material suitable for metabolism studies with men. For example, three 10-liter Bohr meters, one Elster meter, one complete Knipping apparatus, one Krogh gas-analysis apparatus, modeled after Krogh\u2019s model but it does not work as yet. Biedl*s assistant told me there was too much of the apparatus left out of the water bath. They also found the Knipping apparatus was faulty, as the expired carbon-dioxide\u2014containing air enters the spirometer so that the fall in the spirometer does not measure the oxygen. He found the Knipping oxygen is never the same as that measured by the Krogh apparatus. He found the respiration chamber for dogs was not tight and it has not been used for years. There was a complete Carpenter gas-analysis apparatus, made by Bleekmann and Burger, but it was not yet in working order. In other words, there was a large mass of material, but no great evidence of its having been used. I was very sorry that Professor Biedl was not in town.\nIn the clinic of Professor Eislacher (?) they were doing considerable metabolism work, but using the Douglas sack and Elster meter. Interestingly enough, the meter had never been calibrated.\nThey had a 10 c.c. Haldane gas-analysis apparatus, also a Krogh apparatus likewise made in Yienna but not by Castagna. I was not much impressed with the character of the metabolism work done there.\nIn Professor Starkenstein\u2019s laboratory he was adjusted chiefly for the study of minerals, purins, and iron. He emphasized that he thinks there is to be a tremendous revision in our knowledge of the iron metabolism. He has a fine institute, is a keen driver, and very active. I thought it was a rather delicate attention that Professor Starkenstein still left the name plate of his predecessor (who had died several months before) on the private laboratory and private office door. Altogether we were much impressed with Professor Starkenstein. I think he is a great asset to the Universitjr of Prague. One finds, however, in Prague, as in other","page":0},{"file":"0149.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"parts of Europe, so often these interracial conflicts. For example, in Prague there is the German University and also a Czechoslovakian University, but little research is being done in the Czechoslovakian university, I did not go inside any of the buildings, getting my information from Professor Starkenstein. But it was emphasized if I was asked by any newspaper people what I had seen of Prague, that I must not confine myself to a statement I had seen the German university. I must certainly state I had seen, even if only the outside, the Czechoslovakian university. A newspaper man, a doctor, was keenly interested in the mission and there resulted a well written article. (See page).","page":0},{"file":"0150.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Boston Nutrition Expert\nLectures In Prague\nPRAGUE, Mar. 81.\u2014Professor Francis Benedict, director o? tlie Carnegie Xutri-tion Laboratory in Boston, has arrived in this city, and gave a lecture to the Association of German Physicians on Friday. Prof. Benedict is undertaking a trip across Europe, and speaks on the important dis cove rie- made by the institution he directs.\nPRAGER PRESSE\n'osiiaiq \u00fcaSjoq.T3A ram\u2019juoqo^ uraup tu [ors pun uoqqBq uqqasogq\u00df iqeqsqarcq uoaia nu S3 sip \u2018ouuoq ujopuuq jaqoiaiospueq qotVB qots so \u00a3jBp \u2018uaqnuusA uajBJfj :3p tieSupqsSay siq -usnsqsqsaj uajndegng |pui3jj: spuagjtu qoopof equuoq unyg; qzps eSpoj uopjtiAA osnug iai traSuiqgimjg a!p [ony \u25a0qapqasA j3[io.*a qaou gunyBqj3A jauias .dbu ap.inAt sqjosqtt.iO\u00e7Bj'f joq \u2018jaqn uqog :3}S3')i'c ttop jrrs U3gouiJ3A sup sssstumtoq, tapt^ sop Sunspijny pq ;qoS usSunmtar\u00e7s | AI uaqoqz'tasag uoStjsqsiq uap qpttu uuao1 taqsBS'psi \u00abop rqor.tdsaoptAf sep joqe 'aqqw j IttqaS s.topBy gap opoj, uagtpjuq ure ossojoj I il tua ssss'rauuoqtapig sop gunso[jny qo.tnp ! q\u00b0g a;s3;iB jap gup \u2018qjagnuag ttaSuiqmn'l 10A iz+of uapjsAt sg -puBqsaq zuo.isjjtq atfre ! optsq usqostAtz gup \u2018uaiiuoq uouiuioq jtra rep 3iu 3HBq ubm qng jtps sosnug sap op unajg J3P naSBSsny usp qoBU jba\\ uqog pun 3}ba uaqosiAtz stu;iBqj3A sbq 'punajijps nK J3U0JS sjb qonu ijbS jg \u2022uaqjoBjq tu[u\\ I ijBqujag pun mreur\u00e7dnBg I-reqjofJ qui 2unp u;qj3A ojoqnu ut tuqr atp \u2018uasssjaqii oqos tjBjaqj jnu J3 aiiBq upjqep tiafzioj uap ut oun JqoqJOA Suwa apjBq jg 'uagozsgjpnj \u2022nz jqas o}qo[ jbjq equ jag : ppptua\u00e4 apoj 3.oTuj3Ay2j3qio}g nz uojbjq sop gunpjoui \u2022jg -tap nz pjiA\\ uaisqqog m 3 j a q q a s j i H\nmV 'SjaqjOIS U3JBJ\u00ab) IUB PJOJV Jag *\nT\tuj&j pmI\tsny\n\u00e0\nr\t\u2019IfOS U3pj3AV IJaiT\n^PZJBCI 3UJ3SBH U3gfz;ac jap punjgnBg jop ouajqBAi \u2018[[os uanuq ubuoq jap aquu azpqj MojapuB UI3U13 jrre 3UJ3SBg anou oura aaque U3I3AAZ q[Bqj3uui 3S3tp qoBuoAt \u2018uaqoBtu nz ^uiqosjOAuagso uauia gunqBAUOAJBqpg jao pI0qB \u00efSnqaisqBaq aputauiaSfpBig 8[(i iSubi \u2022-J3A \u2018(opuijoq [pB;g jap umjiuag; uit qois - !P 3UJ3SBqj3BSB/A ,U3J3qnjJ \u2018-J[IUBJO[g\ntiaSrjgqai \u00ceP^\u00ceS J3? -top gunjaunBqsag sqatipunjg auta qnq SunqBAU3AjBq[ip[ \u00b0-Q ; loiqotjsq sun pjiM BABjst'jBjg sny\n(JAI) \u2022BAB[S[1BJ1I Ut U3UJ3SBg 3I13>J\nF\n'Ill'll 'qdaiaj. -jqg i\u2014q uoa Stqsureg pun qooAV[qiv qoqpunut \u2018qiaqja [junqsny qosun4\\ [ub pun [3pu3SJ3A ojBjnutjog uagpou aip ato \u2022uoiqotj nz \u2018f BAoqtjag \u2018-ln StM(I yoAVy jap 3[bjiu32 stp ub puts uaSejjuy putt uaSunp\n-[3lUUy '3\u00a3SOJ3'4tIJ S3[JBqq3[ UOI'[qBS2un[['iiUI -J3A asatp Jnj uouojibm japiaq' uosiojm xtap ut qst \u2018[Bq qgtazag gunjqujjg aip 3144 uqBf -jnqog szubS sup juj otAt \u2018i[uqiu3jnBU3U3g U3p JtlJ [l[OM03 *A\\Z -n \u2018SU3UJ3[U3qOBJdg sop sj[03M2 wnz \u2018ijqsqsgoin pun u3t[ttuBg sqos -tqooqos) ut ttaqosinap sire uj3[nqog pun uau -uuainqog uoa qasn^sny trap japatAt janaq","page":0},{"file":"0151.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Boston Nutrition Expert\nLectures In Prague\nPRAGUE, Mar. 31.\u2014Professor Francis Benedict, director of the Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory in Boston, has arrived in this city, and stave a lecture to the Association of German Physicians on Friday. Prof. Benedict is undertaking a trip across Europe, and speaks on the important discoveries made by the institution he directs.\n21. M\u00e4rz 1929\nPRAGER\nProf. Francis G. Benedict\n-eit- frag, 20. M\u00e4rz.\nAuf seiner Reise, welche ihnn durch Benedict ist der Leiter des Em\u00e4hrungs-des Kontinents f\u00fchrt, ist der bekannte amerikanische Gelehrte, Professor Francis Gano Benedict, in Prag eingetroffen. Prof. Menge entnimmt. An diesem Beispiel ersieht Laboratoriums der Washingtoner Carnegie-Stiftung in Boston (Mass.) und hat sich besonders durch die Einf\u00fchrung exakter physikalischer Methoden in der Biologie und Physiologie bekannt gemacht Er ist ein Vork\u00e4mpfer f\u00fcr die wissenschaftliche Gegenseitigkeit, und neben dem Sammeln wissenschaftlicher Erfahrungen in Europa gilt seine Reise nicht in letzter Linie der Festigung der Beziehungen zwischen der amerikanischen und der europ\u00e4ischen Forschung.\n\u201eMeine Europareise\u201c, so erz\u00e4hlt er, \u201ehat den Zweck, mich \u00fcber die Ergebnisse der T\u00e4tigkeit auf meinem Fachgebiete zu unterrichten und nach Amerika neue Ideen und ! Erkenntnisse mitzunehmen. Doch ich nehme nicht nur etwas mit, ich bringe auch etwas: \u00fcberall, wohin ich komme, teile ich die eigenen Forschungsresultate in Lichtbildvortr\u00e4gen mit. Es handelt sich durchwegs um neue Dinge, die ich noch nicht publiziert habe und die meinen europ\u00e4ischen Fachgenossen einen Begriff von den F\u00f6rschungs-methoden und Einrichtungen des Ern\u00e4h-rungslaboratoriums der Carnegie-Stiftung geben.\nDieses Laboratorium l\u00e4\u00dft sich am besten mit dem Namen \u201ephysikalisch-biologischtechnische Reichsanstalt\u201c bezeichnen. Wir machen in diesem Laboratorium, das ich seit 1907 leite, Versuche, die sich auf die Ern\u00e4hrung, den Stoffwechsel, das Wachstum, die Hygiene und vor allem auf die vitalen Kr\u00e4fte des Menschen beziehen. Diese Versuche werden zu f\u00fcnfzig Prozent an Menschen, zu f\u00fcnfzig Prozent an Tieren, vom gro\u00dfen Ochsen bis zur kleinen Maus, gemacht. Von der Art unserer Untersuchungsmethoden k\u00f6nnen Sie sich einen Begriff machen, wenn Sie sich vergegenw\u00e4rtigen, da\u00df zum Messen des Sauerstoff Verbrauches nicht weniger als 248 Versuche an sechs Menschen gemacht wurden, wobei der Sauerstoffgehalt der Luft zwischen 20 und 95 Prozent schwankte. Diese Versuche haben dann ergeben, da\u00df es f\u00fcr den Sauerstoffverbrauch leichg\u00fcltig ist, welchen Sauerstoffgehalt die Luft hat, da\u00df vielmehr die menschliche Lunge nur die zum Verbrauch notwendige Menge nimmt.\nSie in Europa haben ja leider nicht solche materielle Mittel zur Verf\u00fcgung, um so kostspielige Institute, wie wir sie haben, zu errichten. Um so erstaunlicher aber sind die Leistungen, welche Ihre Forscher vollbringen. Ich hatte erst gestern in Br\u00fcnn die Gelegenheit, diese Leistungen zu bewundern, die vom Forscher gro\u00dfe Selbstent\u00e4u\u00dferung und Selbstverleugnung verlangen. Ich habe aber daraus ersehen, da\u00df wir dementsprechend unsere Kr\u00e4fte in Amerika sechsfach vermehren m\u00fcssen, um im gleichen Ma\u00dfe zu leisten. Ich hoffe, da\u00df Ihre Forscher in diesem Jahre auf dem im August stattfindenden Biologen- und Physiologen-Kongre\u00df Gelegenheit haben werden, sich von unserer Arbeit in Amerika zu \u00fcberzeugen.\nMein Weg f\u00fchrt mich von Prag \u00fcber W\u00fcrzburg nach den nordischen L\u00e4nndern und dann \u00fcber Holland nach England. Neben meiner wissenschaftlichen T\u00e4tigkeit hoffe ich auf dieser Reise auch ein wenig meiner Lieblingsbesch\u00e4ftigung, der Magie, nachgehen zu k\u00f6nnen. Ich bin Mitglied der gro\u00dfen amerikanischen \u201eMagic Society\u201c und verfolge mit gleichem Interesse, wie die Wissenschaft, die Fortschritte auf diesem Gebiete. Sehen Sie.........\u201c\nHier folgte ein kleines, aber interessantes Zauberkunstst\u00fcck. Doch der Referent mu\u00dfte versprechen, den Trick nicht zu verraten. Selbst Journalisten\n1 sein. *\u2022\u2022\u2022/'\nk\u00f6nnen diskret","page":0},{"file":"0152.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"3 24\nFRANKFURT. GERMANY.\nPrivate Clinic. Professor Karl Von Noorden.\nOur visit to Germany was poorly timed, as everybody was away.\nWe were much impressed by the fact that, although German professors were badly paid (at least they were reputed to have been badly paid), nevertheless apparently every German professor can afford to travel during the spring vacation. There is apparently a perfect exodus of people. How they do it, I do not know. Perhaps they save up their money. Perhaps they save on other things, but apparently it is the thing to do, and I have been told that it is a tradition. Admittedly many of them go to scientific meetings or congresses, but a great many simply go for relaxation to Italy or Switzerland. There had been such an exodus from Frankfurt, but we were fortunate in getting in touch and spending some time with Professor Von Noorden.\nHe is now retired from active work, seeing only the important cases.\nHe has a good assistant, Dr. Grote, who, in addition to being a good clinician and business man, likewise has strong scientific leanings, but of course is so much tied up with administration of the sanitarium he cannot do much personally.\nThey have a Knipping apparatus, but it does not seem to me they know how to use it. The assistant employed seemed to be extraordinarily unintelligent. I do not see how they could place any reliance upon him whatsoever. Von Noorden implied they did not use the apparatus much or lay much stress on it, but they had it there. He tells me today there is practioally no coma. He is much against Falta, says that Falta has spoilt his future and has no future. Von Noorden said this whole meal, fruit diet that Falta came out with he stole directly from Von Noorden, as he knew all about what Von Noorden was doing on it. Von Noorden seemed to be in good health, and it was a great pleasure to us to see him again, although the scientific outcome of the visit to the sanitarium was not great.","page":0},{"file":"0153.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"125\nFRANKFURT. GERMANY.\nUniversity of Frankfurt. Department of Social Hv/ziene.\nDr, Ernst Simonson and Professor Ludwig Ascher.\nMy chief object in visiting Frankfurt was admittedly to investigate first hand the work of Dr. E. Simonson, who had published a large number of papers recently on the rationalization of muscular work. Dr. Simonson was apparently a pupil or had been working with Atzler, and I thought had something of an institute. I knew he was associated with the economist and hygienist, Dr. Ascher, so I was quite surprised to find he was filling a rather precarious position in that they had one basement room in the cellar of a convalescent home or little modest hospital. There they apparently were not very happy and had to be moved. Some of their work had been done at a hospital in connection with an intelligent woman physician^Gollwitzer-Meier.\nMuch of my discussion with Simonson had to deal with technique, for he had published so many papers on these points,and the question of making gas bags tight for preservation of samples and collection of samples. He had used a rubber bag for collecting Samples, a little on the order of our so-called \"Fox bag\" and in order to make that impervious to gases he had coated the inside of the bag with a sort of laquer or oil called \"Berneroel\" manufactured by Berner and Co., Dusseldorf. There are several grades. This one is grade A. He uses one part of this and five of alcohol and the bag is coated inside and outside with this laquer. He sucks some into the bag and then lets it drain out and then, in order to dry it out, he blows air through a glass tube stuck through the neck of the bag, but not sufficiently large to close the bag. This blows away the solvent and in about half an hour it is perfectly dry.\nMy first impressions of the whole situation were that we bad to deal here with a man working in a small, inadequate laboratory room with many clever ideas technically, with no knowledge apparently of the previous literature, and rather heavy handed. The apparatus was dirty, but probably because they were just about ready to move and pack up so it is unfair to criticize in all probability. Much use had been made of","page":0},{"file":"0154.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"126\na dry gas meter, 3-light, No. 120-M, manufactured by the Askania Werk. Simonson told me these were specially made and especially accurate, calibrated by the Askania Company and furnished to him as having no correction, or at least the correction is so small that it plays no role. In fact, the phrase \"it plays no role\" I thought was used too often in my discussion with him, when one considers all the mathematics employed in his various processes.\nThere seemed to be no sense of proportion. Cas analysis was done on a Haldane with a large comparator tube, straight sided, that is, without bulbs, and much of it was out of water. He showed me with great glee some improved stop cocks, all of which had been used by Dr. Carpenter years ago.\nSimonson had a new gas-analysis apparatus, two burettes in a water bath holding 17 liters of water. Not much of it was out of air now. Formerly a lot of it was in air, as shown by the photograph given me, (figure 64) but there was no compensation. His idea was to test out the degree of saturation of water. That is, he would start with saturated air and determine the carbon dioxide in one burette and determine the carbon dioxide plus oxygen in the other burette, and moisten each time before the final reading, and thus test out the question of degree of saturation. He had visible water, but thinks that there is a great error in this. Evidently he is constantly in touch with Atzler, who is his authority, and of course one must say that Atzler is a good authority.\nI saw in his modified Haldane apparatus nothing new. There v/as a small potassium hydroxide volume, no bulb at all, but oil was over the reservoir. He says the carbon dioxide goes through from the sample tube to the outer air. I imagine the same thing would hold true with regard to nitrogen in his argument. So if you have a reservoir with KOH in it and nitrogen above, the nitrogen may pass through the column of KOH out through the open reservoir side. His argument is that if one has a stopcock or pinchcock between the KOH bulb and the KOH reservoir, this loss of gas will be stopped. He thinks this is not simply a solution of the gas but a real transport through the liquid. But I asked myself, \"Is his technique really good enough to show this point up?\" It may be worth while taking up by Dr. Carpenter.","page":0},{"file":"0155.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 64\nGas-analysis apparatus of Dr. E. Simonson,\nFrankfurt, Germany. Print missing. Negative is not available.","page":0},{"file":"0156.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"128\nWe had a good deal to say with regard to rationalization of work. Based upon his association with Professor Ascher, he had done a great deal of work on industrial hygiene and fatigue. He was working upon the point that he wants to try to improve the oxygen consumption during work. This is based upon the fact that Ascher finds that with men doing heavy work their working power declines strikingly after 35 years. So he argues that the excess of high oxygen consumption during high muscular work is really dangerous to health, it is conducive to lower resistance, and perhaps the death rate is affected. As Simonson cleverly put it, if it was a matter of saving two or three pats of butter in having the work done more economically, they would not be interested, but they are interested in holding down the excessively high oxygen consumption by man in work. Of course the thing is \"Does excessive oxygen consumption lower the capacity for work?\" Is that sufficiently proved? His idea is that if by motion study or rationalization of work one can lower work which calls for 8,000 to 6,000 c.c. of oxygen, there has been a real saving to do the same amount of external work. He pointed out, for example, that most people think one can pull at a lever better when standing, but they do not believe so. The point is the body goes forward to meet the lever. They find the best results if a person is sitting. There was an elaborate system to find the internal amount of muscular work done by moving the body. For example, different parts of the body are raised at the shoulder, hips, knees, etc. When one pulls a 5 kg. weight 30 times per minute, more than 50 per cent of the entire work done, they argue, is done inside of the body and is not done as external work. By putting on lamps and photographing movements, they studied all sorts of curves and changes of motion of the hands, shoulders, and hips. In association with a Dr. Hebestreit, who is of a mathematical turn, they were working out an elaborate series of formulas so as to see how this internal work could be expressed in active work. Personally, it seemed to me that, theoretically, it might be good, but there seemed to be a tremendous amount of mathematics for a little. They chose the horizontal arm pulling weights over a pulley, that is, the vertical lift of the weight, as a means of studying the influence of various body positions. They chose this device on the grounds they could not study it as well with the bicycle ergometer or the treadmill.\nI found Dr. Simonson an extremely interesting young man, serious, hard working, wholly inadequately prepared for his work, in spite of his training with Atzler, and yet with great possibilities, an indefatigable worker and a man with whom we must keep constantly in touch.","page":0},{"file":"0157.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I think if he could have a year with Dr. Carpenter, it would be a tremendous thing for him. Looking over his papers, I found, for example, that he has two different subjects and one has a consistently post-absorptive respiratory quotient of about 0.72 or 0.73 and the other one equally low. He naively explains this on the character of the diet, but on going over the matter with him, I am perfectly certain his technique and his whole paper is wrong. His point was there might be a systematic error with the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus with which he had done this work, which might still make it of value. That is the trouble with Simonson, he has many ideas but is very inadequately trained. It is possible he is one of these heavy-handed individuals who will never be able to do anything himself. At least he is worth encouraging in every way.\nProfessor Ludwig Ascher has worked a great deal upon the question of severe work and the working capacity of man. He finds that'there is a distinct falling off in physical capacity after about 30 years. This was shown by a curve, which he referred to, published by the Belgian Quetelet, many years ago, in which the lifting power was measured with 5 kg. weights. He then compared this with the wages of heavy industrial work and found this likewise fell off rapidly at about this time. So his whole feeling is there is a distinct disadvantage, in fact, an injury done by severe muscular work. On the other hand, he is strongly against the prevailing notion that the race is degenerating. He told me he remembered very well how Pettenkofer spoke of several facts. In the first place, if one looks at the hands of all the Greek gods and Greek statues, one finds them very small and effeminate. All the armor used in ancient times is too small for modern man. There was a story told of an English military troup going to Edinburgh when Victoria and Albert were making a tour there, and they planned to parade in some old Scotch costumes which had been preserved for many, many years. All these were found too small and the tailors told them, when making over many of the clothes, that the chest of the normal man is now much larger, due to sport. In any event one can be sure the race is not degenerating.\nI found Ascher very interesting, very stimulating, interested in the work of Simonson, and quite willing to accept any suggestions for betterment of the work. I emphasized the importance of sending Simonson to Boston to the Congress and particularly of allowing him to stay over longer than the relatively few days that the Congress obtains.","page":0},{"file":"0158.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"130\nHEIDELBERG. GERMANY.\nUniversity of Heidelberg.\nProfessor L. Krehl. Dr. H. Gessler. and Professor August Piitterr\nI had the great misfortune not to see Professor Krehl. I was told and it was emphasized to me that he was out of town. Subsequently letters from Professor Krehl assured me this was not true. I saw Dr. Gessler, who says he has no interest in metabolism now. They use basal metabolism measurements but little in the clinic. There is to be a new institute, Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut? Meyerhof is coming from Berlin and possibly Warburg. Professor Krehl is to direct a certain amount of the clinical work.\nThe great tragedy of the sudden death of Professor Putter marred our visit to Heidelberg. I had had extensive correspondence with him and had accepted an invitation to lecture under his direction. He died rather suddenly about two weeks before we reached there, as a result of an abdominal operation, wholly unexpectedly. At the time we were there, there was no thought as to his successor. His loss was a great pity, because he was getting much interested in metabolism work. As it is now, Heidelberg is losing its metabolism interest.\nGrafe has gone, Kestner has gone, Putter has died, and Gessler has no further interest. Possibly the opening of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut will revive this interest.","page":0},{"file":"0159.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"131\nLEIPZIG. GERMANY. Agricultural Institute. Professor Gustav Fingerling.\nAlthough I saw Professor Scheunert and Gildemeister in Leipzig,\nDr. Karl Thomas unfortunately was away. The greatest center of attraction, however, was the laboratory and personality of Professor Fingerling. As on my former trip, I found this man almost extraordinarily stimulating, a very charming personality, very keen observer, and extraordinarily well balanced. He had a great many views on a great many different subjects, was of course much dominated by the thought of the L\u00e9ipzig School and evidently highly interested in technique. Probably his greatest difficulty is giving too much attention to minor details in technique.\nIn common with the Kellner School, Fingerling measures the value of a feed by its\"capacity to deposit fat in an adult ox with no change of protein deposit.\" He thinks this may be quite different with sheep and with swine. Fingerling lays a great deal of stress upon the pentosan and lignins. Thus, he thought that cellulose and pentosan might be coupled and that when lignin is burned in the body in excess, he thinks it is of no use to the body. It is burned and there is a lot of heat given off but without value to the body. He argues that about 50 per cent of the lignin is digested or at least is ready to be acted upon by bacteria.\nThey have there ten respiration chambers. He says he cannot tell anything about the nutritive value of food by (a) body wastes or (b) by digestion experiments, but only by respiration experiments. He considers the whole process is extremely complex. Certainly some of the lignins are coupled. He speaks of \"thermische W\u00e4rme\" (this is considered to be of no use to the body). He thought the speoific dynamic action may be a \"Verpuffung\" or explosion of lignin burning. It is of no use to the body. So-called \"Kauarbeit\" is of no value. \"Darmarbeit\u201d is of no value.\nFingerling is a most interesting man, full of ideas, and really one should study him and his theories a long time. His idea is that since they base everything upon the capacity of a foodstuff to lay fat on an adult ox, this brings in automatically all specific dynamic action, etc.\nHe attended my lecture and in discussion afterwards stated that his own values for the basal heat production per square meter of body surface of an ox were 1,000 calories as against our values which were much higher. But he has never studied a fasting ox. Everything was done by calculation. He argues that there is a great deal of ballast left and that one can never be sure that there is not a large after-effect of food. Against that I argue that, in the first place, the feces diminish to almost nothing; secondly, the methane goes down to a very small amount; third, the pulse goes down; fourth, the basal metabolism does not, but stays up around 1300 to 1600 calories.","page":0},{"file":"0160.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"132\nOne interesting point of technique came out in conversation. He says that all of the carbon-dioxide determined in his chamber is determined by titration of barium hydroxide and he says free, outdoor air ranges from 0.03 to 0.1 and that during a heavy fog or heavy smoke blanket in Leipzig this high value may be found. Now the iaboratoiy is not in a specially crowded part of Leipzig and I do not believe that this is correct. The ventilation rate of his chamber is very high. Fingerling says it must be high so as not to have any water\nf\u00b0r if the hair getS W6t' the Wh0le heat regulating mechanism\nIn talking with Fingerling about the wheat situation, I found that Germany was rather a bad place to grow wheat, according to these men.\nIt has only a rather small area in which wheat can be grown and one has to grow rye, something to do with the character of the soil. There is only a smaii wheat belt. This statement was substantiated by Scheunert. But later on Abderhalden argued they were both wrong, that much wheat can be grown in Germany. I am interested to know why these men differ so m their interpretation of this wheat business.\nThree photographs his large gas meters,\n, one of Professor Fingerling himself and two of are included herewith. (See figures 65 to 67.)","page":0},{"file":"0161.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"133\nFigure 65. Three of the large gas meters used for ventilating the respiration chambers of Professor Fingerling of Leipzig, Germany. The drums are removed and cleaned each year. The chain drive makes the use of the drum positive as a pump.","page":0},{"file":"0162.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u25a0\n134\nFigure 67. Professor Fingerling of Leipzig, Germany, outside his laboratory in back of a large steam kettle he had purchased to use as a chamber for an animal.\nFigure 66. Another view of two of the meters used by Professor Fingerling of Leipzig, Germany.","page":0},{"file":"0163.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"PAHff\u00e2\nGERMANY.\nUniversity of Halle. Physiological Institute.\nProfessor Emil Abderhalden.\nMy discussion with Professor Abderhalden was confined exclusively to the house. He said nothing was going on at the laboratory. It was the vacation period and certainly no metabolism work was being done.\nAs usual, I had most interesting talks with him. One of the first things I asked him was why there was so much difficulty with the Abderhalden reaction. He says it is going all the time with him in his laboratory.\nHe had sent to C. G. L. Wolf all of the capsules and sub-strates, etc., but never had heard from him. He says any scientist could come to Halle and get the entire technique in a two weeks\u2019 visit.\nAbderhalden was much opposed to the Nobel prize. He thought it should not be awarded until at least ten years after a man\u2019s work had been done, so the work could be checked up. He understood there were certain men who were working solely for the Nobel prize, but he felt that when a man had been given a Nobel prize and got up to address a meeting, he had a rubber stamp of Nobel prize on him which gave undue authority and the younger men did not dare discuss with them.\nAbderhalden had a cage out in his yard in which he had some marmots, brought down from the Alps. But it seems that when they dug in for the winter, although the meshes of the wire cage were very small, sane young, growing rats got in, attacked the marmots, and grew so large they could not get out again. So Abderhalden was simply starving them out. They were in the marmot holes and he was starving them out.\nHe regretted the tendency of some of the older men to get unavoidably snarled up with advertisement affairs. For example, recently a substance, protamon phosphatid, had been advertised very much and connected with Rubner. It made him think of the elder Zuntz and his hair-growing extract. It is rather pathetic.\nAs usual, we found Professor Abderhalden most interesting. The noble and brave way in wtiicn he and his wife are meeting the terrible situation of their children\u2019s infantile paralysis was a great stimulus to us. I regret extremely that I cannot see him oftener and talk with him oftener.","page":0},{"file":"0164.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"136\nBERLIN. GERMANY. Krankenhaus Lankwitz. Professor Georg Zuelzer.\nZuelzer is now much interested in a hormone (\"eutonon\") acting on the heart, a honnone that he thinks comes from the blood from the liver. As a result of the mechanics of respiration he can make a suction on the inspiratory movement of about 20 centimeters of water and this he thinks opens the large lung vessels; then a pressure of 20 oentimeters closes them. This sometimes acts as a pump and sucks blood direct from the liver. This blood is enriched in liver hormone called eutonon, Zuelzer is much occupied with hormones. He thinks the hormone is the key which may open many combinations and thus open a particular organ. He has studied the thing on a Starling heart-lung preparation and this is the experimental basis for all of his work.\nHe has had a colleague from the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dr, E, M\u00fceller, who had worked with Starling and oould prepare the hearts, Muller is coming to the Congress to demonstrate,\nI believe, also some of Zuelzer\u2019s things, and Zuelzer is coming over to try to propose his eutonon theory. He feels that he has an important heart hormone, which has produced some rather remarkable results. The effect of this hormone is a widening of the coronary arteries. The left atrim connects directly with the liver and thus blood is sucked up. He thinks that perhaps the eutonon helps the heart, but also increased blood flow would help it, Zuelzer is enthusiastic, almost fantastic.\nThe clinic is one thing but the laboratory is another. With this mechanical respiratory appliance to change the suction, he thinks he has a possibility of doing a great deal sind he believes that he can help heart cases by this respiratory appliance alone, although the isolated hormone or extracts are now available,\nZuelzer\u2019s connection with the discovery of insulin has been a matter of considerable comment. There is no question but what he nearly discovered it, but the whole series of men really contributed to the start, Starling, Minkowski, Zuelzer, and probably Murlin.\nBut Zuelzer certainly was well treated by Macleod in his general summation of the insulin situation. It is reported, and unfortunately it is true, that Zuelzer criticized rather severely the Nobel Committee for not giving him the Nobel Prize, I heard of this definitely in Stockholm from authoritative sources. It is unfortunate and bad judgment, to say the least.","page":0},{"file":"0165.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"An interesting point came up in the meeting with Professor Zuelzer as to the language to be used at the Congress in Boston. There seemed to be a strong feeling on the part of a number of the Germans that the Germans should speak in German as it was one of the four languages permitted. Furthermore, it was more or less a matter of national pride, I told them it could be summed up in a few words. German for Germany but English for results, and if they wanted to get over their theories and statements to the larger number of people at that Congress, English was the language to be used.","page":0},{"file":"0166.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BERLIN,\nGERMANY.\nKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Biologie\u00ab\nProfessor 0. Meyerhof.\nI was particularly anxious to ask Meyerhof about the respiratory quotient after work. He says he thinks it looks like carbohydrate but he is not as dogmatic as his friend Hill. He is much interested in the problem of muscle and insulin. He always finds, however, that they cannot get the muscle carbohydrate free. He always differs by one to two tenths of a per cent from certain Canadians who state it is glycogen free. There was no work done on the respiratory exchange with man at the institute. In discussing the question of the Congress language, Meyerhof felt that German was perfectly proper for the very few who were interested and could certainly understand the German expressions. He thought it rather stupid to give a 10-minute paper, especially when people were going in and out all the time, and did not purpose doing anything himself. I had an interesting talk with him with regard to the Kaiser-Wilhelm Foundation. Formerly there was a tendency to concentrate more or less in the neighborhood of Berlin, but now with the larger republican ideas of Germany there is a tendency to distribute the institutes about. Thus, one has gone to Heidelberg and one has already gone to Dortmund.","page":0},{"file":"0167.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"j 39\nBERLIN. GERMANY.\nKaiser-7/ilhelm Institut fur Arbeitsphysiologie,\nPr\u00bb E. M\u00fcller.\nThis institute was all upset. Everything was being packed, and one saw nothing there. But Dr. M\u00fcller kindly took me to the manufacturer, Goldberg and Son, who had been making much of their apparatus. I found a number of interesting things. One was a Douglas bag prepared with special fabric, with thin metallic layer between the fabric to make it hold carbon dioxide indefinitely. The great problem was to get a thin metal plate that would not spoil by crackling or kinking. They bend it back and forth 500 times without damage. He finds it holds carbon dioxide ten times better than the best Douglas sacks they can get. I took a number of small photographs, one of an apparatus going to Moscow. They told me about a small rat treadmill.\nIn gas analysis apparatus there were one or two interesting points.\nThey were having standardized stopcocks, types 1 to 4, and the plugs were always interchangeable so if you lost or broke a cook for stopcock No. 2, you could order one and be sure it would fit. One interesting point was a hollow stopcock with a hole coming out of the handle, so that when one turned it at a certain angle, one had immediate connection with the outdoor air and thus equalized the pressure. They had great trouble to get active sodium hydrosulphite. Apparently this reagent is as finicky as is pyro.\nThey had been making a rat treadmill for Dr. Friedberger, who had an Italian working on problems there. Friedberger, some years ago at Zuelzer*s house, told me the remarkable story about the lack of nutritive power of foods that had remained on a steam table in the kitchen for several hours, I have been told now he has retracted this entire discussion.\nDr. M\u00fcller was extremely kind in every way and it was a great pleasure to us to see him later in Dortmund.\nGoldberg is an ingenious chap, full of ideas and thinks that every idea is a brand new one. It was amusing the number of ideas he brought up while we were talking, ideas that had been discarded sometimes ten or fifteen years ago by the Nutrition Laboratory.\nM\u00fcller was inclined to think that Zuelzer was a bit too optimistic regarding his eutonon theories and hoped that he would not stress the matter too much in Boston. He seemed to think it might be rather impractical in that short time to prepare a heart-lung preparation to demonstrate directly the effect of eutonon.","page":0},{"file":"0168.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"] 40\nSmall photographs of apparatus of Golberg & Son, Berlin, should be inserted here if they are found.\nThe prints are missing and the negatives\nare not available.","page":0},{"file":"0169.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"141\nBERIJH- OEBMANY-\nProfessor C. Benda and Professor Fr. Kraus.\nThree years ago at dinner at Gley\u2019s we had the pleasure of meeting Professor Benda and later on I had a ohat with him at the Centennary Laennec. We have had a little correspondence since then, so he invited us in a social way to his house. ?/hile there we had an interesting talk with him and Geheimrat Kraus, former head of the Second Medical Clinic, now retired. Professor Benda and Professor Kraus are two interesting men, full of anecdotes, and it was amusing to hear them. The discussion turned upon the question of oral examinations. They were telling about a certain examiner, a very old man, who had written a book in which there were several chapters entitled \"Gehen, Laufen, und Springen.\" A candidate was being examined, and the professor touched upon these several problems and found that the candidate knew nothing about them, so finally he said, \"Now we have discussed Gehen, Laufen, and Springen; nothing remains but Fliegen.\"\nIt seems that a colloquial term when a man has failed his examination is \"Fliegen.\" Another examiner was examining a candidate and discussing the matter of diabetes, and the candidate informed him diabetics should not be given sugar but butter. He asked him how much butter should be given. The student said \"one kilogram,\" The professor looked surprised and the student immediately jumped to two kilograms. Another man had been up three times as a candidate and had failed. The fourth time he came up and Professor Rubner was on the examining board. He finally got through. Later on in life he developed to be quite a prominent man and surprised everybody by the fact he was not such a fool as they thought. They were discussing the examining methods of Du Bois-Reymond. Apparently some had had personal experience with him. He would ask a question and throw back his head and gaze fixedly at the ceiling and there never was a sign or hint of any kind from his face as to what the candidate was doing, and everybody found it most terrifying. Both of these men have now retired and my visit with them was purely social.","page":0},{"file":"0170.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"BERLIN. GERMANY\nAmerika Institut. 8 Universit\u00e4tsstrasse.\n'\nProfessor Paul Grossmann and Pr, K\u00ab 01\u00ab Bertling.\nIn view of the international interest in the work we were doing, I felt as if I should get in touch with this Amerika Institut, which I had never previously visited. I went there and came in contact with the Assistant Director, Professor Paul Grossmann. I found a very interesting suite of rooms with a library rather sumptuously fitted up. It seemed that M\u00fcnsterberg raised the funds in America and unfortunately the funds were liquidated during the inflation period. The result was they had lost capital and were having difficulty in holding up. The library dealt with social conditions in Germany and America, but there were a good many war books. The Director, Dr. Bertling, I met only for a few moments. I think it is well worth our while to keep in contact with the Amerika-Institut, for their work is apparently well organized and is fulfilling an important function.","page":0},{"file":"0171.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"143\nBERLIN. GERMANY.\nStaatsbibliothek.\nDr. Kruss.\nDiscussing the question of books and the distribution of monographs,\nDr. Grossraann suggested I meet Dr. Kruss, who was the Director of the Staatsbibliothek. We went to this enormous building, very imposing, very highly organized, and were given immediate access. -I found Dr. Kriiss very charming. He had married an American wif\u00e9, Miss Pointdeiter, speaks perfect English, and is a live wire. This Staatsbibliothek is the center for ten Prussian universities. They claim to have a 24-hour book service for professors. They have a special division of exchanges only. The professor writes out a paper and sends for the book. These are always handled as a rush order and immediately returned. Twenty-four hours in a Prussian university puts the book on the professor\u2019s desk. There was an enormous reading room, fully used, - separate tables like school desks, and two at each such table, sitting side by side, fairly far apart.\nDr. Kruss contended it was the fault of the professor and not of the librarian that Carnegie books are not available. He was not enthusiastic about departmental libraries. They are not a part of the central library.\nBut he saw no reason why the Carnegie Institution of Washington should not suggest such an arrangement with propriety, that is, that the Carnegie books be not held in the large university central library but in the departmental library. His objection to that is that it takes the control away from the central library and .puts it in the departmental library, with usually unreliable control, and shuts out all who may wish to use the books other than the specialist in the department. He said unfortunately the books are stolen. Even professors steal books, and it is not an uncommon thing for a successor to a professor to write a report finding that many books belonging to the department are missing and belong to the professor\u2019s estate. But Kruss states that more often than otherwise the professors give a great many of their own books to the university as well. He finally made a definite statement to me that if we would send to him any complaints made by professors in the ten Prussian libraries, that they could not get books that have been deposited in the German libraries, he would personally take the matter up. I was greatly impressed by this man.","page":0},{"file":"0172.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"144\nCOPENHAGEN. DENMARK.\nUniversity of Copenhagen. Medical Clinic, Professor Knud Faber. Dr. Egbert Miller, and Dr. Holten,\nThey use the Krogh apparatus a great deal for basal metabolism measurements, but use entirely the Harris-Benedict standards. They report everything on the basis not of +38 per cent but, for example, 138 per cent, -35 per oent would be 65 per cent. One of Professor Faber\u2019s assistants, a Miss Christensen, was working on the stomach movements and had a rubber balloon inside to register the pain following food with a case of stomach ulcer. She thought there was a close connection between the pain and the stomach movements and that this offered a possibility for studying particular types of diets and amounts of food that would be most favorable for treating stomach ulcers. A photograph of Professor Faber is shown in figure 68. I met Dr, Egbert Miller, but they were doing nothing new. He said Dr, Holten was using the Hagedorn apparatus but no one else in Copenhagen, This clinic impressed me as being very active and clean, although not ultra modern, and apparently there was a keen, active man at the head of it, I also had the interesting experience of being present at an unveiling of a bust of the late Professor Febiger, who died rather shortly after being awarded the Nobel Prize, It was an admirable bust in the hall of one of the hospitals, in the division in which Professor Febiger had been. The whole ceremony was impressive, but simple.","page":0},{"file":"0174.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"COPENHAGEN. DENMARK\nUniversity of Copenhagen. Medical-Physiological Institute.\nProfessor V. Henriques.\nHenriques is now in his new institute, which is admirably designed, particularly for teaching. I found not much research work in progress that interested me. There was, however, one instance where they were feeding a goat automatically a certain amount of acid, to study certain digestive processes, and it struck me it would be an ideal condition for studying the respiratory metabolism. I emphasized this to Professor Henriques. He is not rugged. I imagine he retires before very long. He has used up his energies in the construction of the new laboratory and the readjustments to it. The laboratory seems to be perfect in every way. See figures 69 and 70 for two views of Professor Henriques in his home.","page":0},{"file":"0175.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"14 7\nFigure 69. Group at the house of Professor V.Henriques, Copenhagen. Seated,left to right, 1rs. Benedict,Mrs.Henriques;\u25a0 standing, F.G.B.,Miss Henriques, and Professor Henriques.","page":0},{"file":"0176.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 70. Group at the house of Professor V.Henriques, Copenhagen. Seated,left to right, Mrs. Benedict, Mrs. Henriques; standing, F.G.B.,Miss Henriques, and Professor Henriques.\nI","page":0},{"file":"0177.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"COPENHAGEN. DEMARK.\nCarlsberg Laboratory.\nPr\u00ab S, P. L. Sorensen.\nWe visited Dr\u00bb Sorensen at his house and two photographs were taken. (See figures 71 and 72^)","page":0},{"file":"0178.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"150\nFigure 71. Group at the home of Professor S.P.L.Sorensen, Copenhagen. From left to right, Professor Sorensen,Mrs. Sorensen, F.G.B.,and Mrs. Benedict.\nFigure 72. Group at the home of Professor S.P.L.Sorensen, Copenhagen. Professor and Mrs. Sorensen at left. F.G.B. and Mrs. Benedict at right.","page":0},{"file":"0179.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"151\nCOPEHHAGEN. DENMARK \u25a0\nUniversity of Copenhagen. Laboratory for the Physiology of Gymnastics.\nProfessor J. Lindhard.\nThis laboratory is really a part of the institute of Krogh, but is very well equipped now and Lindhard is very happy, as he might well be.\nI took up with him immediately the fact that in one of his recent articles, in which he was criticizing rather severely the work of A. V. Hill, he took for protocols experiments in which the basal quotient was as low as 0.71. I told him I did not believe any basal quotient as low as that could be obtained unless the person were a severe diabetic or had been fasting several days or had been for some time upon an exclusively fat diet, and that if I were A. V. Hill, I would take the ground that any man who could find 0.71 for a normal basal quotient and print it as a quotient was not qualified to pass upon the general problem of respiratory quotients. Both Krogh and Lindhard were present at this discussion, and Krogh remarked he did not believe A. V. Hill would be smart enough to see it. He did not seem to be much impressed with Hill's work. Lindhard's work is under the head of the physiology of gymnastics. He is working mostly upon muscles, muscle attachments, the myograms, and nerves. He had a fine double cardiographie apparatus of Boulitte, but apparently had not heard of an instrument with two strings in the same field. He has a fine equipment, but I had the feeling he was rather dominated by Krogh in his physiology. The relations between the two are ideal, as, of course, they should be. I took four photographs of apparatus in Lindhard*s laboratory. These are shown in figures 73 to 76.\n\nbli\njm\nlet\nd- :\nPI!\nkt\nJ\n\nTT-.,,.\t,","page":0},{"file":"0180.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"152\n;\n;\nI\n\nSi\nI\nI\ni\nFigure 73. Laboratory of Professor Lindhard, at Copenhagen,Denmark. In the foreground the Krogh ergometer;in the rear, on the shelf, a Krogh respiration apparatus. At the right, up near the top, Lindhardfs modification of the A.V.Hill work wheel.\nFigure 74. Set-up used by Lindhard at Copenhagen for muscular work. This view shows the Krogh bicycle ergometer, large cans for absorbing carbon dioxide, metallic pipes,and condensing devices,with a Krogh spirometer in the rear.","page":0},{"file":"0181.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"153\nFigure 75. Another view of Lindhard\u2019s set-up for muscular work, at Copenhagen. This view shows more clearly the Krogh spirometer, as some of the front tubing has been removed.\nFigure 76. Laboratory of Professor Lindhard at Copenhagen, Denmark. Ingenious spring supporting device for lathe to avoid vibrations. By means of a series of springs at each comer, compression springs on the side and expansion springs for support, one can mount the lathe and do away entirely with vibration in Lindhard\u2019s laboratory.","page":0},{"file":"0182.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"154\nCOPENHAGEN. DEHMARK.\nUniversity of Copenhagen. Laboratory of Zoo-physiology.\nProfessor August Krogh and Dr. Marie Krogh.\nKrogh was interesting, as always. His wife was working upon guinea pigs and the metabolism at varying temperatures. She was using a small copper chamber, semi-cylindrical in shape, and the ends were closed by glass plates, greased and held together by strong clothespins. There was a small baby spirometer of the wedge-shaped type. Krogh says he prefers the cylinder, if one is used to measure the volume, but if there is a movement, as in respiration experiments, he prefers the wedge-shape as it is less resistant. Mrs. Krogh is working on growth, starting with small guinea pigs and works up to 200 grams, which is the largest size that will go inside her chamber. She measures only the carbon-dioxide production. There is an outside soda-lime jar with a small blower, and she measures the oxygen consumption by the fall of the spirometer during short periods. The apparatus is immersed in water. She finds that she gets the lowest oxygen consumption at 34\u00b0 C., but she also gets less and less as time goes on.\nIt appears as if there must be some compensation or adjustment to this temperature. She was thinking rather seriously, based upon my lecture, of keeping the animals at 28\u00b0 to 30\u00b0 beforehand, as we did with the rats and pigeons.\nI examined the original chamber of Krogh, used for work, and recall that they had a gas meter which was used as a pump. Krogh counts the revolutions and gets about 50 liters per minute at rest, that is, with the carbon dioxide at about 0.35 per cent. He argues that the drum of the meter is very accurate, even to the fourth significant figure. I also saw a duplicate of the Jaquet-Liebermeister coach, much the same shape. Inside were two fans, one of them being oscillating as he must mix the air thoroughly to use as short as 10-minute periods. He also registers the activity by a bed spring.\nNaturally I was much interested in the fate of the extraordinarily exact gas-analysis apparatus. In 1926 this apparatus was out of commission, but Krogh had it remounted and had been using it. He claims it is accurate to 0.001. He finds that the carbon-dioxide content of outdoor air varies from 0.031 to 0.040 per cent and that there is a drop in the oxygen content to correspond. He has never tested the apparatus with alcohol checks nor with a series of analyses of compressed air in a cylinder. I may possibly be in error here but I think not. In the old laboratory on the Ny Vestergade in the city he found on dull days, with no wind and a fog, a higher carbon-dioxide percentage. He does not know how it will be out here in the new institute, which is farther from the center. I noted that the volume on the","page":0},{"file":"0183.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"155\ncompensation side and the measuring side was seemingly not exactly balanced, which seemed to me all the more significant with him as he measured in two burettes, one farther off than the other. Parsons, working with it, said he had wrapped the outside tubes in cotton wool but it made no difference. P. G-. B. thinks that the Krogh apparatus is not so rigidly controlled a3 Carpenter\u2019s apparatus. I would like, for example, to see, first, analyses from a tank of compressed air, second, analyses from an* air current in which alcohol is burning.\nKrogh thinks that the chamber or the unit respiratory quotients differ from the gas-ana]ysis quotients, and he bases this upon T. M. C.\u2019s book.\nHe said he and Lindhard published in the English journal their paper on the relative values of fat and carbohydrate and analyzed the Carpenter results. He tninks the gas\u2014analysis method gives better respiratory quotients than the closed-circuit unit. T pointed out that the Carpenter table was published twelve years ago and that Dr. Carpenter controlled his determinations with the Tissot unit, the Douglas bag, etc., with alcohol checks. But one could not at that time control the Tissot, Douglas bag, etc., but they could control the bed calorimeter. Also Du Bois had remarkable respiratory quotients with the bed calorimeter.\nKrogh is working on the capacity of marine animals to absorb nutritive substances out of the water, following out some of Putter\u2019s work, but he does not confirm Piitter. He was much interested in combustion with quartz sand covered with copper. The sand was first treated with copper nitrate and then ignited. This left copper oxide and no unreduced copper inside the material after reoxidizing. If one uses wire there is always \u00e4 possibility of there being unreduced copper in the interior. By this means he gets nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a substance and intends to use it for foods, feces, and urine of animals. He had two sizes of apparatus, a larger apparatus taking about one-half gram of substance (this giving a good representative sample, which he thinks is hard to get with a 10-milligram sample) and he had begun his work with a small micro apparatus.\nKrogh was outspoken in his criticism of A. V. Hill, thinking him a poor worker, that he did not know enough to criticize Lindhard\u2019s quotient of 0.71, and that Hill himself has bad quotients. Both Lindhard and Krogh spoke a great deal of the so-called \"total respiratory quotient,\" that is, the quotient during rest, then work, then the after effect. If one takes the total quotient for this period, they say Hill gets all the way from 0.63 to 1.31, with an average of about 1.00, which is the carbohydrate factor. Simonson gets essentially the same thing, averaging 0.999, for example, and hence argues that the work is done at the expense of carbohydrate. They thought Simonson had been with A. 7. Hill and had his technique. I had not sensed that in talking with Simonson.","page":0},{"file":"0184.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"In Krogh\u2019s laboratory I noticed an interesting floor suspension of the lathes on springs, which I photographed. (See figure 76.)\nLindhard has also a work wheel of A. V. Hill, which is designed to have ten times the moment of Hill\u2019s machine.\nThere is no question but what Krogh\u2019s laboratory is one of the most important centers in Europe. One wishes that Krogh had somebody else with him other than Lindhard. I fear that Lindhard is not a good critic for Krogh. Krogh is extremely accurate and usually very exact, but of course there is always danger in being infallible. I found him easy to talk with in criticism, and very free. Both he and Lindhard were strong in their statement that Hill was difficult to discuss with. Subsequently I found that this was not true, for my personal experience with Hill was in every way ideal.\nI lectured in the laboratory for Krogh, and he requested me to lecture in German. I was rather surprised, because he had been personally very strong anti-German. It was\u25a0interesting to me to hear afterwards that Pabre, among others, criticized me in a way and asked why I spoke in German. I simply told them I was asked to and had no alternative. They were quite surprised.\nOne of the most interesting features of Krogh\u2019s laboratory, in my judgment, is the tablet that dedicates the building. It is placed, unfortunately, in a rather poor place over a door, not well illuminated and not challenging the attention, but the phraseology is splendid. Unfortunately I did not copy it. The tablet referred to the generosity of the Rockefellers in making the building possible. The inscription stated that their gratitude would be shown by their works, which seemed to me an admirable sentiment. I have suggested to Krogh that he have that plate photographed and a little more publicity given to the expression of that sentiment. Krogh sent us a photograph. (See figure 77.)\nI took two photographs of Professor Krogh and Professor Lindhard at the laboratory (see figures 78 and 79) and also two photographs of Professor Krogh and his family at his house. (See figures 80 and 81.)\nThe newspapers published two accounts of our visit in Copenhagen (see page^-^-), one regarding Mrs. Benedict and one concerning the lecture.","page":0},{"file":"0185.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"L\nFigure 77. Tablet over one of the doors in the Laboratory of Zoophysiology,Copenhagen,Denmark. Photograph taken by Professor Krogh and sent to the Nutrition Laboratory.","page":0},{"file":"0186.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 79. Another view of Professor August Krogh (left) and Professor J.Lindhard (right) of Copenhagen, Denmark.\nFigure 78. Professor August Krogh (left) and Professor J. Lindhard (right) of Copenhagen, Denmark.","page":0},{"file":"0187.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"15 9\nFigure 80. Group at -the home of Professor August Krogh, Copenhagen, Denmark. From left to right, the Krogh child, Mrs.Benedict, another Krogh child, Mrs. Krogh, August Krogh himself.\nFigure 81. Another view of a group at the Krogh house,Copenhagen, Denmark. Left to right, the two Krogh children, Mrs. Benedict in background, Mrs. Krogh, August Krogh, and the eldest daughter.\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0188.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"J M ja<j -pij; ejaSnoq t epn So nu ni pp.,\nJ \u2018jajBBsjapa\u00eeg raaunaS egnesjq ItA pr,\n! uapeqgjqSnj So uapjng ipioj qspuirn a'\n<Jf9A ^P^ ; ejejequB qu ja Sutnpt -acif/opmuin^) -esiapuiqjojj auuap t jajp -adj\u00e6tjj je Jassepj piqje|[pjun ja'jaa\n\u25a0J3M0BUIBO So iiuiuno\n\u2022ajpa^ so e^nns\nwq amrnoq qe joj qapaqg i emraatq q=u_______________________^\n9-qq; nnq j9 jojjOAq :qolq aaqnsep p,V/S//y///J\u00cf\u00cf//s/Sfifa////r/WW/.\n160\n1 -V\nEN Fl\nqjBAq i jape jaSis ejpuy -apuaqqae.iq! qpqqop jaqjiA uajejaqqimg ncd qapur. J \\ / I \u2019 'T*\n\u2022lap \u2018puotiSois\u00c2j qaSiaensasrara 5JOT qa a\n..\t..... '\tk \u00abhn t n nn\nTT II\n* du\u25a0\u25a0 i iri\nREDAKTION\nRAADHU8PL 35, K0BENHAVN V\nKONTORTid 7\u201417,, TELEFON 9U4\n___T\u00abto*ram-Adr\u00bb\u00abM:\n\u25a0fCSTRABLADET. COPENHAGEN \u2022TAT8TELEF0N 14oTODEi WESTERN UNION\nekspedition\nRAADHUSPL 37, K0BENHAVN V\n\u00abr\n\u25a0N\n[R\naaf\nej\nBA\nH\ni?!I\n\u00bb!I\nBo\n\u00ees\n'U\n*!I\n0\nBS\nUI\n>n\nno\n!5I\ni1\u00ae\nIra\n__\tUim.____\nauij\tm, ui,!j J no jsje.j\n\u25a0Jappoj apjoq uaSuj\n\u2022ptxi\n-pjop jeqqSnjj na sqejqs anjapioug j \u2018q\u00a7uajqsuB.i9Ao So tajs porauap u\u00ae ja IsBdpuj apuiA aqqi qajs anjajjioBqsas] '0V\u00b0\u00c6 \u2018qsuj So qsBJ qjaq ubui j \u2022paqpung qiqosqB Sqraau \u2018[appirasSui. -uiqjoj apuajmtjg qa ja Jaq Sopua jap \u2018Bud j9A qsnq nara ; rao qpun j as\u00e6^r saspi So saqsoq \u2018sasXa jap suara \u2018qaqqnduamra qaeq uera jbbjs jape jappis jaq ;goj, Ja| uSoAiodg -jd epfaqjy bjj So pq jag\u00ae, uagiojy So uaqjy japuisnx JOAq \u2018auia,<\n; SpnABu \u2018SuinjaSspue-g na siASpjnq-Ja \u2018aqqimg joj qespn ja q[BJ9AO ubui qy\n'lappiuisSuupuiqjoj ajspaq jga\nP.&Q . I-\ni\u20197T7J*\u2019y\ni a Wide.\n\nVIDENSKABSKVINDER\nAMERIKA horer det ikke til Sj\u00e6lden-kederne, at Kvinder heiliger sig viden-skabeligt Forskmngsarbejde. Professor-inde benedict, som sammen med sin Mand for Tiden g.yster Byen, er vor egen Dr. med. Fru Marie Kroghs Kollega.\nMrs. Benedict hj\u00e6lper sin Mand i al hans ern\u00e6ringsvidenskabelige Forskning;\n\u2022qajSny qa,\n-joj pq eujatjaqqBqsasjajaqiojj ajeuas j \"I\u00ae J0I \u00bbWap Jaqsijj stASipmqBU So 'iq.i ja as[O[05[joj ana nap qjuus uns \u2018qef) p und euaqjoj eqsajq ap aauqee napaqgip *J!A I d pucqsjy b cd uapuafq apjoq qu ] jauatq raos \u2018jajSajspjoqjoj ap jageq so bbj joAq \u2018Sop go \u2018qajSny aqqajip pq je. qaBBS ja uapuaf j qn \u2018und ugap epnapi -anfai joj qjn assip j9ao aqq\u00e6p qc jCButj auunqo naSni -nasuB[g jaqsiui So epapw -pai JaAijq Sqjagrajn vvsSo enanfg sua \u2018aqsog jB nj So s\u00e6q naqsaqj 3o ami JB qpqspoj ja uas\u00e6sj P[Bvq i \u2018apnaja -jeqo qjBqjappiran eqqi laqjtA enuaqs aj JB aqsauuaqs uoq -p - jEBjaqjg So Ji -jojj pn\u00e6muBs b[ \u2018raauaaSt najaqur^ ap jepaAojj ejoA ja.io jaSn\u00e6q jasnjx eptiej -pqn ennap So \u2018jaspiaqjojf apuatj aqsja suapequaqg ja japnjSappejg \u00a9joa bbj\nSJ0}S uap A|3S\n3S|3|0qjoj apuafj san\u00e6j joa adui\u00e6qaq ;\nV \u2018f3N 'Jaii\u0153s SgjaS\u00e6An asjaianjoj un\nMrs. benedict.\npaa det store Forsagslaboratorium arbej-der de Side om \"'ide.\nProfessor Benedict er som far omtalt Direktor for Bostons Ern\u00e6ringslabora-torium.","page":0},{"file":"0189.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nTIRSDAG 23. APRIL 1929\nKORRESPONDENTER 1 PARIS, LONDON, BERLIN, ROM, WIEN. NEW YORK, BRYSSEL, ATHEN, OSLO, STOCKHOLM\nA B 0 N N E M\tENTSPRISE\t\n1 ait\tKebenhavn\tUdlandet\n1\tog\t\u00bb\nPeriod\u00bb\tProvlnsen\tX Beend\n1 Aar\t\t24,00\t48,00\nVi Aar\t\t\t12,00\t24,00\nKvartal. \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\t6,00\t12,00\nMaaned\t2,05\t4,00\nUge\t\t0,50\t0,90\nPoetgirokonto 1190\nSide 2\n\n27. April\n.1. I .\t' lull 1^^-\u201c*\u2014*\u201c\t1 a M i! d \u00e9.\nI V1DENSKABSKVINDER\nFra DXmernes Verden\n\u2022ssss/sj's//sss,s,//s/fs*s////////////////y^\nProfessoren fra Boston fort\u00e6ller.\nPROFESSOR, Dr. Francis G. Bent-diet, Direktor for Ern\u00e6ringslabora-toriet i Boston, er kommet hertil og holdt i Aftes paa fysiologisk Laboratorium et videnskabeligt Foredrag for en Kres af danske L\u00e6ger og Videnskabsm\u00e6nd, og paa Turisthotellet tneffer vi Professor Benedict.\n\u2014 Det er paa Foranledning af Prof. Aug. Krogh, Prof. Johs. Lindhard, Prof.\nS. P. L. Sorensen, Overl\u00e6ge Knud Faber og Dr. Molgaard, at jeg, som er udsendt af Carnegie-Institutet, er kommet hertil, siger Professor Benedict. Disse mine Foredrag er en Form for venskabelig international Tiln\u00e6rmelse. Vi mener, at da den medicinske Videnskab som ingen anden er besj\u00e6let af Id\u00e9alisme, er det netop in-den for dette Felt, Nationerne bar n\u00e6rme sig hinanden. Min Turne, der gaar gen-\u2019 nem saa at sige alle evropaeiske Lande, er en Slags Indledning til den 13. internationale fysiologiske Kongres, som i Avgust Maaned afholdes i Boston.\n\u2014 Laser Amerika Ernseringsproblemet bedre end Evropa? sparger vi.\n\u2014 Ja, jeg tror det n\u00e6sten, ferst og frem-mest fordi vort Udvalg med Hensyn til N\u00e6-ringsmidler er saa uendelig st\u00f6rt. Vi behever ingen Stimulans i Forn^lkf Alkohol; vor Mad er i sig seiv saa afvewpp.de. Den italien-ske Bonde nyder sin ChiS^i sammen med sin kedelige grove, ensformige Kost, men vi kan som sagt klare os uden saadan Tils\u00e6t-ning.\nVitamin-Galskab.\n\u2014 Men Deres megen Daasemad? indven-der vi.\n\u2014 De\u00ab er god nok, \u00absar nndtages M\u00e6lk: men vor friske M\u00e6ik er fortr\u00e6ffelig, Intet Sted i Evropa, med Undtagelse af Danmark, . kan M\u00e6lken maale sig med den amerikanske.\nDr. med. Francis Benedict.\nVor Daasemad er ellers meget n\u00e6rende, og j indeholder den ikke saa mange Vitaminer, ja saa er Vitaminer jo ikke sserlig nedvendige I for det voksne Individ. Kun Bemene I maa og skal under Opv\u00e6ksten bave I Vitaminer. I det store og hele er Folk | jo helt taabelige med Hensyn til Vitaminer; det kan overdrives. Hos ob opvokserl uu en bel ny Race, idet Bornene eru\u00e6res godt og korrekt. Oplysninger spredes gennem Sko-lerne ; vi v\u00e6kker Bornenes Interesse, cg de | fort\u00e6ller alt hjemme.\n__ Er Slankhedsdyrkelsen sund ?\n__ Ikke naar den overdrives, og det er jo |\nen Kendsgerning, at Mennesket indtil 30-Aars-alderen ber v\u00e6re, bvad man vil ltalde lidt for | tyk. Saaledes undgaas Faren for Tuberkulose, idet det unge let Overern\u00e6rede Individ har starre Modstandskraft. Derfor er det far-ligt for Ungdommen at v\u00e6re for Blank. At ryge en Cigaret i Stedet for at spise Choko-lade er et popul\u00e6rt amerikansk Itaad, men det I er ikke godt. Naar 30-Aarsalderen er nnaet, bar Mennesket blive betydeligt tyndere. I Desv\u00e6rre er det modsatte som Hegel I Tilf\u00e6ldet. Folk aser og maser som unge I for at tjene Penge, og saa bagefter s\u00e6tter del sig hen og nyder Pengene, bestiller ikke detl halve og spiser langt mere. Talrige Sygdom-me stammer fra Overern\u00e6ring.\nKun Gisninger.\n' \u2014 Staar Kr\u00e6ft i Forbindelse med Er-n\u00e6ringen? sparger vi.\n\u2014 Om det kan jeg fantasore i detl Uendeligo, men jeg v\u00e9d intet \u2014 ingen v\u00e9dl noget. Man eksperimenterer, det or alt. [ Jeg kan kun komme med Gisninger. Deri oksperimenteres med Kr\u00e6ft, med Tuber-1 kulose-Sernm, men definitive R\u00e9sulta ter | foreligger ikke.\nE. M.\nAMERIKA harer det ikke til Sj\u00e6lden-| hederne, at Kvinder heiliger sig videnskabeligt Forskningsarbejde. Professor-inde Benedict, som sammen med sin Mand for Tiden gsester Byen, er vor egen Dr. med. Fru Marie Kroghs Kollega.\nMrs. Benedict hj\u00e6lper sin Mand i al hans ern\u00e6ringsvidenskabelige Forskning;\n** 4? '\nWmw\u00caBBBk\nWA\nA\ny- S\n\nf.\nm:\n\nMrs, Benedict.\npaa det store Forsagslaboratorium arbej-der de Side om \"'ide.\nProfessor Benedict er som fer omtalt Direktor for Bostons Ern\u00e6ringslabora-torium.\n","page":0},{"file":"0190.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"-ri^ \u25a0 *\nKORRESPONDENTER I PARIS, LONDON, BERLIN, ROM, WIEN, NEW YORK, BRYSSEL, ATHEN,\nSLANK FRA , DE 30_AAR\nOg lidt for tyk, f0r den Tid.\nProfessoren fra Boston fort\u00e6ller.\nPROFESSOR, Dr. Francis G. Benedict, Direktor for Ern\u00e6ringslabora toriet i Boston, er kommet hertil og holdt i Aftes paa fysiologisk Laboratorium et videnskabeligt Foredrag for en Kres af danske L\u00e6ger og Videnskabsm\u00e6nd, og paa Turisthotellet tr\u00e6ffer vi Professor Benedict.\n\u2014 Det er paa Foranledning af Prof. Aug. Krogh, Prof. Johs. Lindhard, Prof. S. P. L. Sorensen, Overl\u00e6ge Knud Faber og Dr. Molgaard, at jeg, som er udsendt af Carnegie-Institutet, er kommet hertil, siger Professor Benedict. Disse mine Fore drag er en Form for venskabelig interna tional Tiln\u00e6rmelse. Vi mener, at da den medicinske Videnskab som ingen anden er besj\u00e6let af Id\u00e9alisme, er det netop in-den for dette Felt, Nationerne bor n\u00e6rme sig hinanden. Min Turn\u00e9, der gaar gen-nem saa at sige aile evrop\u00e6iske Lande, er en Slags Indledning til den 13. internationale fysiologiske Kongres, som i Avgust Maaned afholdes i Boston.\n\u2014 Leser Amerika Ern\u00e6ringsproblemet bedre end Evropa? sporger vi.\n\u2014 Ja, jeg tror det n\u00e6sten, ferst og frem-mest fordi vort Udvalg med Hensyn til N\u00e6-ringsmidler er saa uendelig stort. Vi behever ingen Stimulans i Form^y Alkohol; vor Mad er i sig selv saa afveWSide. Den italien-ske Bonde nyder sin Chilpti sammen med sin kedelige grove, ensformige Kost, men vi kan som sagt klare os uden saadan Tils\u00e6t-ning.\nVitamin-Galskab.\nMen Deres megen Daasemad \u00ce Indven-der vi.\n\u2014 Den er god n<i*. naar nndtsges M*lk; men vor friske M\u00e6ik er fortr\u00e6ffelig. Intet 8ted i Evropa, med L\u2019ndtagelse af Danmark, IHHUflHl kan M\u00e6lken maale sig med den amerikanske.\nDr.\tmed.\tFrancis\tBenedict.\nVor Daasemad er ellers meget n\u00e6rende, og indeholder den ikke saa mange Vitaminer, ja saa er Vitaminer jo ikke s\u00e6rlig nedvendige for det\tvoksne Individ.\tKun Bemene\nmaa og\tskal\tunder\tOpv\u00e6ksten\tbave\nVitaminer. I det store\tog hele er\tFolk\njo heit taabelige med Hensyn til Vitaminer; det kan overdrives. Hos os opvokser nu en bel ny Race, idet Bornene ern\u00e6rcs godt og korrekt. Oplysninger spredes gennem Sko-lerne; vi v\u00e6kker Bernenes Interesse, cg de fort\u00e6ller alt hjemme.\n\u2014 Er Slankhedsdyrkelsen sund ?\n\u2014 Ikke naar den overdrives, og det er jo en Kendsgerning, at Mennesket indtil 30-Aars-alderen ber v\u00e6re, hvad man vil kalde lidt for tyk. Saaledes undgaas Faren for Tuberkulose, idet det unge let \u00f4verern\u00e6rede Individ har starre Modstandskraft. Derfor er det far-ligt for Ungdommen at v\u00e6re tor slank. At ryge en Cigaret i Stedet for at spise Choko-lade er et popul\u00e6rt amerikansk Raad, men det er ikke godt. Naar 30-Aarsalderen er naaet, ber Mennesket blive betydeligt tyndere. Desv\u00e6rre er det modsatte som Regel Tilf\u00e6ldet. Folk aser og maser som unge for at tjene Penge, og saa bagefter s\u00e6tter de sig hen og nyder Pengene, bestiller ikke det halve og spiser langt mere. Talrige Sygdom-me stammer fra Overern\u00e6ring.\nKun Gisninger.\n\u2014 Staar Kr\u00e6ft i Forbindelse med Er-naeringen? sparger vi.\n\u2014 Om det kan jeg fantasme i dot Uondeligo, men jeg v\u00e9d intot \u2014 ingen v\u00e9d noget. Man eksperimenterer, det er alt. Jeg kan kun komme med Gisninger. Der eksperimenteres med Kneft, med Tuber-kulose-Serum, men definitive Rosultater foreligger ikke.\nK. M.","page":0},{"file":"0191.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"COPEIMAGEN, DENMARK.\nAgricultural Experiment Station, Department of Physiology,\nProfessor H. M^llgaard.\nThe laboratory of M^llgaard is always of special interest to a Nutrition Laboratory representative, and it is becoming increasingly so on account of our increasing interest in the physiology of ruminants. The equipment for the most part remains essentially unaltered, at least so far as general appearance is concerned. Certain details have been taken up and modified somewhat by M^llgaard, details which I had overlooked or inadequately reported in my earlier visits. For example, in the gas-analysis apparatus he always had water above the mercury and burette, and in their protocols they always recorded the amount of visible water, reading to 0.10 per cent. They used Merck\u2019s pyro and were convinced that potassium hydroxide purified by alcohol could not be used. Evidently they have had some difficulty with the determination of carbon dioxide, for he uses the total carbon dioxide in the sample absorbed by soda-lime. He weighs as much, for example, as 100 grams of COp. The sample, after all the various sub-sampling processes are gone through, is first passed into cool water, to condense the water, through a tube immersed in cool water, then into a calcium^chloride jar (see figure 82) and calcium-chloride tube, then into a flask containing strong caustic potash, and it bubbles through a tube about 6 inches long and 3 centimeters wide (unglazed porcelain) having holes in the bottom to make a fine jet. He uses 33 per cent caustic-potash solution, which he buys already made from some place in the city.\nThe air then passes into a soda-lime tube and then finally through two calcium-chloride tubes. There are innumerable Bohr gas meters immersed in water. He calibrates before and after each experiment by having water flow out of a bottle. The bottle also is in a water bath for constant temperature. He weighs the water flowing out, and this measures the amount of gas passing through the meter. Evidently it is very accurate, but he finds the C02 by gas analysis always lower than by the soda-lime tubes, so for some reason or other he uses the latter for his C02 values. He takes his samples for oxygen over mercury and water, so that they are wet, but he loses the C02 by so doing and he thinks the C02 settles out by gravity, something like the opinion that Noyons had, but Dr. Carpenter completely disproved it. Probably this absorption of C02 in the water by sampling and over the mercury accounts for his lower C02 by gas analysis than by soda-lime.\nIn order to standardize his apparatus, he introduces hydrogen, but he puts carbon dioxide inside the chamber either with a pump or with calcium chloride and hydrochloric acid. He has a delicate balance for the C02, weighing 2 kg. to 1 kg., but usually weighs it only to 10 milligrams as he weighs about 100 grams C02. Unfortunately there is only one period for the Mi ole 24 hours.","page":0},{"file":"0192.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 82. Absorption train for carbon dioxide in M/llgaard \u00bb s apparatus at Copenhagen,Denmark. The air passes, first, into sulphuric acid and calcium chloride immersed in water to keep the temperature cool, then through an Erlenmeyer flask (very poorly shown because of the high light in the picture) then through U-tubes containing soda-lime and calcium chloride. At the extreme left is a gas sampler and one of the special sampling devices oi M/fllgaard. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor H.M/llgaard,Department of Physiology,Agricultural Experiment Station,Copenhag en,Denmark.","page":0},{"file":"0193.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"163\nThe aliquoting system is important. He takes one sixth of the main air current, then one sixth of that, and then one sixth of the next. He thinks that taking an aliquot out of the air pipe is difficult. For example, if there is a tube going into the ventilating air pipe leaving the chamber, he says he cannot get a good aliquot, although Krogh tells him he should get one. He thinks that the samples are always more or less taken in the shape of pulsations \"Stossenweise,\" so there is not perfect mixing of the air. For example, he says to get 1 1/2 liters as a perfect representation of 250,000 liters is hard. I made a calculation of Ritzman\u2019s method.\nRitzman gets one pumpful, that is, 400 c.c. in 8 hours, and assuming approximately 20 liters per minute in the samples and the factor is 5.83, then the total ventilation is about 25 x 20 or 500 liters per minute.\n500 liters per minute x 60 minutes x 8 hrs. = 240,000, so that really we are getting our samples representing 400 c.c. representative of 240,000. M^llgaard, I think, would undoubtedly argue that each jump of our magnet brings in the *Stossenweise\" effect. I showed him the difference between the black and red figures of Ritzman, that is, determining the C02 by gas analysis and by total absorption. He thought the difference between them may be due to the aliquoting and thinks the total should be not over one per cent off. There may be of course a point here. M^llgaard has calculated a lot of our figures. He is astonished at the new data showing equilibrium established on three days of changed feed or fasting. That is, after the first transition day it is astonishing how the metabolism on the two subsequent days remain constant. He cannot understand it. He thinks, as does Fingerling, that one must have two weeks of feeding at the lower level. He showed me the proof sheets of his book in German, a copy of which I found at the Laboratory when I returned.\nWe were discussing the difficulty Fingerling was having with his apparatus, for he has parts of the M^llgaard system. M/llgaard claims that the shape or form of the eocentrio in the pump is important, for there must be a definite quiescent pause at the beginning and end of each stroke in order to have the gas assume barometric pressure before the valves are closed. M^llgaard thinks Fingerling\u2019s trouble has been having a bad eccentric giving too short a pause. He has a profound regard for Fingerling as a very intelligent man.\nThe history of the Davis (California) experience interested me greatly. M^llgaard thought the Davis people had made a mess of it. They had written to him, asked him his price for going out there, then sent Kleiber to him to get all the material, but did not answer M^llgaard. They gave Kleiber no letter of introduction nor did they ask M^llgaard to give him the material. M^llgaard thinks that Kleiber is too young, that he does not know the business well enough, and it is rather risky for him. If he builds up such an elaborate apparatus at Davis that nobody else can possibly run it, they will have to keep Kleiber in order to keep the thing going.","page":0},{"file":"0194.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"In our conversation it came out that in our equipment M^llgaard was most impressed by three things, the double door on the respiration chamber, the double dry gas meters, (he thought there were great possibilities in these), and the feces-separating device of Ritzman.\nI left Copenhagen more and more convinced that it was a great pity that, from the standpoint of animal nutrition, one could not get together a group of men such as Fingerling, M^llgaard, Ritzman, and possibly Brody and Mitchell, It would seem imperative that such men should get together,\nI am always astonished to think it is so difficult to bring about such a conference. With American liberality towards research, it would seem to be perfectly feasible in a clear case where nothing but benefit could be derived, that some provision oould be made for such a conference, I have put a great deal of work upon it and thus far it has been hopeless, I hoped to get some of them together at the time of the Congress, and urged both M^llgaard and Fingerling to attend. President Lewis of the University of Hew Hampshire kindly wrote them letters, hoping that they would come there and be the guests of the University, So I think everything has been done that can be done at present, I am sure it would be to the great advantage of nutrition work with animals as a whole if a conference of these men could be held,\nLund, the assistant of M<^llgaard, impressed me, as formerly, as a good man, I cannot but feel, of course, that the enormous complexity of the M^llgaard equipment speaks against it and yet we are constantly tending to elaborate our apparatus at Durham, particularly by the addition of gas analysis. Still, I think M^llgaard\u2019s determinations of C02 only are much more elaborate than ours; I think his equipment is much more elaborate and costly, and his pump and ventilating systems are frightfully expensive.\nThe most elaborate feature of our own work now is that of gas analysis, but with the extreme accuracy of the Carpenter gas-analysis apparatus (which, in my judgment, far exceeds that of M^llgaard\u2019s apparatus),the addition of this complexity seems to be justified.\nTwo photographs were taken of Professor M^llgaard and myself in his office,(See figures 83 and 84,)","page":0},{"file":"0195.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"16 5\nFigures 85 and 84. Professor l/llgaard and F.G.B. in Professor M^llgaard's office. The background of roentgen photographs of the chest of humans shows the interest of Mjrfllgaard in tuberculosis. Photographstaken in the office of Professor H.\u00ee^llgaard,Department of Physiology,Agricultural Experiment Station,Copenhagen,Denmark.","page":0},{"file":"0196.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"STOCKHOIM.\nSWEDEN.\nCarolin Institute. Pharmacological Laboratory.\nProfessor S, Liljestrand.\nLiljestrand has been appointed a professor of pharmacology to succeed Professor Santesson, but prefers to make his research as much as possible physiological rather than pharmacological. He had allowed Professor Santesson to remain in the building and have his old office in the building, the finest room. I thought it very kind of him. It was deeply appreciated by Professor Santesson and mentioned by him to me. It came out that the reprints distributed by the department were paid for by the professor himself, and consequently the reprints received by him are his private property, Liljestrand was undertaking an investigation on alcohol in the breath, a problem put up to him by the state as having a bearing upon motor accidents. The question was as to whether the responsibility for accidents after alcohol could be laid upon those who had alcohol in the breath, somewhat in line of course with Lapicque\u2019s suggestion that the parties involved should be confined for six hours until a urine sample is obtained. Liljestrand thought he might get the determination quicker by the breath. The question was to work out a method in which one could have the subject exhale and study the alcohol given off. He was also much interested in the problem of mechanical work, to see if with the increased ventilation of mechanical work there was a quicker exhalation of alcohol in the breath. One would expeot a larger amount and consumption of alcohol, but nevertheless with the increased consumption during muscular work one would give off alcohol more rapidly and thus get the test more rapidly. I was interested in the Krogh ergometer.\nHe had the original Krogh ergometer (see figure 8\u00a3^ which was constructed from Mrs. Krogh\u2019s old bicycle. Also in his room I found a partly assembled Miles pursuitmeter scheme, also for alcohol experiments, being used extensively by Dr. Abramson.","page":0},{"file":"0197.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"16 7\nFigure 85. The original bicycle ergometer of Mrs. Krogh employed in the laboratory of Dr. Liljestrand at Stockholm,Sweden. Liljestrand purchased this from the Kroghs.","page":0},{"file":"0198.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"168\nSTOCKHOIM. SWEDEN.\nCarolin Institute. Physiological Laboratory.\nProfessor J. E. Johansson and Dr. E. Abramsnn.\nJohansson, although retired and succeeded by Dr. Gertz, is quite stimulated by the fact that his ergostat has assumed new importance.\nAbramson has added a method for writing the torque. This is a method somewhat like that employed in fomer years by Dr. Cathcart. Cathcart showed the torque during one individual pull, but Abramson\u2019s scheme writes it continually. There is a possibility of calculating the work of the muscles and the correlation between the work and the torque, which presents problems of considerable interest. They are working on muscles. They have a respiration chamber of the Johansson type, a small one and modified so that they can use it for a bicycle ergometer, for example, more or less universal. The whole method, however, of the calculations was altogether too mathematical for me. In the basement there are several small respiration chambers, two Johansson harps, a 10-liter Bohr meter, the staircase apparatus of Stenstr\u00f6m, copied undoubtedly from Peabody and Sturgis, and then there was a respiration chamber connected through the walls with the Johansson apparatus.\nThere seems to be a new life given to Johansson\u2019s work, as Hill\u2019s work apparently shows the exclusive work of carbohydrate. One recalls that Johansson did all his work on G02 only, and if the C02 only was from carbohydrate, it makes the calculations even more exact. On the other hand,\nI found that Liljestrand seemed to think one was not justified in thinking all the oxygen above the rest after work was due to the recovery period.\nHe thought the basal may be actually raised.\nAbramson swears by Johansson. He is always speaking of Johansson\u2019s apparatus and formula. They both are coming to Boston. It was a great pleasure to see Professor Johansson so keenly interested in scientific work, and on my return to Boston I made special efforts to connect our helmet apparatus for use with muscular work, for he expressed a particular desire to see its applicability with his ergometer.\nJohansson pointed out to me that he always worked under the conditions of steady state, but as the C02 in work means a respiratory quotient of 1,00 then the C02 has an entirely new significance.\nI lectured in the lecture room of histology. Professor Haggqvist was the chairman, and there was a very small audience. The next day I lectured in the clinic of Professor^G. Holmgren at the Serafime Lazaret. (See newspaper clippings on pages-^and translation of one of them on page/'W\u2014j} The lecture in the Holmgren clinic was in some ways the most interesting lecture that I ever gave. It was given extemporaneously, and I am sorry I did not have a\ntranscript. I began with the history of metabolism, mentioning Lavoisier and\nbli\noni\n\u2022iefc\n\u2019d-\n;en\nikt\n\u00ef\u00ef-\nii-\nini\n\u00e4r\n{3 il\nX-\n0-\ntl-\n3r\nr-","page":0},{"file":"0199.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"169\n\u00bbIngen spc\ns\u00e4ger professe av Amerikas\nProfessor Frenzisky Benedict \u00e4 typisk amerjkan.sk vetenskapsman gr\u00e4spr\u00e4ngd mustasch och n\u00e4got medell\u00e4ngd. S\u00e4kert sina sextio \u00e0i*, likv\u00e4l i besittning av i\u00f6gonenfall spanst. Director f\u00f6r Carnegieinsti i Boston och en av Amerikas fr\u00e4 fysiologer. En amerikan som man ker om fr\u00e4n f\u00f6rsta \u00f6gonkastet, r\u00e4tt och \u00e4rlig, s\u00e4ker p\u00e4 sin sak och he p\u00e4 sitt omriide.\nHade \u2019\u2019Vagabonde\u201d varit med oss till professor Benedict p\u00e4 Grand E hade hon s\u00e4kert aldrig skrivit di neds\u00e4ttande raderna om v\u00e4ra l\u00e4k torsdagens D. N. Den amerik professorn f\u00f6rklarade n\u00e4mligen v tillf\u00e4lle under v\u00e2r intervju, att S / har Europas skickUgaste l\u00e4kare!\nLika v\u00e4nlig var han inte mot d, rikanska journalisterna och den kanska pressen, av vilken han s jande definition:\n\u2014 F\u00f6r den amerikanska pr\u00e8s sterar icke begreppet sanning, dast sensation! Man ber aiding rikansk reporter vara v\u00e4lkom baka. Det \u00e4r \u00f6ver tjugu Itr s< tog emot en arrerikansk journal laboratorium.\n___.\nOm\u00f6jliga prisstipulationer.\nUndertecknad v\u00fcl dock v\u00e4dja tili n \u00e4rade donatoreiyia, att icke fast a s\u00e2dan< stipulationer vid ett pris, att t\u00e4vlings ledningen vid prisf\u00f6rdelningen har sv\u00e4r att f\u00f6lja desamma. Ibland h\u00fcnder del att sk\u00e4nkta pris av donna anledning hei mkelt ej kunna utdelas utam m\u00e4ste ater g\u00e4 tili givaren. Best\u00e4m s\u00e4ledes icke ai ett ; shall tilldelas \u201dbasta deltagar< tillhbtande en viss klubb\u201d eller \u201db\u00e4s\u00fc deltagare, som \u00e4ker ett visst cykebn\u00fcr IceB. I f\u00f6rra fallet kan t. ex. en cyklist som placerai sig t\u00e4mligen l\u00e4ngt ned pi prislistan, bli beg\u00e4vad med ett betyd ligt v\u00e4rdefullare pris \u00fcn forste pris in garen, utesluiande dar f\u00f6r att han tili h\u00f6r den av givaren gynrw.de klubben.\nVelodpedf\u00f6rbundet har i \u00e4r inf\u00f6rt dei best\u00dfmmelsen, att d\u00e4 cyklist anm\u00e4les til en international eller nationeil t\u00e4vling shall anm\u00e4lan \u00e4ven innefatta vederb\u00f6 rondes licensnummer. Ktubbarna ,upp manas att noga iakttdga, denna. best\u00e4m. melse, som \u00e4r tillkommen f\u00f6r att cyklis\nS0Vi);l9 dd\u00b0l mIH\u00b0\ntop \u00ceJB\t1 in^.tAXU ira Jan\n?A \u00abIf \u2018.iB.3uruJ|oSjapun'gA1^ \u00abT\u201c -sojyut Bp \u00eelpfs\u201es utos ^urudS0^93\nb\u00ee\u00eesuj mnj Ji \u00e4\tj.iauosjad\n\u00ce1B 3t[jBT je JJ\t(T\t;,bao\n\u00efaP WB \u2018iujBrjfjoT\tua3ar\tsuurj\n'aP\u201caV Wo pour'lossaVtd\u201c'\n'\u2022'\"\u00bb\u25a0'j >\u00bb>\u2022.<* \u00f9S SUs\u2122 >\nbujuibs Mw mi\n?[[onjU3A3 Jana\taalslretstp\nddojif qoo \u00abaq .J2n^sI\tPuT?JmS\t-reif \u2018 och\nWmBodBip B.grPfnfs\\4s^j)land\n-OTrf nn\u00ab __1 I*\n113 ? SB1 ka \u00e4r\n\nna-\nES \u2018S.rrTrvkOV '!\u2022? H3I J03ubS /\u2022sm\u00e4n\n\n. uonr _\neg*lJeJ\u00b0 \u00abumxoq f UaSyjs\nSportens farlighet\n\u2014\tVad anser professorn om farlighet?\nMr Benedict log och svar\nbllckligen :\n\u2014\tMig veteiligt finns det i sport, som \u00e4r farlig att ui bene, om den bedrivs eft\u00e9r sui Inte ens s\u00e4dana sporter som nell brottning och boxning \u00e4 f\u00f6r idrottsm\u00e4nnen, fast\u00e4n des: f\u00f6r den utomst\u00e4ende kunna i av synnerligen nedbrytande kf amerikanska tidningarna beha n\u00e2got \u00e0r sedan sportens in m\u00e4nniskokroppen, och kom fram tili det resultatet, att i tande betydde f\u00f6rminskad Men Lewis L. Dublin i Metroj Insurance Company bevisade tiskt, att en idrottsman lev lika l\u00e4nge som en icke idrott\nVid institutet i Boston ha hei del unders\u00f6kningar och pi v\u00e4l industriai'betare som : skor. De r\u00e9sultat, vi kom proven med industriarbetare,\nrar heit s\u00e4kert icke Er tidning, varf\u00f6r detta hade icke varit tiitrau\u00ab*,, _\t.\n-3.?gJ.^a,l?e\u00ee.*^n ^l&1!a: \u2122.8 t\u00dc1 de r\u00f6n |l\u00e4tt k\u00fcnde ha fort tili en kollaps. F\u00f6r-\nst\u00e4r idrottsm\u00e4nnen att hush\u00e4lla med de\njoiuan\n!i;s\u00e4tta <i v\u00e4g fk in-I \u00bballtsa *\u25a0' Men\nLi\n^ \u2018 <X f/72 \u00a3-Lj^O)jj'\n\nt\n* F '\nyd\n\n*'7\nif\nvi gjort betr\u00e4ffande idrottsm\u00e4nnen.\nAll idrottsut\u00f6vning betyder en Produktion av v\u00e4rme! Denna v\u00e4rme tas\nv\u00e4rmek\u00e4llor, han \u00e4ger inom sig, sporten aldrig farlig f\u00f6r honom.\nblir\n","page":0},{"file":"0200.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"J. *\n\nt\n\\ZDRoTTS dLAD-E T~\n\u00bbIngen sport \u00e2r farlig\ns\u00e4ger professor Fr. Benedict, en av Amerikas fr\u00e4msta fysiologer.\n!\u00bb\nProfessor Frenzisky Benedict \u00e4r en typisk amer^kansk vetenskapsman med gr\u00e4spr\u00e4ngd mustasch och n\u00e2got \u00f6ver medell&ngd. S\u00e4kert sina sextio \u00e0r, men likv\u00e4l i besittning av i\u00f6gonenfallande spanst. Director f\u00f6r Carnegieinstitutet i Boston och en av Amerikas fr\u00e4msta fysiologer. En amerikan som man tyc-ker om fr\u00e0n f\u00fcrsta \u00d6gonkastet, r\u00e4ttfram och \u00e4rlig, s\u00e4ker p\u00e4 sin sak och hemma p\u00e2 sitt omr\u00e4de.\nHude \u2019\u2019Vagabonde\u201d varit med oss upp till professor Benedict p\u00e4 Grand Hoteil, hade hon s\u00e4kert aldrig skrivit de dar neds\u00e4ttande raderna om v\u00e4ra l\u00e4kare i torsdagens D. N. Den amerikanske professorn f\u00f6rklarade n\u00e4mligen vid ett tillf\u00e4lle under v\u00e2r intervju, att Sverige har Europas skicfcHgaste l\u00e4kare!\nLika v\u00e4nlig var han inte mot de ame-rikanska journalisterna och den ameri-kanska pressen, av vilken han gav f\u00f6l-jande definition:\n\u2014 F\u00f6r den amerikanska pressen existerai' icke begreppet sanning, utan endast sensation! Man ber aldrig en ame-rikansk reporter vara v\u00e4lkommen till-baka. Det \u00e4r \u00f6ver tjugu \u00e0r sedan jag tog emot en arr.erikansk journalist i mitt laboratorium.\nSportens farlighet.\n\u2014 Vad anser professorn om sportens farlighet?\nMr Benedict log och svarade \u00f6gon-blickligen:\n\u2014 Mig veterligt finns det icke n\u00e2gon sport, som Mr farlig att utova, nota bene, om den bedrivs eft\u00ear sunda linjer. Inte ens s\u00e2dana sporter som professionell brottning och boxning 8ro farliga f\u00f6r idrottsm\u00e4nnen, fast\u00e4n dessa idrotter f\u00f6r den utomsf\u00e2ende kunna anses vara av synnerligen nedbrytande karakt\u00e4r. De amerikanska tidningarna behandlade f\u00f6r n\u00e2got \u00e0r sedan sportens inverkan p\u00e2 m\u00e4nniskokroppen, och kommo d\u00e4rvid fram till det resultatet, att ivrigt spor-tande betydde f\u00f6rminskad livsl\u00e4ngd. Men Lewis L. Dublin i Metropolitan Life Insurance Company bevisade d\u00e2 statis-tiskt, att en idrottsman lever' f\u00fcllt ut lika l\u00e4nge som en icke idrottsman.\nVid institutet i Boston ha vi gjort en hel del unders\u00f6kningar och prov med s\u00e2-v\u00e4l industriarbetare som sportm\u00e4nni-skor. De r\u00e9sultat, vi kommit till vid proven med industriarbetare, intresse-rar heit s\u00e4kert icke Er tidning, varf\u00f6r jag i stallet skall h\u00e2lla mig till de r\u00f6n vi gjort betr\u00e4ffande idrottsm\u00e4nnen.\nAll idrottsut\u00f6vning betyder en Produktion av v\u00e4rme! Denna v\u00e4rme tas\nSingen i boxning ofarliga.\n\u2014 Men de slag, en boxare mottager i professionell boxning, ha ju m\u00e4nga ganger lett tili d\u00f6dlig utg\u00e4ng.\n\u2014 Det \u00e4r ett misstag, f\u00f6rklarade professorn kategoriskt. De slag, som utde-las i en boxningsmatch, \u00e4ro icke samt-hga genonig\u00e2ende h\u00e2rda. Att d\u00f6den bli-vit utg\u00e2ngen i ett f\u00e4tal matcher, beror uteslutande p\u00e4 vidriga omst\u00e4ndigheter, beroende p\u00e2 vissa sjukliga dispositioner. Forbranningen i armar, ben och kropp har skett med st\u00f6r hastighet, och ett j vanligt hastighetslopp, eller eventuellt \u2018ett distanslopp, k\u00fcnde ha f\u00e4tt samma olyckliga utg\u00e4ng.\n. \u2014 Vilket lopp kan anses som det far-ligaste f\u00f6r m\u00e4nniskokroppen?\n\u2014 Nu talar Ni om sportens farlighet igen, sade professorn med ett leende. Har jag inte nyss f\u00f6rklarat, att det finns ingen sport, som \u00e4r farlig att ut-\u00f6va? D. v. s. n\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller f\u00fcllt friska personer!\nVid l\u00f6pningar, som s\u00e4rskilt ha intresserat oss vid v\u00e0ra unders\u00f6kningar, ha vi n\u00e4tt fram tili det resultatet, att det r\u00e0-der en mycket st\u00f6r variation betr\u00e4ffande v\u00e4rmeutvecklingen hos m\u00e4nniskokroppen vid olika lopp. Vi ha ocks\u00e4 funnit, att ett langdistanslopp icke n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigtvis beh\u00f6ver betyda st\u00f6rre v\u00e4rmeutveckling \u00e4n ett sprinterlopp. Ett hundrameters-lopp s\u00e4ledes, \u00e4r en explosiv prestation som medf\u00f6r ett oerh\u00f6rt utvecklande av hetta. Under det att ett kilometerlopp icke pressar fram samma m\u00e4ngder, vilket f\u00f6r \u00f4v\u00e7igt \u00e4r heit naturligt. Vid det l\u00e4ngre loppet g\u00e4ller det annan tr\u00e4-oiog \u00e4n vid det kortare loppet, som i b\u00f6g grad blir en nervsak m\u00e0nga g\u00e2nger. Jag vill g\u00e0 s\u00e4 l\u00e4ngt, att jag anser ett sprinterlopp som mer nedbrytande \u00e4n ett langdistanslopp.\n\u2014 Men hj\u00e4rtat tas v\u00e4l h\u00e2rdare i an-spr\u00e0k vid ett distanslopp \u00e4n vid sprinting?\n* S\u00e4g inte det, jag \u00e4r bra gammal nu, men nog tror jag, att jag skulle kunna genomf\u00f6ra en l\u00f6pning \u00f6ver en kilometer. Man har under ett s\u00e0dant lopp st\u00f6rre m\u00f6jlighet att best\u00e4mma den takt, som passar ens hj\u00e4rtverksamhet, under det att i ett sprinterlopp hastigheten blir s\u00e4 st\u00f6r, att man icke hinner ta h\u00e4n-syn tili de p\u00e0frestningar, som hj\u00e4rtat uts\u00e4ttes f\u00f6r.\nEtt av de sv\u00e4raste problem, vi st\u00e4llts phior, var n\u00e4r vi skulle unders\u00f6ka den Uyrem\u00e4ngd en sportman konsumerar under ut\u00f6vande av sin sport, boxning, sim-ning, brottning, l\u00f6pning eller vilken an-nalv sport som heist. Det tog oss mycket lang tid, innan vi k\u00fcnde komma p\u00e9, hur man skulle g\u00e4 tili v\u00e4ga f\u00f6r att kunna t m\u00e4ta m\u00e4ngden syre. Till slut lyckades jag kon\u00e2truera en s\u00e4rskild apparat, och vi kommo d\u00e2 fram tili det resultatet, att f\u00f6r varje liter syre, som uppsuges ur l\u00fcften, och absorberas av kroppen, sker en v\u00e4rmeminskning av fern kalorier hos kroppen ! Detta r\u00e4knat per minut.\nVad \u00e4r maximum f\u00f6r idrottsman-nens f\u00f6rm\u00e4ga betr\u00e4ffande uppsugning av syre ur l\u00fcften?\n\u2014 Vid enastaende anslr\u00e4ngande pres-tationer kan han n\u00e0 upp tili en konsum-tion av tre liter syre pr minut, allts\u00e4 en utveckling av femton kalorier. Detta \u00e4r det absoluta maximum, som dock icke b\u00f6r tang\u00bbras alltf\u00f6r ofta, d\u00e2 f\u00f6rbr\u00e4n-ningen i kroppen blir s\u00e4 h\u00e4ftig, att den Matt leder tili fullkomligt nedbrytande.\nS.\tHusky Moon.\u201e\n\nProfessor Frenzisky Benedict.\nfr\u00e4n kroppen, och s\u00e4ledes m\u00e4ste finnas inom oss upplagda reservoar.er, som kunna st\u00e4 tili tj\u00e4nst med den v\u00e4rme, som erfordras f\u00f6r utf\u00f6rande av den och den prestationen. Man Hknar ibland m\u00e4nniskan vid en maskin, ett lokomotiv t. ex., men den liknelsen haltar bet\u00e4nk-ligt. F\u00f6r att ett lokomotiv skall kunna s\u00e4ttas och h\u00e2llas i r\u00f6relse, fordrar det oundvikligen kol. Men en m\u00e4nniska \u00e4r icke s\u00e4 bercende av kol \u2014 d. v. s. n\u00e4-rings\u00e4mnen \u2014 som ett lokomotiv. Vid ett tillf\u00e4lle fick en av v\u00e0ra id\u00ab.ottoman genast han vaknade p\u00e4 morgonen, s\u00e4tta sig upp p\u00e4 sin cykel och ge sig i v\u00e4g p\u00e2 en 100-milespromenad. Han fick inte en bit mat f\u00f6re starten, hade allts\u00e0 icke tillf\u00f6rts n\u00e2got kol i tendern. Men han gick med l\u00e4tthet i land med prestationen, eftersom han hade stora reserv-f\u00f6rrad att mobilisera. Hans kondition var efter loppet i gott skick. Det \u00e4r heit naturligt, att en mycket st\u00f6r del av de n\u00e4rings\u00e4mnen, som funnos upplag-rade inom hans knopp, hade tagits i an-spr\u00e4k, men som han inte var direkt ut-mattad, fanns det tydligen \u00e4nnu mycket kvar av resei'v\u00e4mnen i hans kropp. M\u00f6j-ligen k\u00fcnde han genomf\u00f6rt ett liknande lopp omedelbart efter det f\u00f6rsta, men I detta hade icke varit tillr\u00e2dtigt, d\u00e2 det ll\u00e4tt k\u00fcnde ha fort tili en kollaps. F\u00f6r-st\u00e4r idrottsm\u00e4nnen att hushalla med de v\u00e4rmek\u00e4llor, han \u00e4ger inom sig, blir sporten aldrig farlig f\u00f6r honom.\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0201.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"m\n\n170\niVENSKA DAGBLADET S\u00f6ndagen den 28 April 1929\nI USA-fysiolog och Houdinielev\n5<J tu>oa oiiu^s -+-(\u201c0.\t1--'\t-.-TT Ui\n\u00eepqqq souuoq ab gtnuqqBjsjn aoqs puu wo jqsiSoqououq 113 -jonuid pjA uop iq 1 raos \u2018aBAqqu suras op aoj \u2018uojoqSqq stuuq BjqB uop aoj auras jutj jjo auq otq \u2018SuqaqjuA qao ofqu para pijqqu raos era aas aopqquauq biuijui snemjsiiB^ rqoqy 'joSBapoaoj BqsiaaqBui qop i paiq qoo jaqtuj aa.iqjs jora uaSBA uu Suqsut, aauStp; j nap ud Bjjusjaoj nu Sis BSTA UOSSTJOAg qOO \u2018BJJ\u00c4q u0 P8lu dB\u00ceIs puuqsSBqsSaaq jja i uojaqqsuaAS Bqqnj saura qoo uqaora uap uossqtfj anqqoj .uiuuiejs qoo jjuaq uaSaaps saqapqB p para \u00eejadBqspuuq aoj Sis jBJOssaaj pt aarajqqu qoo aaquura uqsuaAS ud Sts qquq jorao.iup Bq \u2018uossuaAg auixung 00 uossqjq qaxy \u2018uaSuuqBjq i BuaajstqBqo ! ladssuaqaqqqjs Bapuu upuq bq \u2022auijSB Too uqsUA Stjna ua para ojaora aanjBjq ,(0 i jqtqsiBS \u2018aaraaoj qoo aaSauj suaS %tj upop ap aBjqoj uuq abu jseq juiuf jqqu Sira.sauis uaut \u2018ajqaqtre.tjp\u00c4'g Bq ctiL\u2018ra qoo BaqoBA pp qqj Sis }h\u00aba usqoo jBq \u00cePI\u00cf\u00cf'PS J0iqq.q>I uaaBjnrauaqaqqqjg\nv\t\\8muiqBjsjn\ntcis nd ABjjBaq B.iqoBA bSuotu uuq uuq Hod \u2018upap; apj uussud SmuSS\u00abq srao.ijs gqnqj \u2022SupaBA suapujs aaqos qoo auds tonu^fi i nura auS uu \u2018Buae\u00c4Asdeqs puuq BSoqpuBoS ap qoo euaajqisqnanj qajiqjB Bsodraod ap qtj 3is oqqoq bu jBqnra uupas oSunq .tu ja<q \u2022Sutnraujs\nsp.irSquq Srduaqs jojiq ua pain bu.tbS\nlOAijom ajsBsoqsquadsuB op aoj qaqauq aoj pBjSeadjn para qoo \u2018auq usqoo ueq 08 us \u2018uaqq.\u00eeptspBjSBras aoj auras jus IA aauSipij aapqqsBuStiB.ijg buis i asq Bjq -Smaquio a pp uaqaospuBq q qoo nuq punS jap 1 bjjbu qtj quA 3is jtuuuj a.8;qa\u00efiquj\u00ees raos \u2018raoajsqujj oiag; \u2018uuatq Btu u,guu ap ab Bjsuq ap ab ubuub a ab sjL\u2019ipj ua\u00e2iqr\u00e0Bu uq auds srape^ 3[Bqs aojs a Aijora BqsiaajBui sso baiS L'jia sau.is tin raos qoo sopauanoj ua 00 smjBSnuq jja sso jiatS raos \u2018udBag :asutAOad uqsuuaj ab ajsujqojs uap rj Bsaa apuBSujaqjqnaj jSqaqujsuoq\no' jaau Baapj apaoCS uqBj uajsaox\n*1%\n^ \u25a0:\u00bb\ttouu'B no i 'em\nmoqa-cn? ta TtaqqA qqj \u2018auSuBgaB ojsbu as a 1 jrb TaajBra jqsuuaj juaapora ab\nimnq\u00f9jfjn ua uaapoj\u00e7 aqaaqjBQ i afSfd\n,1.\ngipijra-p qoQ -BqtajBpaojq uqsueaj aq\u2019 U\u00efaj aaqqo aqtaquuajpXg upaj aij\nflTTT nr' (inrUT \u2018PTT.TBUBIS'in AB Bjat BU \u2018tioS\n\nIJpultatet kommer nos i alla tider atfc bli tida f\u00f6rm\u00e4nligare och angen\u00e4raare om man .J\u00e2tor den ata . . . Tablettrolleriet \u00bbr alltf\u00f6r l\u00e4tt genomsk\u00e2dat oeh betyd-igt mindre intressant an den riktiga f/iagiken . . .\n\u25a0\u25a0. f ? ? ?...\nJa, mitt lilla bobby \u00e4r n\u00e4mligen ^lagik, ser ni. Inte spiritism oeh dylikt \u201ctan trollen r\u00e4tt oeh sl\u00e4tt i s\u00e4 veten- j kapligt full\u00e4ndade former som Hou-'-ini visade en f\u00f6rv\u00e4nad v\u00e4rld. Houdini ar en av mina b\u00e4sta v\u00e4nner; jag \u00e4r ppl\u00e4rd av honom oeh jag \u00e4r'ocks\u00e4 [edlem i den av honom bildade ex-j lusiva sammanslntningen \u2019\u2019The So-, ety of American magicians\u201d ! Ulu. onstekniken \u00e4r en vetenskap, som g\u00f6r a n \u00e4 s t a n lika angen\u00e4mt \u00f6ver-iskad som fysiologicn . . . J\nGe.\nI\n","page":0},{"file":"0202.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nUSA-fysiolog och Houdiniele\u00fc lobordar S\u00fcerige.\nSt\u00f6r svensk forskarkontingent tili\nBoston i h\u00f6st.\nFYSIOLOGKONGRESS.\nTablettmiddagen\" blir ingen framtidsrealitet.\nProfessor F. 0. Benedict.\nI skaran av Sverigev\u00e4nner och svenskbeundrare p\u00e4 aridra sidan \u2019\u2019polen \u2019 intar den bekante n\u00e4ringsfysiolo-gen, skriftst\u00e4llaren och medlemmen av amerikanska vetenskapsakademien professor F. G. Benedict en mycket fram-st\u00e2eiide plats. Sedan 1907 ledare av Carnegiestiftelsens n\u00e4ringsfysiologiska laboratorium i Boston har han under mer \u00e4n tv\u00e4 decennier statt i intim kon-takt med ledande svenska fysiologer, framlidne professor Karl Petr\u00e9n r\u00e4kna-de han som en av sina b\u00e4sta v\u00e4nner, och n\u00e4r ham h\u00e4romdagen efter en vid-str\u00e4ckt FTuropaturne med sin maka an-l\u00e4nde tilt Stockholm f\u00fcr att hiilsa p\u00e4 sina 7ka v\u00e4rderade kolleger professo-rern; Johanson oeh Liljestrand och ater- yta bekantskapen med v\u00e4rt Ka-rolins\u00fca institut, var det haus sj\u00e4tte Sverigebes\u00f6k sedan 1914. D\u00e2 Boston-laboratoi\u2019iet sedan l\u00e4nge tack vare sitt framst\u00e4ende forskarmaterial oeh sina rika resurser \u2014- bar* f\u00f6r kostnde man f\u00f6rra \u00e2ret p\u00e4 sig n\u00e4r marc 200 000 kr. statt s\u00e4 att s\u00e4ga som den i\u00e4ringsfysiologiska forskningens cen vum \u00e4r det klart, att hans bes\u00f6k h\u00e4r inte kunnat f\u00f6rl\u00f6pa utan ett f\u00f6re-dra\u00a3 och det h\u00f6lls ocks\u00e4 pa fredags-kv\u00e4li 'n inf\u00f6r Fysiologiska s\u00e4llskapet, som da fick n\u00e4rmare ta del av labora-toriets senaste arbet\u00e7resultat. Vid ett samtal med Svenska Dagbladet fram-h\u00e4ller professorn, att han alltid str\u00e4-vat efter att genom vidstr\u00e4ckta resor uppeh\u00e4lla den personliga kontakten med forskarekolleger i andra l\u00e4nder.\nDet \u00e4r n\u00e4mligen, s\u00e4ger professor Benedict, vi vetenskapsm\u00e4n, som \u00e4ro n\u00e4rmast tili att astadkomma det m\u00e4nsklighetens broderskap, som politi-kerna tili synes faf\u00e4ngt str\u00e4va efter att uppn\u00e4. Och fr\u00e4mst d\u00e2 vi, som repr\u00e9sentera de medicinska vetenskaiperna, de mest idealistiska. Sav\u00e4l min hustru som jag ha ocks\u00e4 l\u00e4nge varit ivi\u2019iga f\u00f6respr\u00e4kare f\u00f6r forskarutbyte de olika l\u00e4nderna emellan och det gl\u00e4der mig uppriktigt, att vi h\u00e4r i Skandinavien alltid funnit resonans f\u00f6r samina str\u00e4vanden. Till den 13 :de stora inter-nationella fysiologkongressen, som i au-gusti i ar skall huilas i Boston under ordf\u00f6randeskap av Bostonprofessorn Howell, kommer det ocks\u00e4 enligt vad jag nu f\u00f6rs\u00e4krat mig om en st\u00f6r kontingent svenska vetenskapsm\u00e4n. Fr\u00e4n Europa i \u00f6vrigt ber\u00e4kna vi ffl. ca. 400 deltagare och fr\u00e4n Amerika oeh Kanada kommer det s\u00e4kert n\u00e4ra tusentalet.\nPa tal om sina skandinaviska f\u00f6rbin-delser n\u00e4mner professorn i forts\u00e4tt-ningen, att hans unders\u00f6kningar s\u00e4r-skilt betr\u00e4ffande djurens n\u00e4ringsf\u00f6rhal-landen sedan l\u00e4nge bedrivits i intimaste samarbete med den k\u00e4nde danske for-skaren professor Holger Mulgaard, \u00d6wer dessa unders\u00f6kningar, vilkas praktiska betydelse ligger p\u00e4 det ekonomiska omr\u00e4det och n\u00e4rmast medf\u00f6rt f\u00f6r folkhush\u00e4llningen vik-tiga r\u00e9sultat, har f. \u00f6. professorn sj\u00e4lv publicerat ett 20-tal mono-grafier. F\u00f6r industriens rationalisering och arbetseffektivitetens h\u00f6jande av-g\u00f6rande uppt\u00e4ckter har han ocks\u00e4 nu p\u00e4 senaste tiden gjort vid sina forsk-ningar r\u00f6rande kroppens \u00e4mnesoms\u00e4tt-ning vid vila och under arbete och inte minst intressanta \u00e4ro de r\u00e9sultat han vunnit i fr\u00e4ga om grundoms\u00e4ttningens problem. Genom brett lagda studier av olika folkslag, normala och onormala typer \u2014 han har exempelvis haft for skareexpeditioner ute i Indien, i Kina, Australien, Japan etc etc. \u2014 har det faktum avsl\u00f6jats, att gi\u2019undoms\u00e4ttnin-gen \u00e4r olika hos olika raser, att rascr-na allts\u00e4 icke blott skilja sig fr\u00e4n va-randra genom vissa yttre drag utan ocks\u00e4 rent fysiologiskt efter vissa be-st\u00e4mda linjer, en uppt\u00e4ckt, som kommer att bli av st\u00f6r betydelse bl. a. f\u00f6r sjukhusdiagnostiken \u00f6ver heia v\u00e4rlden och som framf\u00f6r allt torde komma att p\u00e4 det h\u00f6gsta in-tressera antropologerna. \u00c4nnu har icke nagot publicerats \u00f6ver detta \u00e4mno eftersom unders\u00f6kningarna icke \u00e4ro avslutade och professorn n\u00e4mner bl. a. p\u00e4 tal h\u00e4ronij att det lyekats honom f\u00e4 cn svensk vetenskapsm\u00e4n dr Odin i Ume\u00e4 s\u00e4 intresserad av saken, att han nu f\u00f6r professorns r\u00e4kning skall p\u00e4b\u00f6r-ja liknandc forskningar betr\u00e4ffande grundoms\u00e4ttningen hos lapparna.\n-\u2014Om professorn tror p\u00e4 \u2019\u2019tablett-dieten\u201d som en framtidsrealitet ... ?\n\u2014 Inte alls. M\u00e4nniskan kan heit en-kelt inte med bibeh\u00e4llen arbotseffekti-vitet leva enbart p\u00e4 f\u00f6do\u00e4mnestablet-ter. Gr\u00f6nsaker, som \u00e4ro s\u00e4 viktiga, skall man exempelvis aldrig kunna ers\u00e4tta genom Surrogat. Man kan ju \u201delda\u201d kroppen det \u00e4r sant och visst, men re-\nsultatet kommer nog i alla tider vida f\u00f6rmanligare och angen\u00e4ma man later d_en \u00e4ta . . . Tablettn \u00e4r alltf\u00f6r l\u00e4tt genomskadat och ligt mindre intressant \u00e4n den : magiken . . .\n\u2014 . . . ? ? ? ?___\n\u2014 Ja, mitt lilla hobby \u00e4r n\u00e4 magik, ser ni. Inte spiritism och utan trolleri r\u00e4tt och sl\u00e4tt i s\u00e4 skapligt full\u00e4ndade former som dini visadc en f\u00f6rv\u00e4nad v\u00e4rld. H var en av mina b\u00e4sta v\u00e4nner; j uppl\u00e4rd av honom och jag \u00e4r medlem i den av honom bildad klusiva sammanslutningen \u2019\u2019The ciet.y of American magicians\u201d! sionstekniken \u00e4r en vetenskap, so en n \u00e4 s t a n lika angen\u00e4mt raskad som fysiologien ... !\nbli","page":0},{"file":"0203.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Svenska Daft-blade t\n1\nU. S. A. - physiologist and pupil o: A Mg troop of Swedish scient.\nCongress of Physi* The \"Tablet dinner\" will be no real:\nIn the crowd of friends ai other side of the \"pool\" the wellkm and member of the American Academy < Benedict holds a prominent place. * food-physiological laboratory of tl Boston, he has during more than two touch with the leading Swedish physj Karl Petr\u00e9n he counted as one of Me he some days ago after an extensive arrived in Stockholm in order to cal collegeaues the Professors Johanson his acquaintance with our Karolinska visit to Sweden since 1914.\nAs the Boston Laboratory s prominent staff of scientists and it only on experiments 200.000 crowns w is to be regarded as the centre of t'. researches, it is evident that his v without a lecture, and this lecture i before the Physiological Association was more closely informed about the : in the Laboratory.- In the course of Dagbladet the professor pointed out ' extensive travelling has tried to ke< colleagues in other countries. The ft Benedict, that the scientists are ne; hood of humanity that the politicians in the first place we, who represent most idealistic. My wife as well as r exchange of scientists from differeni very glad to note that we always in E resonance to these efforts. The 13th congress of physiologists that will 1 with professor Howell as president, n number of Swedish scientists. Prom o1 will turn up abt. 400 and from Americ 1000 people coming.\nIn connection with his Scar professor mentions that his researche the nutriment conditions of the animg intimately cooperated with the wellkr professor Holger Mulgaard. On these i importance of which is of an economic brought about results of importance t people, the professor himself has put Further he has recently made discover the rationalisation of industry and t","page":0},{"file":"0204.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Svenska Dagbladet\nvmm\nU. S. A. - physiologist and pupil of Houdini praises Sweden.\nA big troop of Swedish scientists to Boston this autumn. Congress of Physiologists.\nThe \"Tablet dinner\" will be no reality of the future.\nIn the crowd of friends and admirers of Sweden on the other side of the \"pool\" the wellknown food physiologist,author and member of the American Academy of Science Professor F. G. Benedict holds a prominent place. Since 19o7 the head of the food-physiological laboratory of the Carnegie Foundation at Boston, he has during more than two decades been in close touch with the leading Swedish physiologists, the late professor Karl Petr\u00e9n he counted as one of his best friends, and when he some days ago after an extensive trip round Europe with his wife arrived in Stockholm in order to call on his equally esteemed collegeaues the Professors Johanson and Liljestrand and refresh his acquaintance with our Karolinska Institut, this was his 6th visit to Sweden since 1914.\nAs the Boston Laboratory since long ago thanks to its prominent staff of scientists and its enormous resources -only on experiments 200.000 crowns were spent last year-is to be regarded as the centre of the food-physiological researches, it is evident that his visit here would not pass without a lecture, and this lecture was held Friday evening before the Physiological Association that on this occasion was more closely informed about the results recently arrived at in the Laboratory.- In the course of an interview with Svenska Dagbladet the professor pointed out that he always by means of extensive travelling has tried to keep the contact with his colleagues in other countries. The fact is, says Professor Benedict, that the scientists are nearest to obtain the brotherhood of humanity that the politicians in vain try to create, and in the first place we, who represent the medical sciences, the most idealistic. My wife as well as myself have spoken for exchange of scientists from different countries, and we are very glad to note that we always in Scandinavia have found resonance to these efforts. The 13th great international congress of physiologists that will be held in August this year with professor Howell as president, will oe visited by a great number of Swedish scientists. From other parts of Europe there will turn up abt. 400 and from America and Canada there are abt. 1000 people coming.\nIn connection with his Scandinavian relations the professor mentions that his researches, especially as far as the nutriment conditions of the animals are concerned, he has intimately cooperated with the wellknown Danish scientist, professor Holger Mulgaard. On these researches, the practical importance of which is of an economical kind and which have brought about results of importance to the household of the people, the professor himself has published about 20 monographs. Further he has recently made discoveries which are of value to the rationalisation of industry and to the improvement of the","page":0},{"file":"0205.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"172\n\nCrawford and particularly the Swedish element of Karl Wilhelm Scheele, and then passed quickly to the living as compared to the dead things and mentioned Johansson, Sonden and his apparatus, the analyses of outdoor air, and the fact that our work at Boston was done with a Swedish apparatus and by a Swedish girl, Miss Johnson. I then pointed out that today the various types of respiration apparatus for determining oxygen are practically all physically perfect. Now the problem is to make them physiologically perfect. I also pointed out the great responsibility of students in the medical centers to keep up the Swedish traditions and to maintain world wide interest in various physiological problems and thus support and encourage international interests. This lecture was given before a large audience, and I could see it was extremely well received.","page":0},{"file":"0206.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"STOCKHOLM. SWEDEN.\nDr\u00ab Martin Odin of Umea. Sweden, sind, the racial metabolism problem.\nAfter an extensive and complicated correspondence, it was arranged to have Dr. Odin come down to Stockholm from Umea and there meet me.\nThe field apparatus had been sent on beforehand and had reached him in excellent condition. I met Dr. Odin at the hotel. We went to the laboratory of Professor Haggqvist, where he was to make his laboratory center while in Stockholm. We unpacked the apparatus and found everything in perfect shape, assembled it, tested it, and went through some preliminary tests. A number of photographs were taken at this time.\n(See figures 86 to 90.) We then demounted the apparatus and packed it. Dr. Odin returned the next day, unpacked and reassembled the apparatus himself and, using Mrs. Odin as a volunteer subject, obtained an admirable series of observations of her basal metabolism. I was keenly impressed with the intelligence and brightness of this man. We discussed in detail the possibility of working with the Lapps. He says the Lapps gather\ttogether in\tcertain Lapp\tcenters in\tFebruary. At this\ntime they buy, marry, fight,\tare attended\tby physicians, doctored, etc.,\nand then there is a 14-day conclave. This is the time when one can best establish the first contacts with them. I feel that the whole thing is in very\tgood hands,\tthat Dr. Odin, although\textremely busy,\nhas taken a real\tinterest in\tthe problem,\twill train\tin individuals and\nundoubtedly secure some field work in the fall of 1929. (See newspaper clipping from the \"Dagens Nyheter\", page/?-?-,)","page":0},{"file":"0207.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"174\nFigure 86. Dr. Odin (operator), 1rs. Odin (subject) and the field apparatus loaned to Dr. Odin by the Nutrition Laboratory. Photograph taken in Professor Haggqvist's office in Stockholm,Sweden.","page":0},{"file":"0208.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"175\nFigures 87 and 88. Dr. and Mrs.Odin of Umea,Sweden/with Nutrition Laboratory field apparatus in the office of Professor Haggqvist at Stockholm, Sweden.","page":0},{"file":"0209.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"176\nFigure 89. Group in Professor Haggqvist's office at Stockholm, Sweden. Sitting, left to right; Mrs. Odin of Umea, Sweden, Mrs. Benedict, Mrs. Haggqvist. Standing, F.G.B., Dr. Odin, Professor Haggqvist.\nFigure 90. Group in Professor Haggqvist's office at Stockholm, Sweden. Sitting, left to right; Mrs. Haggqvist, Mrs. Odin, Mrs. Benedict. Standing, F.G.B., Professor Haggqvist, Dr. Odin.","page":0},{"file":"0210.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 77\nkade make ,\tfc\niii fader,\nisdownen\tv\ns Leont\nmm.\n----uaC\u00e2H. _______\nFYSIOLOG i FR\u00c4NU. S.A. P\u00c2 VISIT\nBOSTCWNL\u00c4KAREN F. G. B1 NEDICT F\u00d6REL\u00c4SER H\u00c4R.\nOMS\u00c4TTMNGSEXPERT.\nViktig diagnosmetod f\u00fcr Bas dows sjukdom.\nDen vida ber\u00f6mde \u00e4mnesoms\u00e4ttning experten professor Francis G. Ber diet, \u00e4r f\u00f6r n\u00e4rvarande i Stockho och uppbygger sina kolleger h\u00e4r m resultaten av sina senaste underso ningar.\nProfessor Benedict har redan fl< ganger f\u00f6rut bes\u00f6kt Sverge, ett la som han f\u00f6rklarar sig beundra i mi ga avseenden. Han k\u00e4nner s\u00e0lun v\u00e4l till v\u00e2ra medicinska auktorite och han har s\u00e4rskilt st\u00e2tt i livlig *\n\nGUNNAR\navled den 28 April 1929,\n8 \u00e4r gammal,\ninnerligt s\u00f6rjd och s\u00e4knad. Lillie och Fredrik Brag. Carl-Eric.\tSten.\nJordf\u00e4stningen \u00e4ger mm i Skogs-kapellet Torsdagen den 2 Maj kl. 3.30 e. m., dar samling sker.\nTillk\u00e4nnagives att min maka, v\u00e4r k\u00e4ra lilla mor.\n\u00bb\nf. Ekstr\u00f6m,\nstilla och fridfullt insomnade i tron p\u00e4 sin fr\u00e4lsare i en \u00e2lder av 63 \u00e2r, 2 m\u00e4n., 6 dag. Djupt s\u00f6rjd och saknad av mig, barn, barnbarn, syeter, sl\u00e4kt och m\u00e2nga v\u00e4nner.\nG-ustafsborg, R\u00f6nninge d. 26/4 1920.\nGUSTAF JOHANSSON.\ntenskaplig f\u00f6rbindelse med v\u00e4r fra st\u00e4ende n\u00e4ringsfysiolog, professor E. Johansson, vars bekantskap 1 gjorde redan mot slutet av nittiotale sitt laboratorium i Boston, \"Nutrit laboratory of the Carnegie institutio. anv\u00e4nder han ocks\u00e4 apparater k struerade av professorerna Johansi och Klas Sonden.\t. / \u25a0\nProfessor Benedict intager en o stride! rangplats som en av de fr\u00e4tn i v\u00e4rlden p\u00e0 sitt otnr\u00e2de. Han F grond\u00e2t sin ber\u00f6jnmelse genou\u00bb sina\nBarnen.\nJag vili k\u00e4mpa, jag vill strida f\u00f6r ett evigt liv.\nJag vill str\u00e4va, tftligt bida,\nHerre, kraft mig giv!\nIngen ting mig hindra f\u00e4r. tram\u00e2t blott i Jesu sp\u00e4r!\nHa, ila \u2014 ingen vila, f\u00f6rr\u2019n jag kronan n\u00e4r!\nJordf\u00e4siningen Sger rum S\u00f6ndagen den 5 Maj kl. 2,30 i Gravkapollet. Sa-lems kyrkogard.","page":0},{"file":"0211.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"DAtffEN\u00fc\n------------\t\u00dft7 i ! J\nTisdagen den 30 April 1929\n1\nFYSIOLOG | FR\u00c2NU. S.A. PA VISIT.\nBOSTOjNL\u00c4KAREN F. G. BENEDICT F\u00d6REL\u00c4SER H\u00c4R.\nOMS\u00c4TTMNGSEXPERT.\nViktig diagnosmetod f\u00abr Basedows sjukdom.\nDen vida ber\u00f6mde \u00e4mnfesoms\u00e4ttnings \u2022 experten professor Francis G. Benedict, \u00e4r f\u00fcr n\u00e4rvarande i Stockholm och uppbygger sina kolleger h\u00e4r med resultaten av sina senaste unders\u00f6k-ningar.\nPi\u2019ofessor Benedict har redan fiera g\u00e2nger f\u00f6rut bes\u00f6kt Svtrge, ett land som han f\u00f6rklarar sig beundra i m\u00e4h-ga avseenden. Han k\u00e4nner s\u00e4lunda v\u00e4l tili v\u00e4ra medicinska auktoriteter och han har s\u00e4rskilt st\u00e0tt i livlig ve \u2022 tenskaplig f\u00f6rbindelse med v\u00e4r fram-st\u00e4ende n\u00e4ringsfysiolog, professor J. E. Johansson, vars bekantskap han gjorde redan mot slutet a\\ nittiotalet. I sitt laboratorium i Boston, \"Nutrition laboratory of the Carnegie Institution\u201d, anv\u00e4nder han ocks\u00e4 apparater kon-struerade av professorerna Johansson och Klas Sonden.\nProfessor Benedict intager en obe-stridd rangplats som en av de fr\u00e4msta i v\u00e4rlden p\u00e2 sitt ornr\u00e4de. Han har grundat sin ber\u00f6mmelse genorn sina in-\nProf essor Francis G. Benedict (tili h\u00f6ger) och drr M. Odin.\ng\u00e4ende unders\u00f6kningar \u00f6ver \u00e4mnesom-s\u00e4ttningen hos normals m\u00e4nniskor, och med ledning av det oerh\u00f6rda i laterial han samlat har han kunn: t uppr\u00e4tta tabeller \u00f6ver \"normalm\u00e4nniskans\u201d basais \u00e4mnesoms\u00e4ttning. Penna, som \u00e4r beroende av individens kroppsvikt, l\u00e4ngd, \u00e4lder och k\u00f6n, \u00e4r ett uttryck f\u00f6r kroppens v\u00e4rmeproduktion i vila efter 12 timmars fasta.\nBest\u00e4mningen av \u00e4mnesoms\u00e4ttningen \u00e4r numera en unders\u00f6kniug som man ej kan undvara vid varje mera allvarlig rubbning i de inresekretoriska k\u00f6rtlar-nas verksamhet, fraraf\u00f6r allt da det g\u00e4ller sk\u00f6ldk\u00f6rtelns. Der mest bekan-ta exemp\u00eeet p\u00e2 en s\u00e2dan rubbning \u00e4r den Basedovska sjukdoraen, dar ett huvudsymtom \u00e4r st\u00e4rkt stegrad \u00e4mnes-oms\u00e4ttning.\nGenom Carnegiestifteisen f\u00f6rfogar professor Benedict \u00f6ver tnorma ekono-miska resnrser, och bans laboratorium i Boston \u00e4r en sev\u00e4rdhet. I omfattan-de f\u00f6rs\u00f6ksserier unders\u00f6ber man dar alla faktorer som best\u00e4imna \u00e4mnesom-s\u00e4ttningen i kroppen, och professor Benedict redogjorde i frcdags i Fysio-logf\u00f6reningen f\u00f6r en del av sina r\u00e9sultat. Han visade dar inverkan av skil-da temperaturer p\u00e2 \u00e4mnesoms\u00e4ttningen, unders\u00f6kt p\u00e2 duyor, m\u00f6ss, g\u00e4ss, far m. fl. djur, vidare krcppsbekl\u00e4dna-dens betydelse, inflytandet av k\u00f6n, ras -blandning m. m.\nI dag kl. halv 9 f. m. h\u00e4ller professor Benedict en f\u00f6rel\u00e4sning p\u00e2 medicinska klinikcn p\u00e2 Serafimerlasarettet om den basais oms\u00e4ttningen.\n\u2022\tK'idhh","page":0},{"file":"0212.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1 78\nHAMBURG-. GERMANY.\nSt\u00ab Georg Hospital. Laboratory of Pharmacology.\nProfessor A\u00ab Bornstein.\nProfessor Bornstein very kindly met us at the station and, after going to the hotel, took us immediately to his institute, which has been considerably modified and perfected since we were there. In fact, now it is rather elegant. The first thing that impressed me was the extreme care he had in his metabolism work. For example, in the room where the experiments were to be carried out there were double doors with the sign \"Experiment on hand\" and under no circumstances should they be disturbed. Another room also had double doors, and we saw a sign that metabolism work on dogs was going on. He feels that the slightest disturbance is detrimental. In his larger laboratory he was using the Starling heart-lung preparation a great deal and was working on a placenta extract. He also had a hind leg preparation of a dog, using the Barcroft gas-analysis apparatus. For metabolism work he has the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus with saturated sodium chloride, with rosalic acid, and is rather inclined to stand by the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus. He has a Grafe chamber and uses a rubber ball registration apparatus.\nBornstein is a very interesting, serious man, very loyal and not critical of the personality of persons at least not adversely critical.\nHe had a kindly method of speaking of everyone, whether he disagreed with them or not. There was nothing of the acrimonious and acidulous criticism that one so often meets. I cannot help feeling that in his case, as in Liljestrand*s, it is a pity he is not in a chair of physiology rather than pharmacology.\nThree photographs were given to me (see figures 91, 92, and 93) showing the chemical and the physiological laboratories in Professor Bornstein\u2019s Pharmacological Institute.","page":0},{"file":"0213.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\t\t\n, ^\ti! 1J\t\t\u00a3\u00cfJB1|}|\n\ta\t\n\t\t\t1\tL3.\n\t\trwFwi. ' iAn \u00bb P 1 l A ' 'll' \u2019\n1 i\t\t\n\t\t\tr4d\t\tf* |\t\n\t\t\t\tr*^3j\t\nI\nFigure 91. Pharmacological Institute of Professor Bornstein at Hamburg, Germany. This view shows the more modern construction and particularly the electrical and the natural illumination. This laboratory is used exclusively for pharmacological work.","page":0},{"file":"0214.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 92. Laboratory for physiological studies in the Pharmacological Institute of Professor Bornstein at Hamburg, Germany. This view shows the various pumps for artificial respiration and for circul\u00e2tion,run from the master shaft on the ceiling. Here a great deal of work is being carried out on the question of perfusion of other organs.","page":0},{"file":"0215.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 93. A perfusion experiment made by Professor Bornstein (at the extreme right) and his assistants in the Pharmacological Laboratory at Hamburg, Germany.","page":0},{"file":"0216.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1\nHAMBURG. GERMANY.\nLecture and presentation of medal by the University\nof Hamburg.\nProfessor Paul Sudeck,\nMy lecture at Hamburg was given on May 6f 1929, in the physiological leoture hall before the Medical Faculty of the University of Hamburg\u00ab I was introduced by the Dean, Professor Paul Sudeck, to a large and appreciative audience. After the lecture was over, I was much astonished by having the Dean give a rather formal address, citing appreciation of the lecture and the Nutrition Laboratory's work and my relation to the University of Hamburg, and then the gold honor medal of the University was presented \"in recognition of his (F.G.B.) successful work in metabolism and physiology.\" I was completely taken off my guard. After this followed a luncheon with a large audience, at which, however, there were no speeches. A photograph (see figure 94) was taken immediately after the lecture on the steps of the Medical Facility building.","page":0},{"file":"0217.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 94. Photograph taken immediately after my lecture(on May 6,1929,) on the steps of the Medical Faculty building at Hamburg,Germany. The news paper clipping on the opposite page gives a key. The elderly man in almost the center of the picture, in the third row, is Professor K\u00fcmmel, whose profile appears on the medal given. At his right, wearing horn rim glasses, is Professor Idchtwitz; at the extreme left is Mrs. Kestner. At Mrs. Benedict's right shoulder is Professor Bornstein. The man in the black coat in the midst of all the white coats, just back of Professor","page":0},{"file":"0218.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"184\n929\tMt\u00eettPad}, 8. SF\u00eeni 1929\nFi*-\"","page":0},{"file":"0219.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"184\n^mnlmrRcr g-rcm\u00f6en&latt\nPtofeffot \u00ee)r. francis jKranfrenSjattfes eine\nQ. Beneblet, Boj\u00eeon, fiieft im Ij\u00f6rlaal des J?atfjo\u00eeogif3ien Jnf\u00eeituts des; Eppendorfet \u00dfa(?t)orle|ung. Pc of. Kiimme\u00eel, 2. ft alt Benedict, 3. \u00d6eftan Prof. .Sude*. 4 Prof. Br. jprancis Cj. Benedict, 5. Prof, f\u00fclle\u00dforn, 6. Prof. XDeijgandt.\t5\u00dfbot. S\u00efeicf).","page":0},{"file":"0220.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"185\nHAMBURG. GERMANY.\nUniversity of Hamburg. Allgemeines Krankenhaus Eppendorf.\nProfessor L. Brauer and Dr. H. W. Knipping.\nProfessor Brauer evidently is a super-organizer. He has associated with him Dr. Knipping. (See Pigs. 95 and 96). They have a building devoted to metabolism work, with a kitchen, with innumerable records and systematized to the tenth power. We went into Dr. Knipping*s laboratory and saw an apparatus in use in a dog experiment. They told me ordinarily nobody would be allowed in the room unless he had on soft felt slippers.\nThe carbon dioxide is absorbed in potassium hydroxide and titrated. It is not measured by turning it back into the spirometer. The oxygen curve they claim is also an activity curve, for with the dog perfectly quiet the oxygen curve on the spirometer gives a perfectly straight line. With differences in activity the expanding of air in the chamber shows irregularities in the line. The whole Knipping apparatus, however, seems to be very bulky. There is an elaborate glass reservoir for C02 and it seems to me it is costly, fragile, and has many drawbacks. (See Pig. 97). Dr. Brauer was much excited over the organization of research institutions. He is writing a large book on this point and was much elated when he induced Dr, Merriam to contribute to it. He does not believe so much in having research institutions subsidized by general philanthropies. He thinks one should have private means and pass the hat. It is better to buy the apparatus, keep it, and return it to the center where it will be kept clean and ready for use. Many research funds give a man a grant for apparatus. The apparatus, often very expensive,is purchased and is used by him. He completes his work, and often does not return to it. The apparatus gets into a bad state and becomes a total wreck, lying around in the way of men who have no interest in using it. So he prefers to have apparatus returned to the research center, there available for use by others.\nHe is much against the Deutsche Notgemeinschaft, very outspoken with regard to it. He feels that there is a clique running it (Friedrich M\u00fcller and Krehl) and he simply will not have anything to do with them. He prefers to deal directly with the Rockefeller philanthropies rather than through the Notgemeinschaft. It is clear he is much excited over this matter. It is almost an ecstasy with him.\nDr. Knipping I was very glad to meet. I saw many of his apparatus around the hospital. He is clever and keen, is working on the determination of C02 electrically. He also has an apparatus employing hydrogen, to get the","page":0},{"file":"0221.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 95. Professor L.Brauer,Cir\u00e9etor of the Medical Clinic, Hamburg, Germany.\nFigure 96. Left to right, Professor Brauer, Dr. H.W.Knipping, Medical Clinic, Hamburg,Germany.","page":0},{"file":"0222.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 97. Dog respiration chamber connected with Knipping apparatus in the Knipping Laboratory. Intricate glass ware used in his apparatus is here vrell shown. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Dr. H.W.Knipping, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Eppendorf, University of Hamburg,Hamburg, Germany.","page":0},{"file":"0223.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"18 8\nvolume of the lungs and the conductivity of the air for heat, and determines the hydrogen in this way. In his dog experiments they were working upon the specific dynamic action and in many ways had the experiment admirably organized as regards quietness and care. I did not think the dog was perfectly quiet* Doubtless our presence disturbed him somewhat. They showed me a large ergometer that had been constructed in the laboratory of Brauer and Knipping. It had a crank with electric brake, was very heavy and massive, but extremely imposing. I was not at all convinced that it had any improvements over any other forms of ergometer. One has the impression that the university and the clinic at Hamburg are well used. The clinic has the advantage of no great tradition to hamper it. On the other hand, it has not yet quite found itself.\nAt this clinic I met Dr. H. Schadow, who has constructed an infant respiration calorimeter. (See Figures 98, 99, 100a and 100b.)\nWe were much disappointed that Professor Kestner was not there. He was oil the way back from a trip to the Cameroon, where he had been studying radiation. On a visit to Hamburg without seeing Professor Festner one misses a great deal.","page":0},{"file":"0224.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 98. Dr. Schadow,Medical Clinic,Hamburg,Germany.\n189\nFigure 99. Infant respiration calorimeter. Dr. Schadow. Elaborate construction based, I think, upon fantastic ideas. Not yet functioning","page":0},{"file":"0225.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"190\nFigure 100a. Ingenious double spirometer of Dr. Schadow. This spirometer is designed with two bells, one at the left, of small diameter, and one at the right. The proportion, I think, is about one to twenty. The point is one ta.kes in the small spirometer an aliquot sample of the air going into the other spirometer. Dr. Schadow had some clever thought of making some use of this in connection with the determination of the respiratory quotient. I did not get the exact details. Mechanically it is extremely interesting. Practically,\nI think it has not yet developed anything especially striking. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Dr. Schadow,Medical Clinic, Hamburg,Germany.\n","page":0},{"file":"0226.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"191\nFigure 100b. Another view of the double spirometer apparatus of Dr. Sehadow,Medical Clinic,Hamburg, Germany.","page":0},{"file":"0227.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HAMBURG.\nGERMANY.\nCity Hospital at Altona. Medical Division.\nProfessor L. Liohtwitz.\nI was much interested to find that they had great interest in the question of insensible perspiration. They had a ward for basal metabolism measurements with cubicles, very quiet, many Krogh apparatus and also a universal respiration apparatus. They had a 100-kg. Sauter balance, well mounted on the base but with no upper support. The bed was heavy and cumbrous, of typical German construction with much bedding, no rubber, and practically no clearance for the bed. They had a heavy counterpoise, as natural. Lichtwitz wants to get the skin water and the lung water, also the C02 and oxygen. He had a complicated method of doing it. He kept the respiration apparatus not on the balance and had a large number of pipes and tubes. The soda-lime can was sealed with plasticine. They use an oxygen bomb. The bathing cap was of the heaviest sheet rubber I have ever seen. It must have been at least two millimeters thick. They had worked out a scheme for measuring the total insensible perspiration, and then determining for a certain period the water, carbon dioxide, etc., without weighing. They had found a good comparison between the Krogh and the Benedict metabolism measurements. As a matter of fact, all patients are measured on both apparatus and on different days. It is evident that care is taken throughout all of this work. We were glad to see quite a good deal of Professor Lichtwitz and to confer with him on many points in connection with basal metabolism and particularly insensible perspiration.","page":0},{"file":"0228.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"HAMBURG (STELLINGENK GERMANY.\nHagenbeck Animal Park.\nPr. Ludwig Zukowskv.\nBy arrangement through previous correspondence, Dr, Zukowsky met us at the entrance to the Park and devoted the entire morning to going about with us, I talked with him a good deal with regard to the matter of submersion of animals under water, whales and other animals. They have several large sea elephants, one enormous thing, and he personally had timed him under water a maximum of 29 minutes.\nOf course the pool was shallow, but apparently this chap lay in the water quietly without breathing for 29 minutes, at least on one occasion. Of course there was no muscular exercise, as the animal was lying perfectly quiet and the water was at moderate temperat\\ire.\nThey had been using a great deal of the Friedman serum against tuberculosis and, in spite of the clinical failures in the hospitals, had had extraordinary results in immunizing their monkeys. They also were getting good results by quartz lamp radiation on young animals.\nAll through this Park one finds an extraordinary leaning towards scientific observations, and I can only repeat again my expression three years ago,-it is a pity that Dr. Zukowsky is so much occupied in the direction of veterinary work that he cannot carry out some of the innumerable problems that come to him i'n connection with his work,\nI regret extremely that the Park is not accessible to the Nutrition Laboratory, Dr, Zukowsky told me there was a strong movement on foot to transport the entire Hagenbeck interests to America, It seems there is a great deal of controversy and trouble between the Hagenbeck Park and the local authorities, Hamburg and Prussia, The taxation is bad, and the expansion of the park is hampered.by the possibility of large taxes, so they are in large part \"marking time.\" The population of the park seemed to be even more extensive than three years ago, enormous collections of practically all the various animals being found there. Altogether it was one of the most extraordinary days I have ever spent.","page":0},{"file":"0229.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"194\nDORTMUND. GERMANY.\nKaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie. Professor E. Atzler. Dr. E. M\u00fcller, and Pr. U. Lfthrnannj\nOur visit to this place was determined by the fact that the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie had just moved from Berlin here. The main object of my visit was to see this new institute although I recognized of course that it would be in the process of moving and that very little would be actually going on. I had heard about the institute from Professor Rubner, who described it to me as a building with 160 rooms, an inconceivable thing. On arrival at Dortmund we found Dr. E. M\u00fcller, whom we had seen at Berlin, and Dr. Lehmann, assistant of Atzler, at our disposal. I spent considerable time at the laboratory, seeing nothing else in Dortmund. I found the Institute was actually enormous, an interesting type of architecture, a large number of buildings with a flat roof for exercise, every conceivable provision for an ultra-modern laboratory with the single exception of absence of compressed air. It is distinctly the factory type of building but, on the other hand, not unattractive. The engineering is vieil done, concealed pipes everywhere easily accessible; library with splendid stacks; everywhere wonderful light with special types of windows consisting of three large panes in which the center is fixed and the upper and lower can be moved in or out. They were double glass and so arranged they could be easily cleaned* (See Pigs* 101-102.) There are a number of departments in this building, the Department of Psychology (which will be under the direction of a colleague, a student of Kraepelin). There will be the Department of Rationalization of Work under Dr. Lehmann, the Department of Animal Physiology under the direction of Professor Atzler, who is also the director of the entire institute, the Department of Chemistry under a Dr. Kraut, a pupil of Willst\u00e4tter. There was likewise a small institute at M\u00fcnster where Atzler is professor, used chiefly for teaching. Probably M\u00fcller will go there with Atzler. The city of Dortmund gave the land and the building, but the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute had to equip it. Atzler must raise funds to maintain it for the present. They expect to have, later on, fifteen people working there. They were still cleaning up.\nIn one of the rooms were the relics of an exhibit made, I imagine, in Berlin in connection with the Hygiene of Sports Exhibition. (See Pigs. 103-106). The exhibit was designed by Dr. M\u00fcller, There was a large table showing the physiological conditions during rest, that is, heart rate 75, respiration rate 15, ventilation rate 5 liters, temperature of the air 36.8\u00b0 C. During work the heart rate was 88, the respirations 40, the temperature of the air 37.4\u00b0 C\u00ab etc. There was a very clever arrangement of lights to show these values, the whole thing being the device of Dr. M\u00fcller.","page":0},{"file":"0230.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"195\nFigure 101. Exterior ox the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, showing the peculiar architectural construction, factory type, enormous windows, in fact, admirably designed architecturally for such work.","page":0},{"file":"0232.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nFigure 103. Exhibit designed by Dr. E. \u00c2. M\u00fcller for Hygiene of Sports Exhibition at Berlin. Table showing physiological conditions during rest and during work.","page":0},{"file":"0233.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 104. Exhibit designed by Dr. E. A. M\u00fcller for Hygiene of Sports Exhibition at Berlin.\n/ \u00ff r","page":0},{"file":"0234.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"/ 97\nFigure 105. Exhibit designed by Dr. E. A. M\u00fcller for Hygiene of Sports Exhibition at Berlin.","page":0},{"file":"0236.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I found there a treadmill electrically driven, but enormously complicated and very large. I have one or two photographs of it.\n(See figures 107 and 108.) A Dr. Meyer was working with a universal respiration apparatus in connection with dog experiments. He had an oxygen reduction valve attached to a small oxygen cylinder, which should be rather practical. (See figure 109.) I brought home a specimen leaflet of it. They also called my attention to the extraordinary photographic apparatus, Leica, and we later secured one. The ergometer was likewise arranged to be used with the knees and with the feet (figures 110 and 111) and they had a Muller respiration apparatus, a photograph of which I had taken at Goldbergs in Berlin.\nM\u00fcller has a soda-lime can that he weighs. It is a closed-circuit apparatus and has some clever device to it, but on the whole I think it is not at all practical. M\u00fcller himself was working on a device for studying muscular attachments and movements with the elbow, whereby he could register the pull in connection with the timing. He increases the metabolism with this method by about 50 per cent and shows the torque by means of mirrors in a very clever way.\nThey told me Kraut had isolated eutonon, the hormone from the liver, the same time as Zuelzer. I talked with Atzler about M\u00fcller. He thought he was a little flighty, not yet settled, but very clever. I was also told here that Professor Friedberger, who had presented in former years the idea of lack of nutriment in cooked foods, has taken back his cooking experiments entirely. He has now a rat treadmill made by Goldberg and there is an Italian working with it.\nRagnar-Berg, the eccentric dietitian in Berlin, has lost all his family, wife, children, and others, and presumably through dietetic experiments. He duplicated Hindhede\u2019s experiments with the raw diet.\nThe first year everything went well, but the second year they went to pieces. Ragnar-Berg was losing all his teeth and someone said he was losing his hair.\nAtzler told me they were making some interesting observations upon thyroxin and cancer. The fetus grows in the body and is therefore to be looked upon, in a way, as a foreign growth, as a cancer, and with this point of view he started out using thyroxin in connection with cancer.\nThey have got to the point now where they can hold the growth standing still, but they use large doses of thyroxin, doses that would shock the clinician. He stops the growth, but if they stop feeding the thyroxin the cancer grows again. There is enough thyroxin fed to increase the metabolism 50 per cent. They prepare, themselves, very carefully indeed the pills given to the subjects, for they have a very potent material.\nIn mechanical work, such as, for example, coal lifting, they found that the most efficient work is not done in two stages, as usual, but one stage and rest in between. They get better returns.","page":0},{"file":"0237.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"202\n\nFigure 107. Large treadmill with resistance and elevating device. Photograph taken in the Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie,Dortmund, Germany.\nFigure 108. Another view showing motor driving arrangement at the left and braking effect. Photograph taken in the Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie,Dortmund,Germany.","page":0},{"file":"0238.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"203\ns\nFigure 109. Respiration apparatus, closed circuit, with dog chamber at left, showing rotary pump and motor, both rather massive and noisy, Williams bottles at top of table and so-called M\u00fcller modification of the soda-lime jar. Of greatest interest is the reduction valve attached to the oxygen cylinder in the foreground. This functions with the slightest decreased pressure and it seems to me would have some special advantages in the development of further apparatus. Photo graph taken in the Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie,Dortmund,Germany.\nFigure 110. . Ergometer for hands, arms,legs and knees, used by\nDr. Lehmann. Photograph taken in the Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie\nDortmund,Germany ^","page":0},{"file":"0239.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"204\n\nFigure 111. Another view of ergometer for hands, arms, legs and knees, used by Dr. Lehmann. Photograph taken in Institut fur Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany, and given to Dr. Benedict.\n","page":0},{"file":"0240.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"This man, Meyer, was working upon the specific dynamic action of meat in a dog, which he finds is much greater after muscular work.\nThat is, the next day after muscular work the specific dynamic action is higher. It is difficult for me to understand this. They are also working on a scheme for controlling oxygen introduction. He had an Erlenmeyer flask immersed in a water bath. They heated the bath with an electric heater and the expanding air in the flask compensates the fall in barometer. It is a complicated thing, but they thought it very practical. There was an Elster meter likewise immersed in the bath, but they figure the barometer may change during 12-hour experiments in the night and the problem was how to compensate. Hence this attempt to provide automatic barometric compensation.\nOne has the impression that Atzler is the right man in the right place. One is a little surprised that with this large organization his personnel is not larger, although both men that I met, M\u00fcller and Lehmann, impressed me very well indeed. Atzler is a man with an enormous capacity for work, and I look for a great outcome from this wholly extraordinary institute. It is established in Dortmund for two reasons, on account of the liberal concession of the Dortmund people financially and, second, they are in the middle of the industrial district where these industrial problems and the rationalization of industry must play a great role. (For further photographs of this Institute, see figures 112-135 inclusive.)\nMy lecture was given in the evening before a Society for the Advancement of Medicine or Society for Furthering Medical Knowledge, in the building of the Society. The exact title of the Society I do not know. The lecture was given before a large audience.","page":0},{"file":"0242.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figures llvT,ll&, and 117- Photographs of exterior of Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie^taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\n","page":0},{"file":"0243.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"208\nFigure 118. Miller\u2019s modification of the closed-circuit apparatus in which soda lime is weighed directly in place. Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\nFigure 119. Another closed-circuit apparatus, Benedict type. Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund Gennany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\n","page":0},{"file":"0244.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"209\nFigure 120. Chemical Laboratory. Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\nFigure 121. Photograph of the interior of the Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany, taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.","page":0},{"file":"0245.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"210\nFigure 122. Photograph of the interior of the Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany, taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\nFigure 125. Dog treadmill. Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\n","page":0},{"file":"0246.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"211\nFigure 124. Gas analysis apparatus. Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\nFigure 125. Details of soda lime weighing as shown in Figure 118. Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.","page":0},{"file":"0247.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"21\ncy\n<w\nFigure 126. Exterior of laboratory, Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\n\n!\n\n\n\nFigure 127. Closed-circuit respiration chamber for dogs. Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict","page":0},{"file":"0248.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"SS\n\n\n\nFigure 129. Dog treadmill. Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\n\n\n213\nFigure 128. Closed-circuit respiration chamber for dogs. Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.","page":0},{"file":"0249.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 150. Douglas bag principle. Institut fur Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\nFigure 131. Animal yard in Court. Institut fur Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany. Photograph taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict.\n","page":0},{"file":"0250.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figures 13&and 133. Photographs of the interior of Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict. Institute located at Dortmund, Germany.\n","page":0},{"file":"0251.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nFigures 15^/-and 13x5T Photographs of the interior of Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie taken by Dr. Lehmann and given to Dr. Benedict. Institute located at Dortmund, Germany.","page":0},{"file":"0252.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"217\nDUSSELDORF, GERMANT.\nDr. Erich Krauss.\nAlthough I did not have time to visit the clinic, Dr. Krauss came to the railroad station and took dinner with us. He told me he was working on the metabolism of cats and found them very satisfactory. He got values as low as 500 calories per square meter of body surface per 24 hours at 28\u00b0 C. A little movement increased this. On the third and fourth days they were more or less restless. After four days of training the cats become very quiet, and he considered them better animals than dogs. He was working on some experiments with ergosterol, a patented article.\nHe was rather critical of Abelin's experiments and argued that Abelin took the results of five rats with greatly different metabolism and then gave them meat plus phosphate and found great differences in the averages, but used the averages. He was quite sceptical of all of Abelin's work. He had a Carpenter apparatus and he made a calibration of his own, which he said agreed very well with that furnished him by Bleckmann and Burger. I am sorry Krauss cannot go more into research work than he apparently is able. His book is very good. He is a real help to all workers, but he is apparently lost in the maze of clinical work in a large hospital in D\u00fcsseldorf, associated with his chief, Dr. Thannhauser.","page":0},{"file":"0253.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"218\nBRUSSELS. BELGIUM.\nMilitary Laboratory for Physical Study.\nDr. A. Govaerts.\nI had had considerable correspondence with Dr. Govaerts with regard to certain observations he had been making on normals in Belgium, in which he was finding lower values than we were finding with Americans. I looked over his recent figures and found that unfortunately many of them were obtained after food. He says he could not control his man. He also had made many observations after work and found that the metabolism following work was often below that at the start. I think he had too short a recovery period.\nBut he says it is supported by Hill\u2019s work. He is interested in gymnastics, in other words, the after-effect of one exercise upon the metabolism of the next exercise. They have a series of gymnastics which are consecutive and he is interested to find how the after-effect of one type boosts the metabolism during the carrying out of the second type. He found that work which was really very hard had seemingly less total effect than a work much less hard, because of the heavy hang-over effect of the preceding work. The work usually goes about 60 minutes, Swedish gymnastics,etc. I suggested a number of things to him along the idea of control. His room temperature is very low, often 14\u00b0 0. or below. His man does not necessarily shiver, but perhaps the room is altogether too cold. I was much impressed with Dr. Govaerts. He is a serious man,\nI made many efforts to try to get him to the Congress, writing to the Minister of National Defense.for him, but we were unsuccessful. He is anxious to keep in close touch with the Nutrition Laboratory and is fully en rapport with our work. I am inclined to think that his own work is still lacking in that critical accuracy that one should have for nice metabolism work. Pour photographs are included herewith, (see figures 136-139 inclusive).","page":0},{"file":"0254.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"219\nFigures 156 and 157. Ecole Militaire. Group, from left to right, Dr. Govaerts, F.G.B., Col. Notterman, a Polish doctor. Photographs taken in the laboratory of Dr.A.Govaerts,Military Laboratory for Physical Study,Brussels,Belgium.","page":0},{"file":"0255.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 139. From left to right, Dr. Govaerts, Mrs. Benedict,and Madam Govaerts. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Dr. A. Govaerts,Military Laboratory for Physical Study,Brussels,Belgium.\nFigure 138. Govaerts, a Polish doctor, standing by Tissot spirometer with small portable walking apparatus with glass valves at the left. This was presented to their institute by the Nutrition Laboratory. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Dr.A.Govaerts,Military Laboratory for Physical Study,Brussels,Belgium.","page":0},{"file":"0256.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ii ' ' '\u2022 11 i\"~ i via\n\nAMSTERDAM, HOLLAND.\nNederlandsch Instituut voor Volksvoeding.\nProfessor E. C. Van Leersum.\nNo lecture was arranged for in Amsterdam, so my visit was confined to n\u00e7r personal contacts with Professor Van Leersum and a visit to his institute. The institute is in rather a quiescent state. He still has no building, is living by sufferance in one of the other departments, has one or two assistants, and is devoting himself mainly to milk studies. A rat colony is functioning. Just now he was working upon the absorption of various glasses for ultra-violet light, studying the effect of radiation upon rats. He was using a magnesium arc. In the basement of his laboratory or at least where his office is, there was, as I noticed before, a large amount of good apparatus apparently not at all in use, a large Boothby spirometer, a Krogh respiration apparatus, a Benedict student apparatus, a large, new x-ray apparatus.\nI was surprised to see these things there. His library and his reprints are all stored in the basement in one room, where he says he can retire and work without any disturbance. Probably nobody uses it. It seemed a singular thing that a group of three or four young girls, apparently technicians simply, and one man 67 years old were keeping this institute going, without any prospect for a future.\nA friend, a professor in Maastricht, had done a lot of work on racial metabolism and measurements of children. He had 2800 children equally divided between the sexes. I spent a great deal of time going over \"his manuscript, first by myself and, secondly, with Dr. Van Leersum. He criticizes the various formulas and bases a great deal of his discussion upon the thesis of Professor Grace MacLeod. There is a great deal of good measurement in it, but I think the presentation of it is about as poor as anything I have ever read, so I took the liberty of making a great many suggestions in the text for further development of the problem.\nMy feeling is that the Van Leersum situation is rather sad. Here is a man with tremendous ambition, with a great research drive, with whom it is apparently difficult for others to get along, an idealist in many ways, approaching the time of retirement with no prospects of realization of his life dream of an institute. I found him a stimulating and interesting man to talk to. My only regret is we cannot see each other oftener. I do not just see the grounds for so much adverse criticism of him as being a man who is difficult to get on with. He of course has very strong opinions, but he has a wonderful command of the literature and I think on the whole has good judgment.\n","page":0},{"file":"0257.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"UTRECHT.\nHOLLAND.\n9 9 9\n<&> M <W\nPhysiological Laboratory,\nProfessor A. K. Noyons.\nProfessor Noyons, who left Louvain since we were last in Europe, is now, as usual, extremely active in innumerable lines. His largest problem of course is superintending the construction of his new physiological laboratory, based upon a large grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. The excavations for the foundation are now well under way, but a centrifugal pump of large capacity must work day and night to hold the water below working level. It presented a number of engineering problems. I saw the blueprints and plans. They are all carried out with that nicety of detail characteristic of Noyons. For the time being he is quartered in the Pharmacological Institute erected for Professor Magnus. Apparently the old institute where Zwaardemaker worked is not used at all for physiological work. In the new Magnus institute, which unfortunately Professor Magnus never saw completed as he died suddenly during its construction, Noyons has a small office and a large working room without partitions, in which he has an enormous amount of apparatus already accumulated.\nNoyons had a stormy beginning at Louvain. He evidently is as temperamental as a grand opera artist. On the other hand, there seems to be a distinct disposition for the university authorities, not only at Louvain but at Utrecht, to capitalize the reputed wealth of Mrs.\nNoyons and impose on his good nature. For example, he served for one year without salary and then, when the lectures were to begin, the authorities had not fulfilled certain agreements they had made with him and Noyons refused to begin his lectures. The result was there was a great furor, the newspapers played it up a great deal, and apparently all sided with him, so finally the university came to his point of view and agreed. He strikes me, though, as one who is always ready with a chip on his shoulder. I suppose such a genius as he is, so extraordinarily proficient in so many different ways, we must allow a certain degree of temperament, and although Noyons is by no means excessively temperamental, nevertheless I think he is temperamental.\nThe glass-walled bed respiration chamber which he had in the old institute at Louvain has been brought intact to Utrecht and set up with a rota-messer and blower and mercury samplers, and then there are analyses","page":0},{"file":"0258.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"223\nby the Haldane. (See Pig* 140.) He has about 0,8 per cent 002, and although his Haldane cannot analyze anywhere near as accurately as the Carpenter apparatus, he makes three analyses and uses the average of the three, so he justifies holding the C02 at 0.8 per cent. He had been working upon the introduction of sodium lactate upon metabolism. He found if given slowly, it does not raise the metabolism, but if given suddenly it does.\nHe has reconstructed his differential compensation calorimeter and has not quite decided whether he will bring away the heat by air current or by water current. The result is that his tubes how hold 30 kg. of water, which is too much for the residual amount. In other words, there is too great a storage capacity. But he had had these tubes put in large, as he had planned to use cold air. He is still debating on the matter and we had several discussions on this point.\nI found the diaphragm pump was as much a dominant note in his laboratory as one finds, for example, with us the hand pump or the various types of rotary blower or the Sauter balance. He had apparently first got the idea from a Palmer pump from London. He had then made some large ones, constructed by himself, for the respiration chamber and then a small one had been built for his blood circulating apparatus. (See figs. 141 and 142.) It is interesting to see how a fundamental construction idea can run through a laboratory in this way. It is a good idea. He had a number of gas-analysis apparatus of A. V. Hill with a spiral capillary above the pyro reservoir, (see figures 143 and 144.)\nI also found there a very small bomb of oxygen, smaller than I have ever seen anywhere else. It might be advantageous to chase this up and use it in some of our calibrations. His large calorimeter I looked at in a general way. He has a unique door closure device which is partly shown by the photographs. The large calorimeter is, however, really not yet functioning. I took some photographs also of the observer\u2019s table. (See figures 145-148 inclusive.)","page":0},{"file":"0259.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nFigure 140. View of the front end of Noyons calorimeter, showing Rotamessers for air velocity,sampling devices, rheostats etc. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor A.K. Noyons, Physiological Laboratory, Utrecht, Holland.","page":0},{"file":"0260.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"225\nFigure 141. Large double diaphragm pump built by Noyons to ventilate his two chambers with pressure regulators shown at the top. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor A.K.Noyons,Physiological Laboratory, Utrecht,Holland.","page":0},{"file":"0261.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"226\nFigure 142. Side view of this pump, showing the two drum heads with levers working hack and forth, making it reciprocating. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor A.K.Noyons,Physiological Laboratory, Utrecht,Holland.","page":0},{"file":"0262.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 143. Gas-analysis apparatus, Haldane, modified by Hill, I believe, used by Noyons. Note the spiral above the pyro bottle and rotating device for raising and lowering the mercury. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor A.K.Noyon s,Physiologice1 Laboratory \u00bbUtrecht,Holland.","page":0},{"file":"0263.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 144. Another view of the Hill spiral gas-analysis apparatus used by Noyons, all characterized by being very neatly assembled. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor A.K.Noyons,Physiological Laboratory, Utrecht, Holland.\n","page":0},{"file":"0264.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"229\nFigure 145. Entrance to new respiration chamber, showing set-up end grating upon which the bed is rolled and handle showing the compression in the door. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor A.K.Noyons, Physiological Laboratory,Utrecht,Holland.","page":0},{"file":"0265.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 146. View showing the two entrances to the double calorimeter. One calorimeter at the left and the other at the right, with a curtain between them. At the right hand one there is an artificial man ready to go in. Electric resistance shaped like a man and one sees the humidifying device likewise. Photograph taken in. the laboratory of Professor A.K.Noyons,Physiological Laboratory,Utrecht, Holland.\nI","page":0},{"file":"0266.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"231\n\u00ab\njj\n:\ni\ni\n\n\n\n\nFigure 147. Special view of the material going into the chamber. The artificial man with the wires strung on the humidifying device for spraying the water. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor A.K.Noyons,Physiological Laborstory,Utrecht, Holland.\n","page":0},{"file":"0267.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 143. Rear end showing curtaining off the observer during an experiment. One sees in the rear the galvanometer telescope mounted on the wall behind the curtain. In the immediate foreground is a Douglas sack used for demonstration on the day of the Holland biochemical societies. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor A.K.Noyons,Physiological Laboratory,Utrecht,Holland.","page":0},{"file":"0268.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\n\u25a0\u25a0\nW\u00caM\nO\nM\nUtrecht. Holland.\nMeeting of the Dutch Biological Society.\nWhile I was in Utrecht, there was a meeting of the Dutch Biological Society at which I was asked to speak, I spoke upon the respiratory quotient and its significance. There was a demonstration and Noyons, with characteristic energy, had prepared an extraordinary number of things to show to this group of Dutch scientists. Among others he had had his man construct a field apparatus and we spent considerable time trying to find a bathing cap. Finally Noyons came rushing out of one of the stores with an ice bag with a small aluminum opening with a screw cap, which he could cut out and it made an admirable substitute for the bathing cap. He had a pump and two Sadd valves, everything arranged, only instead of introducing oxygen by the pump he had two 500 c.c. reservoirs, one filled with oxygen and the other with water, and he filled it in this way.\nMany of his things were so highly specialized I could not appreciate them. Some of his things dealt with the perfusion of organs, using a little tantalus cup principle to note the rate of flow and counting the number of times it empties. He had an artificial heart, consisting of a rubber bulb with two little glass valves and one could study blood flow in this way. An extraordinarily ingenious man. (See figure 149).\nIn his exhibit for this group Noyons had rigged up, ready to demonstrate, the following types of respiration apparatus \u2014* the regular Krogh, the Tissot spirometer, the Douglas bag, the Benedict field, his glass respiration chamber in which he put a man for a short time. (See fipure 150.)\nI am including two group photographs taken in Noyon's laboratory. (See figures 151 and 152.)\n","page":0},{"file":"0269.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"I\n\n\nFigure 149. New apparatus, badly shown, wholly immersed in water for perfusion experiments with tantalus cup principle for measuring the total flow. High lights make details here invisible. Apparatus of Professor A.E. Noyons of Utrecht, Exhibited at the meeting of the Dutch Biological Society at Utrecht, Holland.","page":0},{"file":"0270.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"235\nFigure 150. \"Various respiration apparatus shown by Noyons. On the table at left, in the background, are the Krogh ergoneter,two large 500 c.c. measuring burettes, the hastily assembled Benedict portable for walking. Apparatus of Professor A.K.Noyons of Utrecht. Exhibited at the meeting of the Dutch Biological Society at Utrecht\u00bbHolland.","page":0},{"file":"0271.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 151. Group, Noyons'Laboratory. Left to right, F.G.B., Grijns* Noyons, Sjollema. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor A.K.Noyons, Utrecht, Holland.\nFigure 152. Group in Noyons' Laboratory. Left to right,Grijns, Hymans Van den Bergh,Noyons, Sjollema.. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor A.K.Noyons,Utrecht, Holland.","page":0},{"file":"0272.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Unfortunately many of the papers were given in Dutch and it was impossible to get anything from them. Dirken spoke on gas analysis and I am perfectly certain that two of his diagrams were wrong, but I could not discuss the matter during the meeting and did not have time to see him afterwards. (See figure 153). I spoke on the respiratory quotient but had a very unfortunate, unpleasant experience. I had written ahead to Noyons that I would give a general lecture to this Society or the respiratory quotient lecture. Noyons wished the general lecture for his class in physiology and I gave that to a very large, enthusiastic audience, very appreciative. Then before this Dutch Society I gave the respiratory quotient lecture, and I found for the first time in my European lecture tour that I was quite out of touch with the audience and felt the thing was going very unsatisfactorily. It was a poor selection to have had me give this lecture before the Dutch Society. There were few who could understand it, whereas the students could have. This Society is made up in large part of biochemists and not solely of physiologists.\nI was very unfortunately affected by a remark made by Noyons afterwards, that he and Professor Hymans Van den Bergh thought I had not discussed the respiratory quotient fully enough. In other words, it was a very unsatisfactory thing and I left Utrecht with the feeling I never wanted to lecture there again.\nAt the meeting of the Dutch Society, during the luncheon, we were discussing the results on the Tamils, which I had shown in my lecture to Noyons\u2019s class in physiology and at which lecture there had been a number of professors present. The Dutch professors seemed to know of this race and kept speaking of them as the race \"without calves\".","page":0},{"file":"0273.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nFigure 153. In connection with the Dutch Biological Society Meeting. A stereoscopic view of a scheme of Dirken,Groningen, to show a ma.sk with zero dead space.","page":0},{"file":"0274.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"39\nUTRECHT. HOLLAND.\nDr\u00bb Hvmans Van den Bergh.\nIn the afternoon we visited the clinic of Hymans Van den Bergh.\nIt is very remarkable. He had taken an old building which was about to be condemned and revamped it. There was a very pleasant color scheme, so the interior of the hospital was a happy and not a morbid one.\nThe out-patient department was really remarkable. There was a cafeteria in it, open from 9 a\u00bbm. to 3 p.m. It looked a good deal like a large central railroad station, with rooms off at one side for examining rooms.\nI think it really is quite an interesting development and should be studied by hospital authorities. In the main clinic there is a great deal of apparatus. Evidently this is distinctly an investigative clinic.\nI saw an imposing lot of x-ray apparatus, indeed many rooms with x-ray apparatus in them. In one room they had an insulated floor so one could take hold of a wire with 80,000 volts without danger. He had a metabolism section with a Noyons glass walled chamber, a Haldane gas-analysis apparatus, and I saw the Noyons glass sampling tube with hard rubber shaking plugs inside it to prevent settling out by gravity. There were several Krogh apparatus. They told me they took forty x\u2014rays of patients per day. In the chemical laboratory there were likewise signs of great activity and much equipment. For example, in the dark room they were much interested in working with a so-called \u00bbWoods light\u201d, a sort of filter which showed phosphorescent when there was porphyrin present. For example, on the tongue one saw this phosphorescent which showed there was porphyrin on the tongue of normal individuals. In this light also many\" skin diseases showed up which one would not suspect. He had a large Western Electric heart-amplifying instrument, the one that Dr. Cabot had developed. He told us an interesting experience they had with a quack who had been making a great deal of money and who had been filching the people, but he had to come to their clinic because he had diabetes and he had sworn falsely to his diploma for practicing. They had him under police guard in the clinic for some time.\nI consider Hymans Van den Bergh a very remarkable man and in every way a sympathetic, ideal leader of a clinic. He made a very great impression on me. In his office I saw the Morgenandacht des Aerztes by Malmoides, and I purchased some copies for the Laboratory.","page":0},{"file":"0275.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nCAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND.\nInstitute of Animal Nutrition.\nProfessor T. B. Wood. Professor J. W, Capstick. and Dr. Thomas Deighton.\nWe were the guests of the Wolfs at Cambridge, and Dr. Wolf saw to it that I was taken around and shown all the things of special importance in Cambridge. Unfortunately, from the standpoint of the Nutrition Laboratory, there is relatively little there now. The most striking thing perhaps is the calorimeter equipment in the School of Agriculture, nominally presided over by T. B. Wood (recently deceased) in conjunction with Capstick and particularly a very bright young fellow, Deighton. I called upon Wood.\nHe said he was interested in feeding experiments in South Africa, and he was able there and in New Zealand to make some very extensive experiments. The question of iron and certain salts for the nutrition of animals could be studied in these large groups better than anywhere else, but he thought these things were only superficial and one must use the calorimeter to check up these findings. There was a rather strong feeling on his part that the calorimeter was the last word.\nCapstick is now practically on full time, but seemed to be quite out of touch with the work. According to Deighton, he very seldom came to the laboratory. He is going over to see Lef\u00e8vre. I wish him joy. I should think it would be very interesting to see these two fussy old gentlemen together. Deighton impressed me as before, very well. They are constructing only calorimetry as yet, continuous experiments several days and nights in succession. Just now they are working with sheep. They find that there is a delayed fasting level in the pig. In other words, it does not go down to basal readily and Deighton spoke after my lecture at the Biological Laboratory of a hint in some of their work of an increasing metabolism as age advances.","page":0},{"file":"0276.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"241\nCAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND.\nAddenbrooke Hospital. Department of Biochemistry.\nDr. C. G. L. Wolf.\nDr. Wolf is carrying on routine work at Addenbrooke*s Hospital, not very extensively. To me it is always a pity to see a man with as fine a literary background, with as remarkable technique as he has, not in a position to drive research as he is capable of doing. It was a great pleasure to me to feel that my emphasis upon metabolism in old age had been the stimulus for him to get in touch with Sir James Crichton-Browne and make metabolism measurements on him. Dr. Wolf had heard Sir James Crichton-Browne speak and noted the astonishing virility and absence of senility of this man. He got in touch with him and in a delightful correspondence arrangements were made for Dr. Wolf to study him with the student apparatus. At my suggestion he made observations on three different days, before Dr. Browne got out of bed. On another day I was invited to be present to check up things myself. Dr. Wolf has become much interested in this problem of metabolism in old age and probably will follow it up. I took three snapshots with a very poor little camera, which are shown herewith. (The film negative is a little one, numbered P. Enlargements have been made by Lloyd.) (See figures 154, 155 and 156.)","page":0},{"file":"0277.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\u00c9UBBBfi\n242\nFigures 154 and 155. Photographs of Sir James Crichton-Browne and\nDr. G.G.L.Wolf. Taken at home of Sir James Crichton-Browne, Cambridge,\nEngland.","page":0},{"file":"0278.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 156.\nTaken at the\nPhotograph of Sir James Crichton-Browne and Dr. C.G.L.Wolf. home of Sir James Crichton-Browne, fembr-idge , England.\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0279.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"244\nCAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND.\n\"Low Temperature Station\". Dr. Adair.\nDr. Wolf took me to the so-called \"low temperature station\" at which Dr. Adair was the Head. They were doing a great deal of work upon vegetables and fruit, the development of carbon dioxide, and the testing of the amount of carbon dioxide given off by absorption with barium hydroxide.\nLecture.\nThe lecture was given at the Biological Laboratory. Sir P. G. Hopkins was away, but the younger Haldane (J. B. S.) presided and a large audience was present. There was quite a little discussion afterwards, as I found three years ago, and rather stimulating. It was emphasized again that the Tamils were a race without calves. One of the men suggested he thought it would be important to study the influence of light (in referring to the experiments on pigeons where we had seemingly a light effect), to work with blinded animals, blinded rats or blinded pigeons, and see if we got the light effect other than through the eye.","page":0},{"file":"0280.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u25a0Hill II 11 III INI 11 I II I I.\n245\nEDINBURGH. SCOTLAND.\nSir Edward Sharpey-Schafer. Professor J. H. Ashworth.\nProfessor H. M. Evans, and Professor H. Dryerre.\nAt Edinburgh there was a meeting of the British Physiological Society, and I discussed briefly one of the papers. My reference before this Society to Grouven\u2019s work roused a great deal of interest, as several people spoke of it. My lecture v/as given before the class of Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer and before a very large audience.\nWhile in Edinburgh I had the pleasure of meeting Professor H. M.\nEvans, whom I had just met a day or two before at the Wolfs in Cambridge.\nWe spent considerable time together in Edinburgh and went down to North Berwick to spend the day with Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer, riding back and forth together, We spent the evening together at Professor Ashworth's. Evans is interesting, intense, too serious, but apparently with rather a sound vitamine background, and a little bit less inclined to go off the handle than are most of the vitamine enthusiasts.\nAfter my lecture at Edinburgh I had the pleasure of meeting Professor Dryerre of the Royal Dick Veterinary School, who came to the hotel and asked me some questions about the metabolism of ruminants. I drove with him to his laboratory and suggested to him various set-ups with his available apparatus, which included a perfect Crowell blower in iron box, for which he had paid ten dollars as it had been discarded by some one who had never used it. Dryerre came to the Congress in Boston in August and spent considerable time at Durham.","page":0},{"file":"0281.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"246\nGLASGOW. SCOTLAND.\nUniversity of Glasgow. Physiological Laboratory.\nProfessor E. P. Cathcart.\nNo lecture was given at Glasgow, but we spent the day with Cathcart, I saw little in the line of new equipment. We were discussing the matter of pyrogallic acid and Cathcart is sure that crude pyro, not sublimed, is better than sublimed. He thinks there may be some constituent in the pyro which acts as an activator for it.\nRespiratory quotient throughout the dav. Cathcart is much interested in making a study of the normal course of the respiratory quotient with man. The whole question of quotients he thinks is debatable, but what is the quotient throughout the day? They have made studies at various periods throughout the day and find that it is never above 1,00, It closely approximates that after meals, I pointed out, however, that this was different for ruminants, in which the respiratory quotient is practically above one most of the time.\nThey were much pleased with the Carpenter burette given them by the Nutrition Laboratory. It works admirably and they are using it for their gas analysis. There is practically no new apparatus. They are now beginning testing out the carrying of loads with men, much as Miss Bedale did with women. Cathcart was occupied with the adjustment to the new situation at the institute, for Noel Paton had died and Cathcart was now full professor and had a great deal of administrative work to do. He is on the National Medical Council and must go to London frequently. I have an idea he is now embarking on an administrative life and that the amount of research that can be expected from him will be very little. It is a great pity, because he is preeminently qualified for research work.","page":0},{"file":"0282.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"24 7\nLOUDON. ENGLAND.\nGuy\u2019s Hospital Medical School, Physiological Laboratory,\nProfessor M. S. Perabrey.\nW general lecture was given in the amphitheatre of Pembrey*s department, to a very good audience, and followed by not a little discussion of a general nature. % main interest in seeing Professor Pembrey was to go over with him more in detail the problem of the respiratory quotient during hibernation, to get his opinion on the new ultra-violet light report, to discuss the question of A. V. Hill\u2019s respiratory quotients, and to get his opinion of Leonard Hill and his kata-thermometer as compared with effective temperatures, and finally to find out whether he was doing anything more with the size of the heart as related to the activity of the animal. I took up with him, first, the question of the ultra-violet light report of the National Medical Council, a report that had caused much anxiety on the Continent. He thought it had been grossly exaggerated and that there had been mismanagement in the report of the thing.\nMarmots. Pembrey can always be counted upon to have one or more marmots or hibernating animals in his laboratory. He had received some hedgehogs from Yandell Henderson, I believe. They came from Canada. They weighed about 2500 grams. They hibernated at about 7\u00b0C.\nI discussed with him in detail the peculiar changes in weight which implied a transformation of fat to carbohydrate, that is, a retention of oxygen. He says the air enters the chamber dry and he would have noted urine, if any. They use the Haldane method. Pembrey firmly believes that the animals really do increase in weight. He thought an animal weighing 2 kg. could be weighed to within + 0.02 and that if he found a positive increase in weight of 0.1 in six or seven hours, that was a significant thing. The animal was always weighed in the chamber against a dummy and every precaution was taken to have compensation in the case of the dummy. It is only when the respiratory quotient is low, 0.3 for example, that he finds low rectal temperatures, say as low as 5\u00b0C. with the environmental temperature at 5\u00b0C. The room might have fallen below freezing point, he thinks. The lowest temperature he has ever found was 2\u00b0C. During the weighing, corks were placed in the end of the chamber. He had a good balance, of which I took a photograph. (See figure 157). The chamber was made of tin. I photographed that likewise, with its dummy, or at least I photographed the dummy. It weighed about a kilo-","page":0},{"file":"0283.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"sssam\n\n248\ngram. (See figure 158.)\nThe hedgehogs weigh about 2500 grams. He referred to some work done by Rasmussen and stated that the conditions were ideal when the animal had a so-called \"Bios\" type of respiration, not the Cheyne-Stokes, for in this latter case undoubtedly the animal is disturbed.\nHe argues that the Haldane method can be used even in periods as short as one-half hour. I could not see how it would be possible to get two or three Haldane periods to check up on each other in so short a time, when the respiratory quotient is so low, that is, 0.50. Pembrey says you can allow an error in the calculations and assume that the quotient may be 0.45 or even 0.6, if you wish to, but certainly his animals have a very low respiratory quotient, which he believes is indicative of a transformation of fat into carbohydrate. He says that botanists find such quotients regularly. Pembrey has never compared the respiratory quotient by the Haldane method with the respiratory quotient by the gas-analysis apparatus, because he never had a sufficiently delicate gas-analysis apparatus. He thinks the respiratory quotient is extraordinarily complicated. There is a component of 1.0 with carbohydrate. There is a component of 0.7 with fat, and a component of 0.81 with protein, and v/ith feeding there may be a component of 1.2 or even higher, which signifies conversion of carbohydrate to fat. Pembrey argues that there is a continual fluctuation and balance of these various components and it is never constant. He says it is wrong to say the respiratory quotient is significant when the C02 given off is the C02 produced by the oxygen consumed, at that moment, for the oxidation of carbon is not in the lungs. There must however be a balance. This is a criticism of a fault of mine, for I have not infrequently, in comparing apparent with significant respiratory quotients, emphasized that one is interested only in the C02 produced by the oxygen consumed. I emphasized this with the idea of drawing a distinction between the C02 that could be blown off or retained, and of course it is a wrong statement. But when the C02 evolved is evolved at the same rate as the C02 produced by the oxygen absorbed at a constant rate, then we have the true quotient. I argue that if the respiratory quotient in 10-minute periods is constant, then it is hard to imagine changes in the percentage of fat and carbohydrate so fluctuating as to produce a final average value remaining constant from 10 minutes to 10 minutes.\nHow constant is the C02 evolution of man? As I recall it, in my French lecture of 1926 we showed the results for many consecutive 10-minute periods in which the metabolism remained remarkably constant. Pembrey\u00bbs problem of constancy of C02 evolution and constancy of quotient needs further discussion. We should get the 002 both by the bottle method and also by gas analysis and the ventilation method, and we should use the spirometer instead of the bathing oap and write the relative ventilation.","page":0},{"file":"0284.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\nMM\n249\nFigure 157. Photograph taken in laboratory of Professor M.S.Pembrey, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London, England. This photograph shows the delicate balance for weighing his respiration chamber and absorbing system in the experiments on hibernation. The balance evidently was a very accurate Bouillon balance.","page":0},{"file":"0285.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 158. Train of absorbers used in Pembrey\u2019s apparatus. One sees the respiration chamber in duplicate under the same atmospheric conditions, the train of bottles, sulphuric acid and soda-lime, with the large bottles at the right permitting the entrance of carbon-dioxide-free and water-free air. The gas meter at the left measures the total ventilation. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor M.S.Pembrey, Guy\u2019s Hospital Medical School, London, England.\nSsSsBSBSBI\n250\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0286.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"251\nIdentical twins. Pembrey had a good deal to say about identical twins and believed that it was possible to do some extraordinary work with them. He cited a pair that had been studied, I believe at Cambridge by J. B. S. Haldane, who showed extraordinarily uniform physiological characteristics. The alveolar air was the same, the blood smears were the same. The specialist who examined the blood smears thought they were samples of the same blood. One of the twins started to be an engineer but turned finally to law, which was his brother's calling. In their examinations, their phraseology and thoughts were almost exactly identical, but their seats were too far apart for any possible collusion. He said there had been a number of things published in the Journal of Heredity and the Americans were doing a lot on the psychology of identical twins. He referred also to an interesting book by Lange, published by Thiene, entitled \"Verbrechen als Schicksal.\"\nPembrey is very keen about studies on identical twins. He says they have the same fingerprint, though often reversed, and some studies made by Crowden, I think of Guy\u2019s Hospital are very interesting in that they show an extraordinary uniformity in mentality and various reactions.\nPembrey has no use for Leonard Hill's Kata thermometer or the so-called \"effective temperatures.\" He believes the wet and dry bulbs will tell the whole story every time.\nI think that Pembrey was quite inclined to support A. V. Hill's respiratory quotient and his respiratory quotients of 1.00 during work.\nI made a second visit to Pembrey\u2019s laboratory, unfortunately when he was away, took a number of photographs, and was again astonished by the massiveness of the reagent recipients used by Pembrey in his work with hibernating animals. (See figures 159 and 160.) For example, his sodalime bottles and sulphuric acid bottles were Wolf bottles, 5 1/2 inches in diameter and 8 inches high, and a few of them were 9 1/2 inches high by 7 inches in diameter. They were very heavy, and of course the train must have been very heavy. They were always weighed in pairs, soda-lime and sulphuric acid together, for the C02, and two sulphuric acids for the water. Likewise they were weighed against dummies which had rubber stoppers with tubes in them, plugged. I went over Pembrey\u2019s publications on this matter rather closely, and I do not agree with him. I feel that these extraordinary quotients were obtained under conditions where the weighing, the possibility of condensation of moisture and, even with dummies, the irregularity in the condensation of moisture would explain all. I emphasized that I thought it was his responsibility to control","page":0},{"file":"0287.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"252\nFigure 159. Collection of soda\u2014lime bottles, pumicestone and acid bottles for use in Pembrey\u2019s respiration apparatus. They are large,massive Wolf bottles. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor M.S. Pembrey, Guy\u00bbs Hospital Medical School, London, England.","page":0},{"file":"0288.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"dHiMMMMMM\u00c9IK\n\nFigure 160. Water bath, constant temperature bath, for the two respiration chambers with dummy used by Pembrey. This shows one of the dummies in place and the other removed. In use both are placed in this water jacket constant temperature bath. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor M.S.Pembrey, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London, England.","page":0},{"file":"0289.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"25 4\nthese tests by making determinations of the respiratory quotient with gas analysis, independent of the weighings. I had some rather active correspondence with him on this point. Pembrey is extraordinarily interesting, full of ideas, contentious, stimulating in every way and it was a real treat to have had the day with him at his home/\nPhotograph of a group at Professor Pembrey's home is shown here. (See figure 161.)\tv","page":0},{"file":"0290.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"-\nFigure.161. Group at Professor Pembrey1s home in the country, rum right to left, Professor Pembrey, Miss Pembrey, Mrs. Pembrey.\nPhotograph taken at the home of Professor ffi.S.Pembrey,Sussex, England.\t\u2019","page":0},{"file":"0291.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LONDON. ENGLAND.\nNational Institute for Medioal Research.\nProfessor Leonard Hill.\nAt Professor Hill\u2019s laboratory I found everything all upset by the Research Council\u2019s report on ultra-violet light. I noted on the Continent great excitement over this report, based upon newspaper accounts only, in which it was stated that ultra violet light and lamps were useless and an expression was employed saying that they were no better than a mustard plaster, which was infinitely cheaper. Knowing Hill\u2019s past experience, I felt that he could not have personally signed the report. He was much agitated when I spoke to him about it and said that the whole thing was a matter of politics, with an insane desire on the part of Sir Walter Fletcher for newspaper notoriety and was quite in line with the washout of the Dreyer serum of 6 years ago, and the Barnard and Gye cancer material of 3 years ago.\nThe whole thing was based upon a study (?) of a school by a woman, taking a school which probably to start with had a very good history, i.e. not in the slums but out in the country. One-third of the children were given no treatment; one-third were radiated and one-third were given sunlight through glass. Their incidence to infections, colds, etc., were statistically studied and the grand average showed no effect, hence this very sweeping conclusion. But as Hill said, they showed in their laboratory definite bacteriaeidal power and in a case of the rabbit certainly a great increase in the resistance to infection.\nHill is very much depressed over the situation. His own tenure of office is insecure, he can get no increase in compensation for most worthy assistants, and he has every reason to believe that the moment he is pensioned some of them at least will be discharged.\nThrough Hill, I talked with Campbell. Poor chap\u2019 His deafness is worse than ever and nearly everything must be written^\nThe importance of demonstrating why high oxygen, i.e. above 60%, is poisonous, I emphasised very strongly. I think they will take it up.\nI found in discussing fatty degeneration versus transportation of fat, that they incline to the first view. This is found in all the low oxygen experiments, especially when they get up to the Mount Everest level. All animals show this, although they spoke definitely only of rabbits and guinea pigs.\nI took some photographs, which are shown herewith. (See figures 162 to 165, inclusive.)","page":0},{"file":"0292.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 162. Portrait of Professor L. Hill. Face illuminated by mercury vapor lamp used for irradiating some animals. Taken at Professor Hill's laboratory at the National Institute for Medical Research, London, England.","page":0},{"file":"0293.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 165. Portrait of Professor L.Hill. Face illuminated by mercury vapor lamp used for irradiating some animals. Taken at Professor Hill's laboratory at the %tional Institute for Medical Research, London, England.\n","page":0},{"file":"0294.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u00bb\nFigure 164. Respiration chamber, closed circuit, used by Argyle Campbell, for high oxygen experiments. Trays with soda-iime inside chamber. Oxygen feeds in from spirometer at the left. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor Leonard Hill, National Institute for Medical Research, London,England.","page":0},{"file":"0295.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"260\nFigure 165. Inside wind tunnel, showing large fan suction balance for noting insensible perspiration with different conditions of humidity. National Research Council. Hill and Argyle Campbell. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Professor Leonard Hill, National Institute for Medical Research, London, England.","page":0},{"file":"0296.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"LOUDON. ENGLAND.\nLONDON HOSPITAL.\nDr. Clark-Kennedy.\nStudying the influence of artificial fever by injecting ten million dead typhoid bacilla, Dr. Clark-Kennedy found that there is a latent period of about one hour in which neither the pulse nor the temperature change. Then there is almost an explosive effect which lasts for 24 hours. Still he says that sixty million bacteria may be used for therapeutic purposes. He was studying the effect upon metabolism and other physiological functions. The laboratory had a number of apparatus, a Krogh apparatus in bad condition, Douglas bags looking pretty seedy, and rather decrepit gas-analysis apparatus. I did not get an impression of accuracy at all, but probably it is all that one could expect from a clinical laboratory. I spoke at the London Hospital, giving my general lecture before certain of the staff.","page":0},{"file":"0297.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"o a *>\nW\u00d6 W\nLONDON. ENGLAND.\nUniversity of London. Department of Physiology.\nProfessor A. V. Hill.\nMy conference with Professor Hill was extremely satisfactory and pleasant. I think a great injustice has been done him by others, who say he is hard to discuss with and objects to criticism. I think probably he does object to levity. He is rather serious and I can easily understand that anybody trying to rail at him would irritate him. But I find that for plain, straightforward, honest discussion, he was very satisfactory to talk with. He told me practically all of his work had been based upon short periods of either standing, running, or sprints, the whole thing lasting from 10 to 15 seconds. He then studied for the following 50 minutes. In general the respiratory quotient of the excess metabolism was 1.0 but with very severe work he admitted it went to 1.4 and with very light work there was no change.\nHe referred to Bock, Dill and associates and to Best and Furasawa and pointed out that De Mar, the runner, had a lower respiratory quotient than the others. The high quotient of 1.4 is unexplained. If not lactic acid, it is perhaps another acid. The whole problem is left up in the air, I think, but seemingly Hill himself is no longer interested. I felt that he would do no more work on it. He says Bock and Dill\u2019s work is splendid. He thinks one cannot pump out C02 enough to have the respiratory quotient 1\u00bb4 for a long time. Bock and Dill found 1.0 for a steady state of work. Hill no longer holds that a respiratory quotient of 1.0 is unqualified, but when the work is so. adjusted it will give 1.0. He has no interest whatsoever in Lusk\u2019s dogs; the giving of phlorizin may upset all sorts of things, the transformation of fat to carbohydrate. No one knows that it does not stop the catalyzer. Hill believes that fat goes to carbohydrate because muscle burns carbohydrate and fat must be used ultimately. I suggested therefore that one should get a low respiratory quotient later. He says the initial respiratory quotient of 0.81 falls to 0.78, say, after work. In his own case there is a loop in the curve, as he thinks he has a very sensitive respiratory center. He says he does not read Lindhard\u2019s communications any further. He thinks he is crazy and it is quite evident he was much irritated by Cathcart\u2019s discussions.\nA rather interesting point came out, for he thinks the fat conversion to carbohydrate is so small and so slow a thing that for short period work it would be lost in the measure.\n\n/","page":0},{"file":"0298.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Hill thought that the helmet might be used for standing, running, and that we might repeat some of Bock and Dill\u2019s work on the bicycle ergometer with the helmet, I pointed out the fact that this aftereffect of work results in a temperature rise and therefore there would be an increased metabolism as a result of high cell temperature. But he thinks the temperature rise plays no role in a short 10-minute sprint. One could not measure it. He does think that basal metabolism may possibly be raised during work and thus there would be a true aftereffect of work, so that the excess metabolism may in part be due to a higher basal level. He says there is a disposition on the part of some research workers to deduct nothing whatsoever for the basal metabolism during work, referring to the papers of Bock and Dill and Best and associates. It appeared to me that if 1,0 is found only at a special kind and tempo of work and with higher work it goes to 1.4 and that De Mar stays at 0.83 or thereabouts, the whole general thesis is still in the air and the C02 sweeping out must be further studied. My impression is that Hill will do no more on it. He is interested in other things and frankly says so.","page":0},{"file":"0299.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"OXFORD. ENGLAHD\u00ab\nUniversity of Oxford, Department of Physiology\nDr. C. Gordon Douglas, and Dr. J. G. Priestley\nThe visit to Oxford centered, as in former years, about Dr. C. Gordon Douglas. Unfortunately Sir Charles Sherrington was occupied with a committee in London and Haldane was away, so I spent most of k\u00e7t time with Douglas and with Priestley. In the laboratory Douglas was occupied, as usual, with problems of muscular work, but chiefly in connection with its educational phase. His idea is to give his students definite experimental problems in muscular exercise and have them work out the problems themselves, usually with the bicycle ergometer.\nIn the laboratory I tried to take sane photographs. It was a wretched, dark rainy day and I had very indifferent success. One of the photographs shows the entrance to the Douglas respiration chamber and two or three photographs show, very poorly, delicate gas-analysis apparatus, chiefly for blood gas analysis. The entire apparatus was immersed in a water bath for temperature regulation, as this seems to be the most important factor in accurate gas analysis. (See figs. 166--169 inclusive.) A poor portrait was taken of Douglas himself, standing on the lawn, and then a group photograph of Priestley (at the left )jDouglas (at the right )j and an unknown person (center). The umbrella is characteristic of Oxford weather. (See figures 170 and 171.)\nThe lecture was given in the lecture room of the Department of General Physiology to a large and appreciative audience. There was a certain amount of discussion after it, in which, however, no especially new points were brought up. It was interesting to see how keen these English students were in problems necessarily as highly technical as those about which I talked.\nI left Oxford v/ith a feeling that one of the men that one wishes one could see every day and talk with as much as possible is Douglas. He is very keen, with good common sense, willing to accept criticism and to give it in a spirit of fair play, and is extraordinarily sound.","page":0},{"file":"0300.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"265\nFigure 166. Entrance to Douglas respiration chamber. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Dr. C.Gordon Douglas, Department of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.\nFigure 167. Photograph of delicate gas-analysis apparatus, chiefly for blood gas analysis, immersed in water bath . Photograph taken in the laboratory of Dr. C.Gordon Douglas, Department of Physiology,University of Oxford, Oxford, England.","page":0},{"file":"0301.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"26 6\nFigures 168 and 169. Other views of gas-analysis apparatus. Photographs taken in the laboratory of Dr. C.Gordon Douglas, Department of Physiology,University of Oxford, Oxford, England.","page":0},{"file":"0302.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"1\ni\n\n\n26 7\nFigure 170. Portrait of Dr. C. Gordon Douglas, standing on the lawn, at the Department of Physiology, University of Oxford.\nFigure 171. Group photograph taken on lawn at the Department of Physiology, University of Oxford. Dr. J.G. Priestley (at the left), Dr. C.Gordon Douglas (at the right), and an unknown person (center).\n\n\n\n\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0303.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"2 68\nBIRMINGHAM. ENGLAND,\nUniversity of Birmingham. The Research Laboratorybs,\nDr, F. A. Pickworth and Dr. T. \u00c7. Gravest\nI had never visited Birmingham and seen the respiration chamber of Pickworth. Throughout my visit in different parts of England I asked every one with whom I came in contact what they thought of Pickworth. Extraordinary as it may seem, no one knew anything about him or had any interest in him and what little they had heard about him, they thought he was not worth while taking seriously. On arriving at Birmingham, Dr. Pickworth met me and drove me immediately to the laboratory. I spent a good deal of time with him, going into the details of his chamber and particularly his technique. I had in hand the reprint of his apparatus described by Pickworth in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, B, 1927, \\ol. 101, pages 163-185 (\"Basal metabolism as determined by the respiratory exchange\u201d) and found a number of changes, as is to be expected. Most of the time was spent with the gas analysis, for it was on this point that he has emphasized so strongly and made his modifications. I found that there were a large number oi technical details, showing great thoughtfulness and keen insight, and yet the apparatus was badly mounted, looked dirty, and it was inconceivable to think of doing the work with the degree of accuracy that he claimed with this type of apparatus. Yet Pickworth impressed me as being a serious, intelligent man. His chief, Dr. Graves, who spent part of the afternoon with us, was very outspoken, I think too outspoken, in his expression of the remarkable character of Pickworth. Quite frequently in Pickworth*s presence he remarked to me, presumably aside but very audibly, that Pickworth was a marvel, a wonder, etc. I am quite willing to agree that Pickworth is a clever chap. He has had good engineering training. But I question his physiological training, although he is now interested in psychiatric problems and apparently has a great deal Ox technical skill in all laboratory procedure. Photograph of Dr. Graves and Dr. Pickworth is shown herewith. (See figure 172.)","page":0},{"file":"0304.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"269\nFigure 172. Dr. Graves, left. Pickworth, right. Respiration chamber in the background, Pickworth standing in the door of the laboratory adjacent to respiration chamber. Photograph taken at the research laboratories of Dr. F.A.Pickworth,University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.","page":0},{"file":"0305.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"hhhhmh^hhhmhhh\n\nTaking up first the gas-analysis apparatus, he now stirs the water bath by air. Fresh KQH is introduced every day into the pipette, about 5 to 7 c.c., with which he makes about 8 to 10 analyses with air, a maximum of 0.4 per cent C02. The mercury used is distilled in silica apparatus every six months or oftener. The rubber connections between different parts of the apparatus are made by first wrapping adhesive tape over the rubber or wire and then it is painted with a gold size, which dries on very hard. Pressure tubing was interestingly made in the following way. He found that black rubber tubing, pure gum so-called, was much cleaner and gave less smut or dirt with mercury. Therefore he took red, heavy-walled tubing and drew through it a slightly smaller size of black rubber tubing. In this way the mercury came in contact only with black rubber and not in contact with the red, which has more sulphur. Thus his mercury stayed much cleaner than ours at the Nutrition Laboratory. Just now he was doing work only with C02. He found it took 30 minutes for C02 only, that is, one hour for double analyses. I wondered what advantage there was in his apparatus over the little Haldane. In other words, what was the reason of the developing of his apparatus for C02 only. It did not seem to me it justified its existence.\nExamining his apparatus more closely, I found quite a number of changes in it. For example, the lower part of his burette, which was formerly used for C02, is now cut off and he uses it only for C02, the upper part. That is, he reads the C02 to 0.001. It has a clever device of a mirror attached to the back of the burette to avoid paralax. Compensation is made with a manometer with the two arms side by side, and a movable microscope slide with a straight arm across it is used for the index. The upper bulb, in which the analyses are made, has about 80 c.c. The compensating tube is now cut off to include only the upper bulb. For the liquid in the manometer he uses clove oil, colored with safranin as having a slight surface tension. All of his analyses, all of his sampling pipettes and gas analyses are made at about 18 degrees, the temperature of the water bath held very constant. In the sampling tubes 5 per cent sulphuric acid is used over the mercury. The reason for using 5 per cent sulphuric acid here and in the control burette was that in certain mining research laboratory problems they have found that the vapor pressure over 5 per cent sulphuric acid was the same as over 5 per cent KOH. He claims that the external parts of his apparatus are perfectly compensated for volume, and he argues in favor of the small amount of KOH as a reagent, that the solubility in larger volumes ohanges and there is considerable variability. He has an elaborate system for heating and cooling the water bath, so as to hold it constantly at about 18 degrees. He runs his samples up to about 0.4 per cent carbon dioxide, starting in at about 0.01*\nTwo photographs of Pickworth\u2019s gas-analysis apparatus are shown herewith. (See figures 173-174).","page":0},{"file":"0306.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"-\n271\nFigure 175. Gas-analysis apparatus of Pickworth,showing rather dilapidated condition with water tank for recipients, which now contains only KOH, chiefly mercury. A large tube communicating between that at the bottom and the glass jar containing the burettes. Gas measuring burette at the left, showing only one burette instead of two. U-tube with colored oil in the center, all immersed in water. The whole thing distinctly patched up. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Dr.F.A.Pickworth, University of Birmingham,Birmingham,England.","page":0},{"file":"0307.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Figure 174. Closer details of the Pickworth apparatus, showing connections between mercury reservoir and mercury pipette in the water bath at the right. Large tube connecting the two water baths. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Dr. F.A.Pickworth,University of Birmingham,Birmingham, England.","page":0},{"file":"0308.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"273\nI found that when he reported that his normal subjects, trained to relax mind and body, had a metabolism 20 per cent below the standard metabolism for the same subject as determined by the bag method, he had really never determined by the bag method but had simply assumed from the standard tables.\nIn his hot bath experiments he had no basal measurements for comparison, so the experiments are not to be taken seriously. There is a naive expression in the last page of his paper, in which he \"hopes to show\" something later.\nThe ohamber is a large chamber, well lighted, and the door fitted with a rubber gasket which seemed to me unsatisfactory. There were relatively few changes or anything particularly significant in the chamber itself. The sum total of my visit there was that in Pickworth we have to deal with a young man of a great deal of ingenuity and enthusiasm, lacking training in metabolism methods as such, working perfectly isolated and needing contact with other workers in metabolism. Pour photographs of the respiration chamber are included herewith. (See figures 175-178 incl.)\nPipkworth very kindly gave me a copy of a typical protocol. (See page \"t .) It is seen, in the first place, that the experiment starts at night, 1.40 a.m., with the idea of sleep, which is correct. There was a series of hour periods, ending at 4.40 a.m. The C02 alone was determined. The C02 determinations are supposed to agree within 0.002 or 0.003 and one sees here that they did, beginning at 0.121 and going to 0.308. It is obvious that to use the closed-chamber method, which they used, with such small percentages of C02 and such a large volume, any leakage must make for a lower 002, for the environmental air cf the laboratory would be much lower, at the maximum perhaps 0.06, and there would always be a loss. The closure with rubber gasket to me was unsatisfactory. I believe that all of his so-called very low metabolism, aside from the fact that the determination was made during sleep, is due to the defective technique. That there is a lowered metabolism during sleep we are certain. He carries it still further, due, I think, to his bad technique. I think, however, sufficiently well enough of Pickworth and his problems and particularly his ingenuity to feel justified in making a visit to his laboratory at any subsequent tour.\nMy visit to Pickworth\u00bbs laboratory was followed by my lecture at the Medical School, to a very interested audience, with a keen discussion following. The pediatrician, L. G. Parsons was there, and the Chancellor of the University, Sir Grant Robertson. A Sir Charles Nessholme was also present.\n","page":0},{"file":"0309.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"274\nFigure 175. Respiration chamber at Birmingham, entrance end with lock lever closure. Probably not air tight. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Dr. F.A.Pickworth,University of Birmingham,Birmingham, England.","page":0},{"file":"0310.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\u00abK\u00ab\n\nFigure 176. Respiration chamber in the laboratory of Dr. F.A.Pickworth, University of Birmingham,Birmingham, England. Front door opened, showing bed interior.","page":0},{"file":"0311.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"276\nFigure 177. Interior of chamber showing bed, ventilating fan and, in the back, a screened window adjacent to the laboratory where observations are made. Photograph taken in the laboratory of Dr. F.A.Pickworth, University of Birmingham,Birmingham, England.\n\n\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0312.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"277\n\t\nFigure 178. View in laboratory looking toward respiration chamber. The head of the bed is on the other side of this wooden wall. Barometer, thermometers, air pressure gauges, etc.,shown at the top. Photograph taken at the research laboratories of Dr. F.A.Pickworth, University of Birmingham,Birmingham,England.","page":0},{"file":"0313.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Typical protocol of a respiration experiment ms.de by Dr. F.A'.Pickworth of Birmingham, England\n278\nHME DATE TliaE OF AI\u00ceI MEA'i AGE * HEIGHT\nif \u00e0 sy. o3&\u2019\ny9 \u2022 *\n/ Z 3^\n/2 /.\n(d&vr \u00f4faatd\nWEIGHT\nEXPT\n'2 SC.\nVq- 633. y9 \u25a0 >$f 6'u.\n\u2022/Y9r\nY9- o'zz.\nY9- 3*^\n- / SY\nGALC\u00dcLAT1\ny9 \u2022\t^\n\u2022 2 2 / /\n\\2^3_ I\nyy-szy }\ny<? -ztz, l\nj\n*2 kb\ny y \u2022 66/. yy \u25a0 <3\u00f4'z^\n\u2022\t3o y,\ny y \u25a0 \u00abfs*, y? \u2022 2#\u00e7.\n\u2022\t3 0 6","page":0},{"file":"0314.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Typical protocol of a respiration experiment made by Dr. F. A'. Pick worth of Birmingham, England\n278\nM\u00c2\u00cf\u00cfE\t~Wc\nDATE\t/4/s/j{(\nTlnS OF LAST mEAL AiiY MEAT YESTERDAY /?W AGE 20.\nHEIGHT ^\nWEIGHT 6/X- \u00f6'y/b.\n\n(AREA:\t/,\u00a3<?.\n(CALORIES HgB\nEXPT\nC&oid \u2019Z-SO.\nHOTES ;\n\tSTART\t/f.rO\tI\tj,\tIRISH\t\nTIME\t/ 4-0.\tZ -40.\t3-40.\t4-40.\nA\t3Z0.\t32-6\t33-4\t3? - O\nB\tJf-S.\tjo o.\t1 /\u2713/?./\t3$ - .<*\nC\t9-8\t7 <?.\u00a3\tf-6\tC/ o o. ?\u25a0*.\n\tf\t7 u\t\t\nhumidity\tPo.\t90.\tY3\tOCo\nTEMPt\t/P-0.\t7 , //\u2022 /.\t7 \u00b0 1 /$\u2022\u00a3.\t/Y- */.\nBAH PRESSURE\t2<? 4'-\t* f&C.\tfdo\t<?&/.\nTCp PO\u00dcHT\t/\u00f4'z.\t2 Z 6.\toaf\t3$f\nTI OHS\t\t\t\t\nGOg EXCRETED\t\tY4-\tI fz.\tSO-\nCC2 PER HOUR\t\ty4- t\t82.\tSO.\nLITRES COo EXCRETED\t\t$44. I\t$23.\tPal:\ndto at K.\tT\u00ab. P*\t\u00e0 YO\u25a0\tY42.\tyzi\n\\ X j\t\t326.\t3*0.\t333.\n\u25a0\u2014\u2022\u2014\tD\u00e2X\u00ee\tas.\tf\u00e9f.\tf*V.\nCcs. 'r\u2019k.K. TJ/nufl Tfc-ru^i,. \u00ab ^\t\t/ os. 1\t/Z4-\t/Z 7.\n~LAJ<4 UJUSM\twmifp-ro \u25a0SrfijMKj\t/\t/ 6 6.\t76Z.\nbeat loss SQ.\u00ce METRE PER Ht\t\t)\u00dcP. 233.1\t2o'V.\t2qZ .\nCALCRJJE TIFFERE\u00dc OE H B TABLES-j/Zj\t\t\t-3fC.\t-40$.\nn^pOh/Sri %\t\t62-31\t6\u00c7-0.\t6Y-0. j\n, s ' '\t.\t/\t'\"'\u201dv\n'Kfnxat a^a<4, ai Z30} a^oi of 2 dO ,/u/yAJTLo\t^dty\u00fb/esKd\nfi/ 3 4b ydi Child <hd ,At/ did /kc/P a^toY yt\u00e2y/c a*rtdt 9 did\t/dCc\n>6*KAA*ds dy\u00f4itZ it&uS .\t, \u00a3\t,\nhfdsTKlid.\nMt/ooi\noC . 2jk0 <^7?\ny/toihy ^\ty<\u00df/e^ddd ydacj-\nty\u0153*\u00abQui'lAfry'tKOidzed. 3 fchdio.\ntYti. S.","page":0},{"file":"0315.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"'\t- nwlffimi\nO\nWHALES.\nProfessor H. H, Dale, and Mr. Martin A. G. Hinton.\nIn view of the possibility of a study of the metabolism of the cetacea in cooperation with Dr. Remington Kellogg, I was constantly on the lookout for some information that would bear on this topic.\nWhen visiting the medical research center at Hampstead, Professor H. H. Dale told me that at the British Museum of Natural History some work had been done on whales. Thus, there was something to deal with a boat named \"The Discovery\"; second, a group of whales had been strandea in Scotland. He also stated there had been some important observations made on the circulation, the capillaries and the blood supply of whales, and I had a vague impression it was something to do with the blood distribution immediately beneath the backbone. He suggested I get in touch with the Director of the British Museum of Natural History, Dr. C. Tait Regan. Dr. Regan unfortunately was away, but I had the good fortune to meet the man interested in whales, Mr. Martin A. C. Hinton.\nIt seems a Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton had been sent to the Falkland Islands to report on whales. He had died and left his papers, and Mr. Hinton had been commissioned to prepare them for publication. He had prepared this report in 1915, but for some reason or other it was held as a secret document. There were only 90 copies printed, and they were held in his office without covers. Later on covers were provided, and these 90 copies were distributed. There is one at Harvard, owned by Dr. Allen. Mr. Hinton told me there was a great deal of correspondence the last twelve months in the English Journal \"Nature\". Also Dr. H. W. Gray, 8 Hartley Road, Devonshire, was a medical man whose father was the owner of a whale fishery. He, as a young man, had been much on boats as a harpooner. He had written on this point in Nature. There had been some comments by Hamer and also, Hinton thought, by Haldane.\nHinton said that whales, when they sound, squeeze all the air out so as to make themselves as little buoyant as possible and they go down as a compact mass. All the blood vessels are full of oxygenated blood.\nThe harpoon does not kill, it merely scratches the surface and irritates him, and the secret of success is to make him sound before he normally is ready. He goes straight down, and it is claimed he can go down a mile. He comes up almost in identically the same spot. The skilful","page":0},{"file":"0316.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"whaler waits for him to come up. The point is to send him down a second time before he is ready, and he comes up again \"all in\", ready for the lance. If the whale had sense enough to swim off to another place, they never could get him, for the harpoon injuries themselves are really nothing. They say the capillary bed looks like a rubber sponge. But Hinton says this material is not yet published. I was particularly interested in hearing him speak so enthusiastically of our mammalogist, C. Hart Merriam. Hinton said Merriam revised completely mammalogy.\nIn connection with the cetacea, Professor Chase of Orono suggested that the story about the dolphin is interesting to have in mind. It is in Plinius Secundus, IX, 33.\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0317.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"281\nTechnical details and physiological problems suggested\nby the tour of 1929.\nAlthough on the whole this tour was not as productive of results as were former tours, since the progress in research had not been so raarKed since my last visit, I have for the first time drawn off a series of thoughts or suggestions arising from my study, which might serve as the basis of further studies or further modification of technique in the Nutrition Laboratory. These are listed as, first, technical points and, second, problems, arranged not at all in the order of their importance or, indeed, in the chronological order in which I made them. Usually I have indicated in the problem the name of the individual in whose laboratory I was and where the suggestion was received. It is obvious that in any further work this credit should be given.\nTechnical details.\nThe technical points are as follows:\n1.\tGas-analysis apparatus. Possibility of using crude pyro.\nCathcart.\n2.\tPressure tubing free from sulphur. If pure gum tubing has no antimony sulphide, then we can use pure gum lining to a pressure tube of heavy antimony or sulphur-containing rubber. Pickworth.\n3.\tRaise and lower mercury in gas-analysis apparatus either by (a) compressed air or^ (b) water. Krogh. If we make direct connection between the levelling bulb and the burette and use glass with either water or a vacuum, we can thus get rid of all rubber tubing. This is essentially the procedure as carried out by Krogh.\nf*. Baby respiration apparatus of Mile. Bochet, using balloon cloth, in wnich she claims there is no loss of carbon dioxide. We might place the^ baby in a balloon cloth bag with bell jar face and use a closed circuit perhaps having two bags. Mile. Bochet claims there is no loss of carbon dioxide, but if one uses a double balloon cloth with air space between the bags, then one could use the open-circuit ventilation and pass the air leaving the gas meter into the anular space between the tv/o bags and thus have air of the same composition inside and outside of the bag\"and rule\nout carbon dioxide loss, much on the same principle as we used in suspending the Fox bag.\t&","page":0},{"file":"0318.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"mmaat\n5,\tFive per cent sulphuric acid as a liquid over mercury, Pickworth states the tension of vapor of 10 per cent caustic potash is the same as that of 10 per cent sulphuric acid. Should we use that over mercury and not water? Is this worth chasing up?\n6.\tPhosphorus in place of pyro, suggested by A. Mayer, (a) If phosphorus is used, then there is no need to return to the KOH to absorb the water, (b) Change the water over the phosphorus frequently.\n7.\tSubstitute all glass ware by pyrex. Nicloux claims that pyrex is mechanically more resistant to blows, etc.\n8.\tWater in liquid carbon dioxide. Ritzman should run out, say\n50 liters through U tubes and see what one catches as water. Perhaps*the last part of the gas has more water. The bottle should always be vertical and if there is water it should condense at the bottom. Perhaps E. G. Ritzman can catch the water in the last 50 liters, however, by inverting the bottle. Suggested by Kleiber.\t0\n9.\tIs the gas in the Carpenter gas-analysis apparatus burette saturated by putting over KOH after the pyro? Pickworth claims it is not saturated, for it is equal to about 5 per cent sulphuric acid.\nSimonson starts with saturated air and gets the carbon\"dioxide in one period and carbon dioxide plus oxygen in the other, by drying each time before reading. This is theoretically perhaps wise, but I do not think\nSimonson is up to it. Is it worth while for Dr. Carpenter to chase this further?\n10.. Is there a transport of nitrogen through caustic potash in the potash pipette? That is, if you have nitrogen over the KOH and the open levelling bulb of the KOH open to the air, can nitrogen pass from one side to the other through the curve? Simonson thinks it can. I do not believe he is equal to the nicety of manipulation to prove it.\n11.\tStopcock with hole in the center to equalize pressure of outdoor air. The hole is through the cock handle itself. Shown me by Goldberg\nby E. Muller. It may have some application.\n12.\tOutdoor air. Krogh maintains outdoor air changes from ,031 to .040 with a corresponding drop in oxygen. Should not this be followed up\u2019 Fingerling claims it is greater, from 0.03 to 0.1. I think this should be checked by analyzing cylinder air, and if one finds a change in outdoor air and does not find a change in cylinder air, it should be significant.","page":0},{"file":"0319.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"283\n13. Balloon fabric as a dress for a respiration chamber or for a patient. If, as Mile. Bochet says, it does not let carbon dioxide through, ib is very important. It should be tested for carbon dioxide. Also the double thickness dress suggested in problem 4 should be checked up. It is possible that some such arrangement of this kind, like a diver\u2019s suit would be perfectly practicable for patients.\nProblems.\nAmong the many problems that occurred to me, many of them without any direct connection with other laboratories, are the following:\n1.\tWe should get the respiratory quotient of new-born babies by ventilation of a small chamber and with a Carpenter gas\u2014analysis apparatus. Is the respiratory quotient near 1.0 for the first hours after birth? In other words, check up the old notions of a carbohydrate metabolism in the early stages of life.\n2.\tIs there any racial difference in reaction to (a) insulin, (b) alcohol, (c) thyroxin? Le Goff. This might be a hint as to racial differences with individuals.\n3.\tInsensible perspiration. Are our abnormal values found (a) in edemas and (b) with erysipelas? Dr. Jean Meyer.\n4.\tDoes the march or the change in the respiratory quotient indicate glycogen storage? On successive days one individual showed basal quotients of 0.82, 0.78, 0.75. Another individual might show 0.82, 0.75, 0.71, suggesting a lower glycogen storage in the second case, and thus the respiratory quotient may be of real use in indicating glycogen storage.\n5.\tThe respiratory quotient should give an index of the amount of glycogen storage. If after 12 hours post-absorptive, with, say, 200 grams of carbohydrate, the respiratory quotient is equal to 0.85, then we would thus have one picture of the storage. If the respiratory quotient is 0.80 there is another picture. If 0.77, another, etc. Can one change this level? Is the carbohydrate usage proportional to glycogen storage?\n6.\tThe fall of the respiratory quotient should show the rate of loss glycogen. If the rate is different, it may be a real picture of metabolic\nchanges.","page":0},{"file":"0320.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"284\n7.\tIf work is done on a low respiratory quotient as the initial basis, say, 0.71, the work must be done at the expense of fat. If fat\nis converted to carbohydrate, then the respiratory quotient must go below 0.69. With a good method, and I believe we now have it, the respiratory quotient becomes a most important physiological measurement.\n8.\tGet the basal metabolism of rabbits, young versus old. Note the critical temperature from 1 to 5 days of fasting and the activity records. See Kleiber.\n9.\tGuinea pig. Activity records. What is the critical temperature? Marie Krogh used 34\u00b0 C. How is the activity at this point?\n10.\tMetabolism of sheep lying. Adult or half grown sheep, post-absorptive, in a crate plus bedding. Either register the lying, or see with a lamp. Perhaps the experiments should be made at night. Is the metabolism always 10 per cent below standing?\n11.\tMetabolism of steer with dry versus wet hair. See Fingerling.\n12.\tIs there any fundamental difference with a trained subject in the respiratory quotient with either the unit or with the gas-analysis method? See Krogh.\n13.\tPossibility of cats for basal metabolism measurements. Krauss, D\u00fcsseldorf, says excellent animals, better than dogs. He claims their basal heat production at 28\u00b0 C to 30\u00b0 C is 700 calories per square meter of body surface per 24 hours.\n14.\tDoes the character of the metabolism change with the changes in the total metabolism when food is not given, that is, in the post-absorptive state? The plan would be to study the respiratory quotient with the helmet and the Carpenter gas-analysis apparatus under conditions in which (1) the metabolism is increased by muscular work (This is complex because we have the adjustment period and we have a factor of over ventilation) and (2) when the metabolism is increased by clothing and then by exposure, nude, at 20\u00b0 C. There is not much change, but it is a rapid change. We have some data on this with Whitelaw and Casanova in the emission calorimeter. Third, the quotient should be studied when the metabolism is increased by artificial fever, such as typhoid innoculation. Finally, we should study the effect upon^metgbolism of drugs, such as\ncaffein, morphine, etc. This study cou\u00eed^be\u00f4arried out but at least it is something to be held in mind.","page":0},{"file":"0321.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"285\n15.\tThe metabolism of shorn sheep. Suggested by discussion at Cambridge. We know that when the sheep are shorn there is an enormous increase in metabolism, over 100 per cent. If we keep on giving the\nsheep a shave, so to speak, will they finally adjust in the heat production?\n16.\tInfluence of light on metabolism. This should be studied with animals, rats and particularly pigeons blinded by operation or perhaps hooded with a black hood.\n17.\tMuscular work problem. The transition from standing to walking, sitting to riding, and sitting \"Leerlauf\" (riding without load) to riding with a resistance is important, for in this way one avoids the psychic element of waiting for the signal to start. This was emphasized by Douglas, as I recall it.","page":0},{"file":"0322.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"286\nSalient features of the trmrf\nThe object of such a triennial tour is manifold, although the primary object of course is to secure the latest information as regards the technique developed and problems undergoing investigation in the best European research institutions. I had in mind, when starting abroad, to investigate several problems especially, two of them on account of the interest of President Merriam and the other on account of the long deferred plan of the Nutrition Laboratory for the study of the physiology of muscular work. The first two problems dealt with the possibility of studying the metabolism of the fetus and the metabolism of cetacea.\nWith regard to the first problem very little of any moment was found.\nThe technique for perfusion experiments was looked into rather extensively, although I am quite certain it is a type of technique that requires special training, and a special man would have to be taken onto the staff who has been well trained in this technique. Various micro methods were looked mto. Actual work upon the metabolism of the fetus was not found anvwhere Certain experiments on the placenta were noted in the laboratory of * Professor Bornstein at Hamburg. With regard to the cetacea obviously no laboratories were engaged in such research. I did, however, get in touch with Mr. Hinton of the British Museum of Natural History and obtained considerable information with regard to the habits of the cetacea and suggestions as to the literature.\nPhysiology of muscular work.. This problem has long been one of our proposed major investigations. We have been building up an equipment and technique for many years, and it was hoped to be able to include this as a major feature in our yearly work. I was especially interested to see what was actually being accomplished in this line at the time in Europe. Briefly, the amount of work actually in progress is very, very small outside of two or three laboratories. The one outstanding laboratory is of course, as the name would imply, the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsphysiologie, now at Dortmund. At the time of my visit, however they were moving from Berlin to Dortmund and practically nothing was in experimental development. Unfortunately Professor Atzler, the director of the institute, is not coming to Boston to the Congress, but two of his associates, particularly Dr. Lehmann, who has charge of the work on the rationalization of industry, is to be in Boston. I also found in Frankfurt Simonson, who has had his training in part at Atzler\u2019s institute and who is coming to Boston. I had looked forward with considerable interest to discussing muscular work with Professor A. V. Hill, who also is coming to Boston, but I found to my regret that nothing is being done in his laboratory now and he had lost practically all interest in this work.\nThe physiology of muscular work today is therefore in large part resting* upon what one might say were industrial studies or, as is commonly expressed, the rationalization of industrial processes, in which it is hoped to use metabolism studies to secure the most efficient and best methods for carrying out certain industrial operations. The important question of the character of the metabolism during muscular work is^th","page":0},{"file":"0323.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"287\none group supposed to be settled, namely, that it is carried out exclusively with the combustion of carbohydrate. A larger group is not convinced on this point. It would appear therefore as if there remains still a great deal to be done on this point. Probably no other one laboratory, not even the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut, will tackle this problem from the standpoint of the character of the respiratory exchange or, indeed, can attack it with technique as good as ours. It would look, therefore, as if our first move should be not to lay much stress upon the question of muscular efficiency but to study with our latest technique the respiratory quotient under various types of muscular work.\nI had looked forward to a conference of a number of experts on this line in Boston at the time of the International Congress of Physiology. So far as foreigners are concerned, I am inclined to think that little can come out of such a conference other than what I have already secured by direct contact with them in their laboratories. If Professor Hill had maintained his interest in this problem, then all sides of the question would have been brought up for discussion. In amy event, conference or no conference, the Nutrition Laboratory is pretty well oriented as regards the present status, not only of experimental work but experimental program and general attitude towards problems of physiological work in European laboratories, and we can begin our study with the minimum amount of undesirable duplication.\nInfluence of lectures.\nAlthough the main object of the tour was to receive something, that is, to study the present status of problems and technique in the various research laboratories, it was felt only just to give facts, to present the latest unpublished work of the Nutrition Laboratory. This presentation had two particular advantages, first, to lay open the last pages of our notebook, so to speak, and present to our foreign friends even before American coworkers our latest works. Secondly, it left these suggestions and points open for discussion, and such discussion was invited and welcomed and in many places actually took place. These discussions therefore contributed in a way towards modification of certain views and particularly modification of experimental plan, with many suggestions as to future work. These have been incorporated in this report under the title of \"Technical details and physiological problems suggested by the tour of 1929\".","page":0},{"file":"0324.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"288\nThe spirit of good will and international amities fostered by these lectures was astonishing. The interpretation of our foreign associates of these lectures, not simply as messages of scientific import but likewise as good will messages from America, was very surprising. The international touch appeared in all discussions and particularly in the informal social comments following the lecture. The strenuous, though considerably imperfect effort to speak in a language other than English on most occasions was welcomed and well worth the rather considerable effort. I feel therefore that what the lecture tour lacked in accumulation of new material and new problems was more than made up by the real help that apparently the lectures exerted in spreading the gospel of good will and international amities.\nEmphasis was laid in my lectures upon the debt owed by America to European centres, specific instances of valuable suggestions were pointed out, and the importance was stressed of capitalizing the broad ideas of the men in the Medical Sciences as an approach to the understanding of various peoples. I pointed out that the idealism of the men in the medical sciences, working often with the merest pittance and never with a large stipend, working solely for the advancement of health and the betterment of humanity is an idealism held equally by all research workers in the medical sciences in every country. Thus we have immediately one great common outlook. The absence of jealousies, commercial competition, and desire for personal gain in all researches of this kind makes possible an ideal common interest that pervades all the laboratories visited. When such a spirit of tolerance and appreciation of the scientific work of other nations obtains in the classroom and lecture room, this spirit certainly passes to the student and from him filters into the home.\nIn a word, it seems as if these lectures are fulfiling precisely in European countries the great mission of international understandings that has been so admirably furthered in maritime ports by the cruises of the ship \"Carnegie\". ?/e may believe then that not only our researches but likewise conferences of this kind are carrying on in a measure the desires of Mr. Carnegie, who wished us to repay to the Old Country some of the debt that we owe.\nThe lectures were given in a great variety of places and before various types of organisations. Thus, they were frequently under the direct auspices of the University, either in the Department of Physiology or under the Medical Faculty. Again they were given before the Medical Society or Biological Society. Not infrequently they were given to students in the regular course of the Physiological Department. The audience in most cases averaged not far from two hundred people. Thus I spoke to somewhat over six thousand people in my lectures. The main lecture covered the latest researches of the Nutrition Laboratory. A second lecture dealt specifically with the","page":0},{"file":"0325.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\"-.\u201c\u201c\u201c\"\u2018\u2018TUB\n28\nrespiratory quotient. Finally, a general lecture to medical students dealing with basal metabolism in general was occasionally called for.\nThe lectures began in Paris with a public audience at the Amphitheatre of Alquier. This was given a distinctly governmental air by being under the auspices and presidency of Senator Rouge.\nThe American Ambassador had not reached Europe, but a most cordial note from his office expressed sympathy with the object of the lectures.\nFurther lectures in France were given at Strasbourg and Lyons.\nIn Switzerland lectures were given at Geneva, Berne, and Zurich.\nThere were two lectures in Vienna, three in Budapest, and one in Belgrade. In Brno and in Prague the general lecture was chosen.\nThe sojourn in Germany unfortunately coincided for the most part with the regular vacation and lectures were given only at Leipzig, and at Hamburg. In Hamburg the University\u2019s appreciation of the general work of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Nutrition Laboratory\u2019s friendly efforts towards establishing close scientific contacts was materially expressed by presentation of a gold honor medal to the Director of the Nutrition Laboratory on the part of the Faculty of Medicine, In Copenhagen the general lecture was given; in Stockholm two lectures. In Dortmund, the site of the new Kaiser Wilhelm Institute fur Arbeitsphysiologie, a lecture was given before the Medical Society. Two lectures were given at Utrecht and the general lecture was given at the British universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Edinburgh and Birmingham, and in London at Guy\u2019s Hospital and at the London Hospital.\nIn Belgrade the speaker was introduced by the American Minister, the Honorable J. Dyneley Prince, and at Hamburg a representative of the American Consulate was present.\nA further opportunity for cementing the closest ties between the Nutrition Laboratory and other institutions was had in the form of more or less formal speeches in connection with luncheons, dinners, or banquets. In this latter case it was deemed proper to emphasise the importance of the closest international contacts and the peculiarly idealistic aims of those research workers in medical sciences as the basis for the best international contacts.\nIn several instances I was able to secure copies of announcements of my lecture. These announcements are appended herewith.","page":0},{"file":"0326.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"^VA?\u00d6\u00dc\u00dcUUWV\u00abl!Mt!\u00bbSi|\nSOCI\u00c9T\u00c9 SCIENTIFIQUE D\u2019HYGI\u00c8NE ALIMENTAIRE\n16, RUE DE L\u2019ESTRAPADE (V\u2019) Tel. : GOB. 38-02\nMonsieur ue S\u00c9NATEUR O. de ROUG\u00c9, Pr\u00e9sident de da Soci\u00e9t\u00e9,\nVOUS PRIE DE VOUDOIR BIEN VENIR DE SAMEDI\n19 Janvier 1929, a 16 ri. 30, pour y prendre\nDE THE, AVANT DA CONF\u00c9RENCE, AVEC DE\nProfesseur et Madame E. G. BENEDICT.\nR. s. v. P.\nMINIST\u00c8RE DE L\u2019AGRICULTURE\nINSTITUT DES RECHERCHES AGRONOMIQUES\nStation Centrale de Recherches sur l\u2019Alimentation\n16, Rue de l\u2019Estrapade (5e Arr1) \u2014 T\u00e9l\u00e9ph. : Gobelins 38-02\n---------000---------\nM\nJ'ai l'honneur de vous prier de vouloir bien assister \u00e0 la r\u00e9union de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique d'Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire qui se tiendra dans le\nGrand amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre de l\u2019Institut Scientifique d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Alimentaire\n(Entr\u00e9e : Angle des rues Clotilde et de l\u2018Estrapade!, Panth\u00e9on 5\u2019 le Samedi 19 Janvier 1929. \u00e0 17 H. 30 pr\u00e9cises.\nLa s\u00e9ance sera consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 une communication du Professeur Francis G. BENEDICT Directeur du \u201c Nutrition Laboratory \u201d de la \u201c Carnegie Institution of Washington \u201d,\nDerni\u00e8res Recherches du \u201c Nutrition Laboratory \u201d sur le M\u00e9tabolisme humain et animal\nTechniques employ\u00e9es \u2014 Donn\u00e9es et conclusions \u2014 Projections\nJe me permets d'esp\u00e9rer, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 l'int\u00e9r\u00eat de cette r\u00e9union, que vous voudrez bien r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 notre invitation. Je vous serais reconnaissant de la transmettre \u00e0 ceux de vos coll\u00e8gues qui s'int\u00e9ressent aux questions de Nutrition, de M\u00e9tabolisme basal et d'Alimentation.\nVtuilier^ agreer, je vous prie, l'exbression de nos sentiments d\u00e9vou\u00e9s.\nLe Pr\u00e9sident de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique ri\u2019Hyg'\u00e8ne Al mentaire,\tLe Ouecleur de l\u2019Insu tut des Hecherches Agronomiques,\nO. de ROUG\u00c9,\tEug\u00e8ne ROUX,\nS\u00e9nateur,\tDocteur \u00e8s Sciences, Conaeiller d\u2019Etat,\nMembre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie d\u2019Agriculture.\tMembre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie d\u2019Agriculture.\n255-28\n","page":0},{"file":"0327.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"291\nGemeinsame Veranstaltung\nder Gesellschaft der Aerzte der Stadt Z\u00fcrich und der Vereinigung praktischer Aerzte von Z\u00fcrich und Umgebung Dienstag den 26. Februar 1929 im H\u00f6rsaal des Physiologischen Institutes, R\u00e4mistra\u00dfe 69.\n. Cor Auf Eln,3dut,g von Herm Prof. Hess wird der Direktor des Laboratoriums des Carnegie-Institutes f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungslehre in Boston (U. S. A.)\nHerr Prof. F. G. Benedict\nonThemetlL^e J?\"' Jhe'atest investigations of the Nutrition Laboratory elusion\u2122\tmm anWUl,S- Tedlni(iue ^Ployed, results and con-\nH(.\u201e)srft!errcBe\\ediCt Wird englisch sprechen, aber eine kurze Orientierung in\nProjekfionsb\u00fcder erllulern\t^ Sei\"e Ausf\u00fchrunSen durch -hlreiche\n, . ,2\u2018 De\u2122onstration von kinematographischen Farbenfilmen von verschiedenen Operalionen durch einen Vertreter der Firma Busch-Rathenow.\nAenderungen: Fanconi: Prof. Dr.\nStaehelin : Prof. Dr.\nDie Pr\u00e4sidenten\nDr. G. Haemig. Dr. O. Haab.\nSehr geehrter Herr Kollege 1\nDer Direktor des Carnegie-Inst in Boston U.S.A. , Herr Dr. ?,G. B e n o erkl\u00e4rt, bei Anlass eines Besuches in Z\u00fc Wb er \" The latest investigations of tvs metabolism cf men and animals. Technique elusions. \"\nBei dem grossen Interesse, welc fragen zugewendet wird, werden viele die erste Autorit\u00e4t auf diesem Gebiete zu ho\nHerr Benedict wird eng kurze Orientierung in deutscher Sprache .Ausf\u00fchrungen durch zahlreiche Projektion; auch f\u00fcr den im Englischen weniger Bewan\u00bb halt geboten wird. Der Vortrag findet Di< \u25a0Saal_..des Physiologischen Institutes. R\u00e4m:\nIch gebe Ihnen von dieser Veran: Einladung Kenntnis.\nsig.\n1","page":0},{"file":"0328.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Gemeinsame Veranstaltung\nder Gesellschaft der Aerzte der Stadt Z\u00fcrich und der Vereinigung praktischer Aerzte von Z\u00fcrich und Umgebung Dienstag den 26. Februar 1929 im H\u00f6rsaal des Physiologischen Institutes, R\u00e4mistra\u00dfe 69.\n\u2014 m\t\u2014\n1.\tAuf Einladung von Herrn Prof. Hess wird der Direktor des Laboratoriums des Carnegie-Institutes f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungslehre in Boston (U. S. A.)\nHerr Prof. F. G. Benedict\neinen Vortrag halten \u00fcber: \u201eThe latest investigations of the Nutrition Laboratory on the m\u00e9tabolisme of men and animals. Technique employed, results and conclusions\u201c.\nHerr Benedict wird englisch sprechen, aber eine kurze Orientierung in deutscher Sprache vorangehen lassen und seine Ausf\u00fchrungen durch zahlreiche Projektionsbilder erl\u00e4utern.\n2.\tDemonstration von kinematographischen Farbenfilmen von verschiedenen Operationen durch einen Vertreter der Firma Busch-Rathenow.\nDie Pr\u00e4sidenten:\nDr. G. Haemig. Dr. O. Haab.\nAenderungen: Fanconi: Prof. Dr.\nStaehelin : Prof. Dr.\nSehr geehrter Herr Kollege 1\nDer Direktor des Carnegic-Institutes f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungslehre in Boston U.o.A. , Herr Dr. E. <1. Benedict hat sich bereit \u00aef^lhrt, bei Anlass eines Besuches in Z\u00fcrich einen Vortrag zu halten t\u00efber \" The latest investigations of th\u00bb nutrition Laboratory cn the metabolism of men and animals. Technique employed, results and conclusions . \"\nBei dem grossen Interesse, welches heute den Stoffwechsel\u2014 fragen zugewendet wird, werden viele die M\u00f6glichkeit begr\u00fcssen, eine erste Autorit\u00e4t auf diesem Gebiete zu h\u00f6ren.\nHerr Benedict wird englisch sprechen, aber eine kurze Orientierung in deutscher Sprache vorangehen lassen und seine Ausf\u00fchrungen durch zahlreiche Projektionsbilder erl\u00e4utern, sodass auch f\u00fcr den im Englischen weniger Bewanderten sicher gen\u00fcgend Inhalt geboten wird. Der Vortrag findet Dienstag, den gS.Pabr. im H\u00f6r-saaLdes Physiologischen Institutes. R\u00e4mistr.691 statt, % (p. lu.\nIch gebe Ihnen von dieser Veranstaltung im Sinne einer Einladung Kenntnis.\nsig. W.R.Hess","page":0},{"file":"0329.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Bi\u00e4SiSfiM\u00e4\u00dc\n\n292\n\nDRUCKSACHE.\nProf. F\u00fcrth\nWien, XIX., Hasenauerstr. 32","page":0},{"file":"0330.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"\n\n\n292\n\n\n\n\nWIENER BIOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT.\nr .\nMontag, den \u201eM\u00e4rz\n\u2022\u2022sw, *\t-,\n\u2019i.\nProf e s&\u00f6'r\u00ab Franc is G, Bene Al ct (Boston, als Gast)\nDie neuesten Forschungen des Ern\u00e4hrungs-Laboratoriums \u00fcber den menschlichen und tierischen Stoffwechsel. Methoden, Ergebnisse und Folgerungen.\nPharmakologisches Institut IX.,W\u00e4hringerstrasse 13a Beginn: 7 Uhr.\nG\u00e4ste willkommen !\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0331.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"293\nMEGHIV\u00d6\nA KIR. MAGY. TERM\u00c9SZETTUDOM\u00c0NYI T\u00c2RSULAT \u00c9LETTANISZAKOSZT\u00c2LY\u00c2NAK 1926 SZEPTEMBER H\u00d4 10\u00ab\u00c9N, P\u00c9NTEKEN ESTE F\u00c9L 7 \u00d4RAKOR\nAZ \u00c9LETTANI INT\u00c9ZET (VIII, ESZTERH\u00c0ZY\u00abUTCA 9.) TANTERM\u00c9BEN\nTARTAND\u00d4\n208. \u00dcL\u00c9S\u00c9RE.\nT\u00c2RGYSOROZAT :\nPROF. F. G. BENEDICT (BOSTON): Neuere Stoffwechselunter\u00ab suchungen an Menschen und Tieren.\nK\u00e9rj\u00fck az \u00e9rdekeltekkel k\u00f6z\u00f6lni!\tFarkas G\u00e9za\neln\u00f6k.\n3590.=1926. \u2014 kir\u00e4lyi magyar egyetemi nyomda, Budapest.\nMeghiv\u00f4\nA K1R- MAQYAE TERM\u00c9SZETTUDOM\u00c0NYI T\u00c2RSULAT\n1929.\t^KOSZTAlYAmk M\n'\tl\u2018 \u20181\u2019 szertl\u00e0n, \u00e2\u00e9lgt\u00e0n 6 1/2 \u00f9raknr\nA,\t\u00e2S\u201e\u201ei\t\u201em\u00e9be\u201e tv\u201e,\tu 9J\n226. \u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9re.\nProf. FRANCIS G. BENEDlJrf^ \\ \u25a0\nLeguiabb\nvetit\u00e9sek.]\taz ember, es \u00e2llati anyagforga/om k\u00f4r\u00e9b\u00f4l. [Methcdika, adatok \u00e9s\nN \u00e9met nyelv\u00fc el\u00f4ad\u00e2s.\nDr. PREISZ HUGO eln\u00f6k.","page":0},{"file":"0332.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"t>\n\u00c9RTESIT\u00c9S.\nFRANCIS G. BENEDICT professor, a Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory i^zgat\u00f4ja\nf. ho 8-\u00e2n, p\u00e9nteken d. u. 1/27 \u00f6rakor\naz I. sz. Belklinika tafrfJrmet\u00ee\u00ebn (VIII., \u00dcll\u00f6i-ut78/b) a respiratios quotiensre vonatftSz\u00f6 vizs^alatair\u00f6l nernef jiyem^ ven elof\u00e2lst fef\u00a3 amelyre v\u00e9nc\u00ee\u00e9geket ^Tv^sen f\u00e2tunic\nBudapest, 1929. m\u00e2rcius 5.\nB\u00c4LINT REZS\u00d6.","page":0},{"file":"0333.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"L\u00c9KARSK\u00c2 FAKULTA MASARYKOVY UNIVERSITY V BR N\u00c9\nDOVOLUJE SI ZV\u00c2TI V\u00c2S NA PREDN\u00c2SKU, KTEROU PROSLOV\u00ce\nPROF. Dr. FRANCIS G. BENEDICT,\nRED/TEL NUTRITION LABORATORY PRI CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON V BOSTONU,\nNA THEMA:\n,,METABOLISM CLOV\u00c9K A A ZIVOCICH\u00d9 RODLE NOV\u0178CH V\u0178ZKUM\u00d9 NUTRITION LABORATORY PRI CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON V BOSTONU \".\n(ANGLICKY SE SV\u00cbTELN\u0178MI OBRAZY).\n\u2022\nP\u00cbEDN\u00c2SKA SE BUDE KON ATI 1/ PON DEL i DNE 18. BREZNA 1929 0 18. HODIN\u00cb 1/ POSLUCH\u00c2RN\u00cb AN A TOMICK\u00c9HO \u00dcSTAVU L\u00c9KA\u00cbSK\u00c9 FAKULTY (\u00dcDOLNi 73. VCHOD PRES DVLJR).\n1/ B R N \u00cb DNE 13. BREZNA 1 92 9.\nPROF. Dr. JO S. ROCEK,\nT. \u00d6. D\u00cbKAN","page":0},{"file":"0334.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Biologisk SelsMbs\nMedlemmer er indbudte til at overv\u00e6re et Foredrag af Or. Benedict, Boston: \u201eUntersuchungen aus dem Nutrition Laboratory \u00fcber den Stoffwechsel von Menschen und Tieren\u201c, Mandag d. 22. April KI. 8.\nForedraget holdes i det fysiologiske Instituts store Auditorium, Indgang Henrik Harpestrengsvej.\nB e s f y r e 1 sen,","page":0},{"file":"0336.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"V\nMedizinische Fakult\u00e4t der Hamburgischen Universi\nMedizin\nHerr Prof. Dr\nvom Carnegie ins wird auf Einladung der Medizinis\nMontag\nim H\u00f6rsaal des\n\u201eDie letzten Unters \u00fcber den Stoffwecl\nDie Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t","page":0},{"file":"0337.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t der Hamburgischen Universit\u00e4t.\nMedizinische Gastvorlesung.\nHerr Prof. Dr. Francis G. Benedict\nvom Carnegie Institution Nutrition Laboratory in Boston\nwild auf Einladung der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t der Hamburgischeri Universit\u00e4t\nMontag, den 6. Mai 1929, 12 Uhr im H\u00f6rsaal des Pathologischen Instituts in Eppendorf\nvortragen \u00fcber\n\u201eDie letzten Untersuchungen des Nutrition Laboratory \u00fcber den Stoffwechsel des Menschen und der Tiere\u201c.\nDie Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t beehrt sich hierzu einzuladen.\nProf. Dr. Sudeck, Dekan.","page":0},{"file":"0338.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"298\nNederlandsche Vereeniging voor Biochemie\n(Sectie der Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging.)\nAlgemeene Wetenschappelijke Vergadering\nop Zalerdag 18 Mei 1929,\nin hei Pharmacologisch Laboratorium, Croeselaan 321 fe Utrecht,\ndes voorm. 10.30.\nAGENDA :\nOchlendvergadering.\n1.\tSymposium over Methoden van onderzoek bij gassfofwisse/ing.\na.\tM. N. J. DIRKEN. Inleiding over gasanalyiische melhoden.\nb.\tProf. Dr. H. J. JORDAN. Onderzoek der gasstofwisseling bij lagere dieren.\nc.\tDr. H. DOLK. Onderzoek der gassfofwisseling bij planten.\nAGENDA :\nMiddagvergadering.\nd.\tProf. Dr. A. K, NOYONS. Onderzoek der gasstofwisseling bij den mensch.\ne.\tDr. F. G. BENEDICT. The Respiratory Quotient.\n2.\tMededeeling. Dr. H. J. VONK (mede namens den Heer H. E. WOLVEKAMP). Het p^-optimum van trypsine en de reacfie van den darminhoud.\n3.\tVerslag van den Secretaris-Penningmeester over 1928 volgens Art. 11 van het Huis-houdelijk Reglement.\nDe Secretaris :\nDr. R. BRINKMAN.\n\n\ngramj\n\n","page":0},{"file":"0339.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY REPORTER TUESDAY, 14 MAY 1929\nCAMBRIDGE\nUNIVERSITY REPORTER\nPublished by A uthority\nNo. 2 742\t1\tPrice per Copt, 3d.\nI\tTUESDAY, 14 MAY IQ20 Terminal Subscription, 2\u00ab. 6d\nVol. LIX. No. 39J\t* y\tBy Post, is. 6d.\nProfessor Sir F. G. Hopkins\u2019s Notice\nProfessor F. G. Benedict, of the Carnegie Nutrition Institute at Boston, will give a lecture in the School of Biochemistry on Tuesday, May 21, at 4.30 p.m.\nSubject : Some new aspects of human metabolism.\nThe lecture is open to all members of the University.\n13 May 1929.","page":0},{"file":"0340.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"ru uMMiKBl ttMM'liTffit\n\u2018gwiBKTiawgiHHnroMff\n300\nGUY'S HOSPITAL. London Bridge,\nS.E. 1.\nCOMBINED MEET T NO- OF THF PHY^toat a\u00bb\u2122 \u00bb,\n-----\u2014--------L\u00cb\u00a3i_\u00a3\u00a3\u00a3SICAL AND PHYSlOLOGTf!AT.\nSOCIETIES.\n\n\n\nRECENT ADVANCES IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL METABOLISM\u201d will be delivered by DR. F.G. BENEDICT,\nEir-ector of Nutrition Laboratory, Garnele Institute,\nWASHINGTON.\nin the Physiology Theatre of the Medical school, suy'o Hospital, on FRIDAY HEXT, JUNE 7th, 1929, at 5\nALL i,IEEICAL MEN AHD STUDENTS ARE INVITED.\nN.L. Eckhoff.\nA.C. Hampson.\nJ.C. Colbeck.\nHon. Secretaries.","page":0},{"file":"0341.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"301\nUNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM.\nJACTJl'Tf_OF _ MED IGINS.\nLECTURE BY DR. F. G. BENEDICT.\nDr. Francis G. Benedict, Director of the Boston Nutrition Laboratory, is visiting Birmingham on Tuesday next, June 11, and has agreed to give a lecture on \"Recent Studies in Animal and Human Metabolism\"\nIt is understood that the lecture will deal with unpublished material.\nlou are cordially invited to attend and to bring any one interested who may not have received a direct invitation.\nThe Lecture will be at 4\u201e50 in the Physio.logy Theatre, and there will be tea at 4 o\u2019clock in the Physiology Laboratory to meet 3)r. Benedict. If you intend to be present ,at tea, kindly sign the enclosed slip and return to Professor Daly not later than Tuesday morning.\nJ. 0. BRASH,\nDean.","page":0},{"file":"0342.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"302\nXlllth International Congress of Physiologists, Boston.\nAugust 19\u201425, 1929.\nTouring through the European institutions of research just prior to the Xlllth International Congress of Physiologists in Boston, I made every effort to call the attention of physiologists to this meeting and to explain a number of things that seemed to be somewhat obscure to them. I devoted the first five minutes of my lecture to the Congress, showing three slides of the Harvard Medical School and the dormitory nearby, giving a few words of greeting, invitation and explanation. Subsequently many times questions were asked with regard to the Congress and considerable correspondence was entered into to secure information with regard to side trips, railroad rates, excursions, etc. This was done willingly and was considered a part of the good will mission, so to speak, and was deeply appreciated. In addition, particularly in central Europe, considerable effort was made to acquaint city and government officials with the importance of having representatives of the various countries at this Congress. Numerous letters were written to the various government officials and people of this type to further the visits of many of the men. It was soon found that many of the men were living upon such a small salary that it would be impossible for them to attend the Congress if they had to pay their own expenses. I have been told that these letters were helpful in many ways. Contacts were established likewise with the Carnegie Foundation in Paris and with the Rockefeller Foundation, so as to supplement in a small way, but in so far as possible, the great work that these two organizations are doing.","page":0},{"file":"0343.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"303\nALCOHOL.\nAlthough it is quite outside the sphere of the Nutrition Laboratory\u2019s activities to discuss or study the economic and sociological importance of alcohol and particularly prohibition in America, this discussion was continually coming up. The opinions of the various European men were eagerly sought. There was a general belief, I might almost say a hope, that America would modify her laws and admit wines and beers. Obviously this belief was dictated by the economic wish to dispose of many of the Continental liquors. On the other hand, I found a large number of seriously minded men who were deeply interested in what might be characterized, perhaps, as one of the greatest physiological studies ever made by a nation, that is, to remove alcohol as far as possible out of the life of man. I believe that on the average the men felt as if it was a sound move. It was borne in upon us more than ever before that certainly, so far as academic circles are concerned, the amount of alcohol taken per day is extremely small. Wine is used apparently only at festive occasions and is not a regular accompaniment of every dinner. This is undoubtedly true outside of France and probably is true with a great many men in France. Denmark is quite satisfied with its rather strict regulation and its monthly quota. This provides a large income to the state and gives a fairly good control upon the alcoholic habits of the various individuals. It was believed that the amount of alcoholism was kept down, although of course it makes it possible only for the rich to have the alcohol, an argument that is continually being brought up against prohibition in America.\nUndoubtedly the worst conditions we found were in England.\nOne saw more of open sale and use of liquor than anywhere else, and although the general poverty and lack of employment contribute without doubt in large measure to the misery, nevertheless it was revolting to see the large number of corner saloons crowded with rather miserable looking people, including many women. It was not an uncommon sight to see one or two baby carriages parked outside of the corner saloon while the women were inside drinking. On the other hand, one saw on the whole, I think, very little obvious drunkenness. I cannot remember ever being on a trip through Europe and seeing so few drunken men, although they were more numerous than in either New York or Boston.","page":0},{"file":"0344.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"There was a general feeling that the use of alcohol in general throughout Europe was decreasing, chiefly, however, on account of the great expense, for now alcohol has become a very expensive thing. Yet everywhere, when labor was in power or was presenting its claims, one of the first requests on the part of labor was cheaper wine or beer.\nAnother point which is rather interesting is that when the European is speaking about alcohol, he generally refers solely to the stronger liquors. I do not believe they consider wine and beer as alcohol.\nThe relation between alcohol and the introduction of the automobile was one of the most interesting things that I saw in Europe.\nI was fairly astonished when I stood (as I frequently did) on certain Parisian streets ano. saw the number of very poor taxicabs or automobiles driven by chauffeurs who undoubtedly had taken a not inconsiderable amount of alcohol during the day. This was all quite at variance with my own strong belief that alcohol and automobile driving are wholly incompatible. Certainly the Parisian chauffeur succeeds in navigating his rather poor automobile without a frightful number of accidents. One saw each day a quota of accidents in the paper. I do not recall seeing but one or two, both minor, during the month we were in Paris. I think it is the general impression that private chauffeurs are fairly well checked up by their owners and may not drink appreciably while driving. There are two or three things that occur to one in this connection. First, the person who is throughout life accustomed to alcohol, might seemingly react less to it than the American who is not accustomed to it. On the other hand, the experiments of Dr. Dodge and myself showed that the old soaks had the same reactions to alcohol as did the novice. Another explanation is that the rather depressing climate of Europe may result in a less total effect of alcohol than the stimulating environment of America.\nur. Le u-off suggested he believed there was a distinct difference in the reaction of races to insulin, alcohol, and thyroxin. It appears to me that this would be a subject well worthy of investigation.\nIf ior example, one took a race with low metabolism, such as the Orientals, and then a race with a high metabolism and subjected them to the same doses of alcohol, insulin, and thyroxin, one would have the possibility perhaps for scaling on scrae sort of measure racial difference","page":0},{"file":"0345.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"3\u00f6d\nThere was sufficiently wide spread belief on the part of scientific men throughout Europe, good men, that the less alcohol the better. The social side, the formal ritualistic side, I might say, and its value in public banquets and social affairs was strongly emphasized. Perhaps it is needed in European life. Perhaps the general higher level of good will, good cheer, general happiness, general well being, optimism, and the so oft quoted childishness, perhaps youthfulness of the American point of view makes such stimulus unnecessary. In Europe alcohol is firmly founded and it is impossible to even think of eradicating it.","page":0},{"file":"0346.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"General summary\nProm the standpoint of acquiring new technique and new problems, the tour as a whole cannot be characterized as of great value. The usual territory was covered pretty thoroughly and a few new places included, Belgrade, Brno, Prague, Dortmund, and Birmingham. Based upon material equipment and question of techniques, the most desirable places for subsequent visits would be Paris, Berne, Zurich, Budapest, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Dortmund, and Utrecht. The personality of the individual research worker, however, makes contacts with many others highly desirable. Still, I feel that in subsequent visits one should so plan the tour as to stop in fewer places with a longer sojourn at the important places. Potentially the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fur Arbeitsphysiologie seems to offer the most for future visits, with the institutes of M^llgaard and Krogh and Lindhard in Copenhagen of nearly the same import. Many of the research workers are so handicapped by lack of material equipment and small means that one can expect very little in most places in the coming decade. It is undoubtedly a fact that the possibilities in America are greater now than ever before. Undisturbed by cataclysmic changes and depression of values and, for the most part, with good equipment, we ought to do a large amount of work. I have no sympathy whatsoever with the self-satisfied American who pats himself on the back and says that we are cutting circles all around foreign workers. We have nothing like tie spirit of selfsacrifice that one finds in many European laboratories, but we have got great possibilities and correspondingly great obligations. I returned fully convinced that I should spend no time\"in self approval of what we have accomplished but should be stimulated by the fact that others with far poorer equipment have given me a further incentive.\nIt is the duty of every American research worker to establish the closest possible contacts with foreign laboratories and to help foreign laboratories by distribution of reprints and in every other conceivable way.\nFor many years America has drunk at the fountain of European civilization and science. This fountain, while not drying up, is running at a low ebb, and this is the time for us to repay in every possible way our debt and to render stewardship of what we have received from them.\nFortunately the Nutrition Laboratory has been able to do this with unique success in that the series of lectures have presented to foreigners our latest results and in a great many instances laboratories have been directly helped by loan of apparatus, by direct conference and","page":0},{"file":"0347.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"suggestions by myself and Dr. Carpenter, and many times by the gift of various pieces of apparatus. All of this is deeply appreciated and goes to make for the understanding of peoples and thus ultimately for universal peace. I should only hope that in the future we could work still more closely with the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Peace and particularly with the Rockefeller Foundation in the European office. I should feel it is our duty to do everything possible to cooperate with these philanthropies in furthering of the understandings of nations. With our present extensive series of contacts with the foreign workers, we are in a peculiarly favorable position to initiate any active steps. Unfortunately it would appear that further immediate scientific surveys of the European situation are not needed. It may be that in the customary three years\u2019 time the situation will have bettered itself somewhat. In any event, one of the deciding factors in taking up another tour to Europe would be not what the Nutrition Laboratory would receive but what the Nutrition Laboratory could give.","page":0},{"file":"0348.txt","language":"en","ocr_en":"jgyg\u00e4ssxasssz\n\n\n\n\n\u25a0BHuMHMBH","page":0}],"identifier":"lit39749","issued":"1907-1933","language":"en","title":"Reports of Visits to Foreign Laboratories, vol. 6 (1929) [Illustrated Typoscript in 7 volumes] Reproduced with the kind permission of Dr. Cecil E. Leith","type":"Manuscript","volume":"6"},"revision":0,"updated":"2022-01-31T13:02:48.939744+00:00"}